Index of JMBFS authors
A
E. A
(1)- OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SPECIES); A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD [FS]
Abstract: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market. It is widely cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Many people admire the mushroom due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional values, and some medicinal properties. Pleurotus are generally rich in proteins with essential amino acids, physiologically important polysaccharides and essential fatty acids, dietary fibers, important minerals, and some vitamins. The presence of some bioactive substances, majorly polysaccharide-protein complex in the genus Pleurotus has been reported to confer some pharmacological potential such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and anti-allergic activities. The high nutritional value and potential medicinal uses suggest that the oyster mushrooms are pharmacologically important as functional foods.
Keywords: Oyster mushroom, nutritional, medicinal, polysaccharide
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Jabar A
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Aparna A.
(1)- OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED H2SO4 HYDROLYSIS OF COCOA POD SHELLS: COMPARISON BETWEEN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL THEREOF [BT]
Abstract: To release reducing sugars from cocoa pod shell, sulphuric acid pre-treatment was adopted where the variables affecting H2SO4 pre-treatment i.e., cocoa pod shell weight, H2SO4 concentration, microwave irradiation time and power were screened using one factor at a time approach. The weight of cocoa pod shell, concentration of H2SO4 showed a significant effect on the pre-treatment process and the levels of these factors were further optimized by central composite design using response surface methodology .The optimized conditions were found to be 15.65g ofcocoa pod shell, 6% v/v H2SO4 at 8 min of irradiation, released maximum reducing sugar of 9.10 g/L. A second order model was generated and validated, which was found to be a good fit with R2value of 0.89. Artificial neural network modelling proved validation R2 of 0.94 comparatively better than Response surface methodology R2 of 0.89. The reducing sugars released after acid hydrolysis at optimized conditions were subjected to fermentation by Pichia stipitis to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol produced was 3.2g/L at 2% (v/v) inoculum concentration after 72h of fermentation.
Keywords: Cocoa pod shell, Acid hydrolysis, Optimization, Microwave
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Laith A.A
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Rathiesh. A.C
(1)- VARIATIONS IN THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE HEAD AND BONE FLOURS OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS) ADAPTED TO ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS [FS]
Abstract: Consumption of fish and fish by products assures various health benefits, but on the other hand the fish processing wastes if not discarded properly pose a serious environment threat. Tilapias are commonly available cichlid fishes which are considered to possess various biological importance. The objective of the work is to analyze and compare the similarities and differences in the nutritional quality of the exotic fish Oreochromis mossambicus found in brackish water and fresh water environments. The estuary adapted tilapia and freshwater tilapia was collected and processed as head and bone flours. The samples were further analyzed and the results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Head Flour (ETHF) was composed of moisture (5.87 ± 0.003%), protein (32.06 ± 0.02%) total lipids (0.202 ±0.003 %), carbohydrates (1.44 ± 0.005%) and ash (1.15 ± 0.006%). The results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Bone Flour (ETBF) was found as moisture (4.20 ± 0.006%), protein (31.48 ± 0.07%), total lipids (0.217 ± 0.002), carbohydrates (0.13 ± 0.004%) and ash (0.89 ±0.004%). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Head Flour (FTHF) ranged as moisture (5.79 ± 0.01%), protein (32.50 ± 0.02%), total lipids (0.202 ± 0.009%), carbohydrates (1.54 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.16 ± 0.003). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Bone Flour (FTBF) ranged as moisture (5.77 ± 0.01%), protein (32.58 ± 0.03%), total lipids (0.200 ± 0.005%), carbohydrates (1.48 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.23 ± 0.01%). The fatty acid occurring in the highest proportions was alpha linolenic acid both ETHF (2.492±0.003mg) and ETBF (2.374±0.002mg). The fatty acid composition in FTHF occurring in the highest proportion was palmitic acid (0.983±0.002mg) and in FTBF the highest proportion was found in stearic acid (0.785±0.005mg). In the amino acid analysis, the highest values were recorded in phenyl alanine for ETHF (1.986±0.002%) and lysine in ETBF (1.364±0.003%). Phenyl alanine content was found higher in both FTHF (1.889±0.002%) and FTBF (1.981±0.003%). The essential vitamins and minerals were also analyzed and the results are discussed in detail.
Keywords: Fish, nutrition, protein, amino acids, essential, tilapia
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Mazlan A.G
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Priyanka A.Naik
(1)- FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE PRODUCTION USING UNCONVENTIONAL SEASONAL FRUITS THROUGH BATCH FERMENTATION [FS]
Abstract: The attempt was made in the present work to ferment the juice of unconventional fruits. Jamun (Syzgium cumini L.), pomegranate, Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) were chosen for the study. Fruits were collected from local market and farmers. Juice was extracted from the fruits and initial sugar was maintained between 13 to 26 °Brix. Fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at room temperature. Fixed acidity estimated in terms of tartaric acid equivalent was determined in the range of 4.2 to 6.9g/L. Radical scavenging activity of the fermented juice was between the range of 1.42 to 1.96 mmol TE/L. Metals such as Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were estimated. Residual sugar was within 3mg/ml. Ethanol concentration was estimated in the range of 5.25 to 10.67% (v/v).
Keywords: Jamun, Pomegranate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ethanol
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A.Thamizharasan
(1)- AN EVALUATION OF ELISA USING RECOMBINANT P17 ANTIGEN FOR CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS [BT]
Abstract: Brucellae are Gram-negative cocccobacilli, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens of both humans and animals. Brucellosis is an important disease that is difficult to diagnose and treat that causes heavy economic losses and human suffering. Diagnosis of brucellosis plays a vital role for control and prevention of the disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) shows false positivity due to cross-reactivity with other gram-negative bacteria LPS. The present investigation was undertaken to assess the diagnostic potential of the recombinant P17 protein of Brucella. P17 gene of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) was amplified, cloned and subcloned into pQE 30 vector yielding high levels of protein expression. The purified recombinant P17 (rP17) protein was used to develop an indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) test for brucellosis. The rP17-ELISA was compared with RBPT (Rose Bengal Precipitation Test) and LPS-ELISA using 530 cattle sera. The concordance percentage and kappa statistics of P17-ELISA is greater in compression with LPS-ELISA. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity of P17-ELISA shows a positive trend with RBPT. The data suggest that P17-ELISA can be a useful method for Brucella diagnosis and recombinant P17 protein is a potential antigen for diagnosis of cattle brucellosis.
Keywords: Brucellosis, Recombinant P17 antigen, ELISA, Cattle, RBPT, Diagnosis
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Michael Kolawole ADEWUMI
(1)- NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF PROCESSED Spondias mombin FOLIAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS TO THE EXTRACTS [MB]
Abstract: Spondias mombin foliage was processed into fresh (as control), air-dried and sun-dried samples and were analyzed for proximate, fibre, minerals, vitamins and antinutrients. Also, Identified rumen microorganisms were exposed to non-reconstituted ethanol extract of the foliage. The results showed that crude protein, crude fibre and gross energy were greatly improved by drying from 4.9% to 15.1%, 2.1% to 18.4% and 0.9 kcal/g to 2.9kcal/g in that order. Fibre constituents improved from 11.5% to 67.9%, 7.2% to 53.6% and 2.9% to 9.3% for neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin. Similarly, all the mineral components were improved from 0.083% to 0.21%, 0.193% to 0.533% and 0.073% to 0.23% for Calcium, Phosphorus and Sodium respectively by drying. Drying decreased the Ascorbic acid, Riboflavin and Niacin contents from 27.8mg/100g to 9.1mg/100g, 0.083mg/100g to 0.033mg/100g and 0.323mg/100g to 0.143mg/100g in that arrangement. Above all, it was observed that drying tremendously improved the nutritional value of S. mombin foliage by reducing tannin from 2.2% to 1.64%, oxalic acid (2.1% to 1.38%), phytic acid (1.15 to 0.45%), saponin (1.18% to 0.72%) and trypsin inhibitor from 39.74% to 16.57%. However, drying did not influence the toxic potential of the foliage as indicated by susceptibility of all the rumen microorganisms except the mould species. The nutritional quality potentials observed in the present study suggested that S. mombin foliage may be efficiently utilized by ruminants for optimal performance.
Keywords: Feed processing, novel feed resource, nutritional quality, rumen microorganisms susceptibility, ruminant nutrition
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E. Sümer ARAS
(1)- ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]
Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.
Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP
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Cumhur AVŞAR
(1)- ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]
Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.
Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP
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Qotaibah Ababneh
(1)- STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM CAMELS DIFFER IN COAGULASE PRODUCTION, GENOTYPE AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE GENE PROFILES [MB]
Abstract: Accurate and rapid typing of S. aureus is crucial to the control of its infections and minimizing its leakage to the food chain. The primary purpose of this research was to isolate S. aureus from camels’ meat and nasal swabs and to characterize the isolates for coagulase production and the presence of methicillin gene using PCR-RFLP of coagulase gene. A total of 264 camel’s meat and nasal swabs were collected from abattoirs or meat markets and were used in the study. Ninety two percent of samples showed typical colonies of S. aureus on Baird-Parker agar with a mean count 2.5 × 104 ± 1.8 × 104 CFU g-1. Upon confirmation of the isolates using S. aureus specific thermonuclease gene (nuc) PCR primers, only 64 isolates contained the specific product and thus were confirmed as S. aureus. However, when tested for the presence of coagulase gene, only 48 of them were positive while the other 16 were coagulase negative. Coagulase gene-RFLP revealed 19 distinct patterns when the gene was digested with Alu I and Cfo I. The typing revealed that the 48 classified isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 14 genotypes at a 44.4% similarity level. When the coagulase positive isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance (mec A) gene, 37 of the isolates were positive while the other 11 isolates were negative. The high heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates might be due to cross contamination between camel carcasses in slaughter houses and from handlers and their utensils.
Keywords: Coagulase gene, Staphylococcus aureus molecular typing camel, MRSA
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Mohamed Abbas
(1)- IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF MICRORHIZOMES IN GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCO) [BT]
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to highlight an effective protocol for in vitro production of ginger microrhizomes. Microrhizomes were induced at the base of the in vitro derived shoots upon transfer to MS medium containing various concentrations of (30, 60 and 90 g/L), BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine (3, 6 and 9 mg/L) and grown under varying photoperiodism in addition to the MS medium supplemented with 9 mg/L BAP and 60-90 g/L sucrose under 16-h photoperiod within 10 weeks of cultivation were the best conditions for microrhizomes induction. Ginger microrhizomes formation in vitro was found to be controlled by many factors, including the concentrations of BAP and sucrose as well as photoperiodism during culturing period.
Keywords: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, Ginger, Photoperiodism, Sucrose, BAP and Microrhizomes
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Najmeh Abbasi
(1)- THE STUDY OF SEASONAL STEROID HORMONES IN MALE SIBERIAN STURGEON (Acipenser baerii) FOR DETERMINING GONADAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES [BT]
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate of steroid hormones of male Siberian sturgeon in different seasons. For this, blood sampling was taken seasonally from 11 male Siberian sturgeons (7 years old) and then steroid hormones including testosterone and 11-keto testosterone were analyzed by using ELISA. The results showed that testosterone had no significant differences during all the seasons (p>0.05) and the maximum level was in autumn. But 11ketotestesterone had significant differences between winter with other seasons (p<0.05). The min and max level of 11ketotestesterone was in autumn and winter, respectively. 11-keto testosterone hormone levels based on sexual maturation stages showed significant difference between stages III and IV with stage II (p<0.05). Also, there was significant differences between stage II with others in testosterone levels (p<0.05).
Keywords: Siberian sturgeon, testosterone, 11keto testosterone, sex determination
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Mohamed Salah Abbassi
(1)- THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS RBS 5 ISOLATED FROM HOT TUNISIAN SPRING CO-PRODUCING ALKALINE AND THERMOSTABLE α-AMYLASE AND PROTEASE ENZYMES [MB]
Abstract: Bacillus licheniformis RBS 5 was isolated from thermal spring in Tunisia. The isolate coproduce α-amylase and protease enzymes. The α-amylase activity showed an optimal activity at approximately 65°C and in wide pH interval ranging from 4 to 9. This enzyme was stable over the range of 45 to 70°C after 30 min of incubation and in the pH range of 8 to 10. Protease activity was optimal; at 80°C, pH 12. This enzyme was stable until 60°C over the pH range of 10 to 12. EDTA at concentration of 5 mM reduces slightly both activities evoking the serine alkaline protease. Cationic ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mg 2+) have an inhibition effect on α-amylase. However, protease activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Cu2+ and Mg 2+); the other cations reduce slightly the proteolytic activity. SDS and H2O2 were found as inhibitors for both activities whereas Triton X-100 and perfume have no effect. Taken together, these traits make protease activity of B. licheniformis RBS 5 as efficient for use in detergent industry.
Keywords: Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis, α-amylase, protease, detergent additive
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Abdelmoez M. Abdallah
(1)- PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF MILK-CLOTTING ENZYME FROM THE SEEDS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA [FS]
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to search for milk clotting substitute from different parts (flowers, seeds, stem, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits) of Moringa oleifera. The samples were blended and extracted using different types of extracting solutions. The most reliable, quick and efficient enzyme extracting solution was found to be 5% NaCl in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, which was used throughout the study. The milk clotting activity was only observed in the seeds extract while the other parts were either deficient or has very low milk clotting activity. Thus, the moringa seeds were used as source of milk clotting enzyme. The extracted proteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %. Highest milk clotting activity was observed in the 20 % fraction. This fraction was assumed to contain the clotting enzymes and characterized for its heating stability (30 – 90°C) and optimum temperature (30 – 90°C). The results demonstrated that moringa seeds milk clotting enzyme is stable up to 50°C with an optimum milk clotting activity of 70°C. The high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity of the partially purified enzyme indicates the potential of this enzyme as suitable rennet substitute in dairy industry. However, further study is needed to completely purify and characterize this promising milk clotting enzyme from moringa seeds.
Keywords: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, Milk-clotting activity, Moringa seeds, Rennet substitutes
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Maher Abdel-Aziz
(1)- IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]
Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Khayria M. Abdel-Gawad
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Mahfouz Abdel-Gawad
(2)- IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]
Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Ezzat Abdel-Lateef
(2)- IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]
Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Ahmed Y. Abdel-Mallek
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Ismail R. Abdel-Rahim
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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I. Abdel-Rahman
(1)- ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS ORGIN IN THE NORTH-EAST MOROCCO [BT]
Abstract: The objective of this work is to characterize the phenols and flavonoids compounds of extracts of Pelargonium Graveolens from North-East Morocco (TAZA) in terms of antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of this aromatic plant was determined according to the DPPH radical scavenging assay to suggest it as a new potential source of natural antioxidants. The quantification of phenolics and flavonoids compounds of solvent extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) were determined spectrometrically. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracts increased in the order diethyl ether extract < ethyl acetate extract < ascorbic acid. Based on these results, we suggest that the phenols and flavonoids compounds of Pelargonium Graveolens have significant potential as a natural antioxidant.
Keywords: Pelargonium Graveolens, Phenols, Flavonoids, DPPH method, Antioxidant activity
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Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman
(1)- BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]
Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.
Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed
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Mouhamed-Cherif Abdeldjalil
(1)- SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF AIRBORNE BACTERIA IN THE MUNICIPAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE OF CONSTANTINE - ALGERIA [MB]
Abstract: The spatial distribution of airborne bacterial contamination (with Total aerobic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Coliforms, Staphylococci and Streptococci) was studied within the municipal abattoir of Constantine (North-East of Algeria).
Open plate air samples were collected at twenty sampling locations weekly during two months. At the same chosen locations, temperature and humidity of the air were measured. The spatial distribution of bacterial contamination was studied using a Geographic Information System.
The viscera processing section recorded the highest bacterial concentration and poor correlations had been recorded between bacterial counts and the environmental conditions within the abattoir. The high air bacterial loads recorded all over the slaughterhouse were consequence of the execution of all processing operations within the same section (for both bovine and ovine carcasses) associated to the absence of structural barriers, spatial separation between processing operations and uncontrolled airflow.
This study highlights the poor hygienic level of the municipal slaughterhouse of Constantine. The implementation of serious measures is needed to reduce the risk of contamination and proliferation of pathogens in meat during slaughtering processes.
Keywords: Airborne contamination, spatial distribution, slaughterhouse, North-East of Algeria
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Jawher Abdelhak
(1)- SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, SPECTROSCOPY PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALITIES OF A NEW SYNTHETIC COMPOUND: AMINO- CHLOROPYRIDINIUM DIAQUA DIOXALATO IRON(III) [BT]
Abstract: We report herein the synthesis and the physicochemical characterization of a new mixed-ligand iron(III) complex of formula (C5H6ClN2)[Fe(C2O4)2(H2O)2].2H2O. This compound has been prepared by slow evaporation at room temperature and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It has been characterized by IR and UV-VIS spectra and thermal analysis (TG and DTA). In this compound, the iron ion has a slightly distorted square bipyramidal environment, coordinated by two chelating oxalate ion and two water molecules. Structural cohesion is established essentially by π-π interactions between the rings of pyridine groups and intermolecular hydrogen bonds connecting the ionic entities and uncoordinated water molecules.
In vitro antimicrobial activities of the amino- chloropyridinium diaqua dioxalato iron (III) against pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria were studied in this work. On the whole, our new compound has high antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua. The amino- chloropyridinium diaqua dioxalato iron (III) used at 200µg m-1, can reduce Candida albicans survival of about 45.45%, and destruct hyphe mycelial of Trichophyton rubrum. High lysozyme activities were expressed especially against Listeria innocua with 17 times more than Staphylococcus aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are ranging from 16 µg ml-1 for bacteria to 256 µg ml-1 for yeast and IC50 values varying from 1.44 to 10.45 µg ml-1 for bacteria and 45.8 for yeast.
Keywords: Iron (III) complex, antifungal antibacterial activity, spectroscopy studies, single crystal structure
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Mohamed Ahmed Abdel–Sater
(1)- BIODIVERSITY OF FILAMENTOUS AND YEAST FUNGI IN CITRUS AND GRAPE FRUITS AND JUICES IN ASSIUT AREA, EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: Mycobiota diversity associated with fruits and juices of citrus and grapevine plantations in Assuit Governorate, Egypt were evaluated during the period between April 2008 to February 2009. Identification of fungi was performed using the morphological and microscopical characteristics in addition to the biochemical in case of yeasts. In suspected isolates, molecular techniques were employed to confirm their identification. High counts of yeasts were recorded from the juice of both fruits (almost more than 95 % of total fungi), followed by citrus carposphere and carpoplane where they constituted about one-fifth to one-third of total fungi. High numbers of taxa were recorded from carposphere of both fruits than those recorded from carpoplanes or juices. The peak of total propagules of carposphere fungi was recorded in primordial fruit in citrus and in senescent fruit in grape, while the peaks of carpoplane fungi of both fruits and juices were recorded in mature fruits, while the troughs of all sources were regularly recorded in immature fruits. Aspergillus provided lower count in citrus than in grape carposhere and carpoplane while the reverse was recorded in juice. A. niger predominated in carposphere, carpoplane and juice of both plants, followed by A. aculeatus in all sources from grape and A. brasiliensis in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. Penicillium contributed small proportion of propagules in both plants. P. oxalicum was the most dominant species in all sources from grape but less common in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. P. digitatum and/or P. italicum were recorded in citrus only. Cladosporium contributed the highest counts (41.9 %-59.8 %) of all fungi in boh carpospheres, while contributing minor proportions in carpoplane and juice. It was recorded in high frequency in grape while less frequent in citrus for both carposphere and carpoplane but the reverse was recorded in juices. C. cladosporioides was the most dominant species in grape while C. sphaerospermum was the most dominant in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. The peak of yeast fungi was drawn in mature fruits of both citrus (December), grape carpospheres and carpoplanes; and juices of both fruits (Ocober). Of 22 yeast species recorded, only 2 were recovered from all sources of both plants (Hanseniaspora occidentalis and Issachenkia orientalis), 3 from carposphere, carpoplane and/or juice of citrus only (Candida catenulata, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Kodemaea ohmeri) and 7 from grape only (Candida prunicola, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, R. diobvatum, Rhodotorula glutinus, Sporidiobolus pararoseus, S. ruinenniae and Sporobolomyces roseus). Ascomyceteous yeasts were dominant over basidiomyceteous ones in all subsrates. Since, mature fruits are succeptable to fungal attack, and almost all juice fungi, including yeasts and filamentous fungi, originated from fruit fungi, precautions during selecting fruits, transportation, handling and juice-making should be taken into accounts.
Keywords: mycobiota, juice, citrus, grape, fruits, biodiversity, rDNA sequencing
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Diana Bayshagylovna Abdraimova
(1)- SOME PROPERTIES OF ENDOGENOUS α-AMYLASE INHIBITOR FROM WHEAT GRAIN [FS]
Abstract: The protein with endogenous α-amylase inhibitor activity was extracted and purified from wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains through 70% ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel-chromatography on Toyapearl HW-50. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of protein were estimated about 21 kD and 7.0 respectively. The inhibitor repressed of high pI wheat α-amylase isozymes, but had no effect on amylases of microbial and animal origin. The inhibitor also exhibited activity towards serine protease subtilisin. The inhibitor was the most active at pH 7.8 to pH 8.0 and was stable up to 90° C for 10 minutes. The protein is localized in the peripheral parts of the seed, and in the starchy endosperm.
Keywords: α-amylase, isoenzymes, subtilisin, inhibitor, wheat
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Abzal Abdramanov
(1)- THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA) EXTRACT ON THE ACTIVITY AND OXIDATIVE PROFILE OF BOVINE SPERMATOZOA [BT]
Abstract: The paper presents the overall results and experimental details of the in vitro assessment of the elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract on the motility, viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of bovine spermatozoa in different time periods (0, 2, 6 and 24 hours). Sambucus nigra is often used for medicinal purposes throughout the world. Modern research reveals that Sambucus nigra extracts may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antioxidant properties, because of a high content of biologically active components. Spermatozoa motility was assessed using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Cell viability was examined using the metabolic activity MTT assay and ROS generation was quantified using luminometry. The CASA analysis revealed that the motility in the experimental groups supplemented with 100, 50 and 1 μg/mL elderberry extract was lower in comparison with other samples. The experiment showed that the elderberry extract had a considerable in vitro effect on the sperm motility, vitality and oxidative profile. The ROS production as well as the CASA assessment proved that the optimal concentration of both extracts was 10 μg/mL in every time with statistically significant results. The MTT test showed a statistically significant increase of mitochondrial at all time periods with 10 μg/mL elderberry extract when compared to the control group. When lower concentrations of the elderberry extract were used (5 and 1 μg/mL), the mitochondrial activity was higher than in the control group but lower than in the group supplemented with 10 μg/mL of the extract. In these groups this indicator increased maximally after 24 h. The findings of the present study indicate that Sambucus nigra extract possesses activity promoting properties on bovine spermatozoa at 10 and 5 μg/mL.
Keywords: Elderberry, Sambucus nigra, spermatozoa, bull, motility, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species
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Abeer Khairy Abdulall
(1)- EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF EACH OF L-AMINO OXIDASE- AND L-ASCORBIC ACID-INACTIVATED HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MICE AS POTENTIAL VACCINE CANDIDATES [BT]
Abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Formaldehyde is the currently used inactivating agent in HAV vaccine processing despite of its adverse effects. The current study aimed to evaluate both L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) as alternative inactivants for HAV and the immunogenicity of inactivated HAV in mice. Vero cell line was used for cultivation of HAV. The cytotoxicity of LAO and LAA on Vero cells was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The immunogenicity of each LAO- and LAA-inactivated HAV was examined in parallel with reference HAV vaccine in mice. Humoral (total IgG) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-5) were evaluated in mice sera using ELISA. Both LAO and LAA could efficiently inactivate HAV within 30 and 36 hrs post treatment, respectively, at concentrations of 0.4 µgm/ml of LAO and 1.5 mg/ml of LAA. Inactivated vaccines were immunogenic to mice on both the humoral and cellular levels. LAO prepared vaccines showed a more promising immune reactivity than LAA prepared ones and alum-adsorbed vaccines were more immunogenic than non-adjuvanted ones. In conclusion, data recorded suggest that both LAO and LAA can be used as inactivating agents for HAV grown in cell culture. LAA- and LAO-inactivated HAV can be potential vaccines as they provide effective humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to that of the reference vaccine. The stability of test vaccines is recommended to be traced at different thermal conditions, in addition to different stabilizers and different pharmaceutical formulations must be tested trying to produce a lyophilized formula for long-term stability.
Keywords: Hepatitis A, vaccine, virus inactivation, L-amino oxidase, L-ascorbic acid, alum
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Abdullah-Al-Mahin
(1)- BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]
Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.
Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed
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Amal Osman Abdullatif
(1)- EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF EACH OF L-AMINO OXIDASE- AND L-ASCORBIC ACID-INACTIVATED HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MICE AS POTENTIAL VACCINE CANDIDATES [BT]
Abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Formaldehyde is the currently used inactivating agent in HAV vaccine processing despite of its adverse effects. The current study aimed to evaluate both L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) as alternative inactivants for HAV and the immunogenicity of inactivated HAV in mice. Vero cell line was used for cultivation of HAV. The cytotoxicity of LAO and LAA on Vero cells was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The immunogenicity of each LAO- and LAA-inactivated HAV was examined in parallel with reference HAV vaccine in mice. Humoral (total IgG) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-5) were evaluated in mice sera using ELISA. Both LAO and LAA could efficiently inactivate HAV within 30 and 36 hrs post treatment, respectively, at concentrations of 0.4 µgm/ml of LAO and 1.5 mg/ml of LAA. Inactivated vaccines were immunogenic to mice on both the humoral and cellular levels. LAO prepared vaccines showed a more promising immune reactivity than LAA prepared ones and alum-adsorbed vaccines were more immunogenic than non-adjuvanted ones. In conclusion, data recorded suggest that both LAO and LAA can be used as inactivating agents for HAV grown in cell culture. LAA- and LAO-inactivated HAV can be potential vaccines as they provide effective humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to that of the reference vaccine. The stability of test vaccines is recommended to be traced at different thermal conditions, in addition to different stabilizers and different pharmaceutical formulations must be tested trying to produce a lyophilized formula for long-term stability.
Keywords: Hepatitis A, vaccine, virus inactivation, L-amino oxidase, L-ascorbic acid, alum
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Gulbakhor T. Abdullayeva
(1)- THE EFFECTS OF ISOLATED FRACTIONS OF RED PEPPER CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION [BT]
Abstract: Fruit proteins, seed proteins and capsaicinoids fractions were isolated from red pepper of Capsicum annum L. plants family and their effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and lipid peroxidation of rat liver were studied in vitro. Seed proteins did not influence to MPTP; however fruit proteins caused MPTP to open and led to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Opening of the MPTP causes massive swelling of mitochondria; capsaicinoids fractions inhibited the swelling process of mitochondria and caused the closed state of the MPTP. Fruits and seeds protein fractions from red pepper did not reduce the effect of Fe2+/ascorbate-induced mitochondrial swelling and had no effect on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the membranes of mitochondria. Capsaicinoid fraction had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the Fe2+/ascorbate-dependent swelling of mitochondria and of lipid peroxidation. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the swelling of mitochondria fraction was 2 µg/ml. Сapsaicinoids fraction prevented the effect of Fe2+/ascorbate on mitochondria and reduced the accumulation of MDA in membrane. Complete inhibition of lipid peroxidation was shown at a 50 µg/ml capsaicinoids concentration. Capsaicinoids, reducing the membrane destructive effects of Fe2+/ascorbate, had antioxidant properties and a protective effect on mitochondria. The obtained results showed the presence of different compounds in red pepper differently affecting MPTP and lipid peroxidation.
Keywords: Red pepper, proteins, capsaicinoid, mitochondria, MPTP, lipid peroxidation
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N. Abe
(1)- ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS METHYLOTROPHICUS-SCS2012 ISOLATED FROM SOIL [MB]
Abstract: The strain Bacillus methylotrophycus-SCS2012 (Bacillus sp. SCS2012) identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was isolated from soil. Ethyl acetate extract of B. methylotrophycus-SCS2012 showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The crude metabolite extracted from B. methylotrophycus-SCS2012 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus agalactae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae with the zone of inhibition range 28.33 to 32.16 mm at 100μg/disc. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against Streptococcus agalactae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae was found to be 156, 156, 312, 312 and 625µg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate extract also exhibited cytotoxic effects on brine shrimp lethality bioassay with LC50 value of 10.78 g/ml. Thus the ethyl acetate extract of Bacillus methylotrophycus-SCS2012 has broad spectrum activity with moderate cytotoxicity.
Keywords: Bacillus methylotrophycus-SCS2012, antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration, cytotoxicity
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Ali Hussein Abed-Al-Kareem
(1)- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FORTIFIED WHEAT FLOUR WITH SYNTHETIC FENAEDTA COMPLEX [FS]
Abstract: This study includes fortification of two type of flour 70 and 80 % extraction with two sources of non-haem iron sodium iron EDTA (FeNaEDTA) which was synthesis in laboratory and ferrous sulfate in level of 30 mg iron/kg flour. The synthesis FeNaEDTA has been identified in several methods, infra red spectrophotometry, C.H.N analyzer and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP- OES). NaFeEDTA is the only non-haem source that has good bioavailability as it is relatively independent of flour composition and withstands the inhibitory effects of phytates.
Chemical analysis of the two type of the flour before and after fortification with FeNaEDTA was done (moisture, ash , protein , fat and wet gluten)% and the amount of iron as mg/100g.The falling number was not affected by the above fortificants.The values of falling Number of 70% extraction for non-fortified and fortified flour by FeNaEDTA and ferrous sulfate were ( 425,426,427) second respectively, while for 80% extracted flour were (445,446,448) second respectively.
The color test showed an increasing of color degree upon fortified by iron sulfate and decreasing of upon fortified by FeNaEDTA in both type of flour.
Keywords: Fortified Flour, FeNaEDTA
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Ganiyat T. Abidoye
(1)- BIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIOCINS FROM SOME Lactobacillus species ISOLATED FROM FOODS [MB]
Abstract: Lactobacillus species isolated from ogi, kunnu, yoghurt and palm-wine were found to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocins had broad spectra of antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The effects of the bacteriocins on Escherichia coli infections in rats were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with E. coli and treated with 1280 AU/ml of the bacteriocins from L. plantarum MO21, L. plantarum MP12, L. casei MK21, L. casei MO11, L. brevis MK11 and L. buchneri MY21. Escherichia coli infection caused upregulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, globulin, cholesterol, bilirubin and glucose levels in sera of the infected rats which were down-regulated in the bacteriocin treated rats. Gastric and GIT damage caused by E. coli infection were reduced in the bacteriocin-treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that these bacteriocins may have useful biomedical applications.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species; bacteriocin; gastric tissue; total protein and globulin
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Olufunmilola Adunni Abiodun
(1)- PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BLENDS OF PINEAPPLE-CARROT WINE [FS]
Abstract: Study was conducted to develop non-alcoholic wine using pineapple (Ananas comosus) and carrot (Daucus carota) blend. Red grape wine was used as the control.Pineapple and carrot blends were mixed in varied in proportions. Physicochemical and sensory analyses were done on all the wine samples during primary fermentation and after aging for thirty days. Results of physicochemical analyses revealed that pH ranged from 3.80 to 3.20 while temperature was between 28 oC and 27 oC, total dissolved solids ranged between 0.13 to 0.15 % and sugar content (oBrix) varied significantly from 11.00 to 13.35. The specific gravity was between 1.04 and 1.07 while titratable acidity ranged from of 0.28 to 0.76 % and that of alcohol content was from 0.05-1.10 %. Vitamin C content varied significantly from 257.00 to 44.00 μg/ml. Samples were subjected to sensory evaluation and there was a significant difference in colour, clarity, sweetness, aroma, astringency and overall acceptability. From the quality assessment sample with 40% carrot and 60% pineapple juice was the most preferred sample by the panelist. Thus, non-alcoholic wine can be successfully produced from pineapple and carrot.
Keywords: pineapple, carrot, non-alcoholic wine, physicochemical, sensory
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Sumbo Henrietta Abiose
(1)- DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA DURING FERMENTATION OF LIMABEAN INTO DADDAWA [MB]
Abstract: The diversity and succession of bacteria during the natural fermentation of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) to produce daddawa (a fermented condiment) was studied using molecular method (16SrRNA gene analysis) with a view to develop a framework for production of daddawa of consistence quality with starter culture of Bacillus species. Lima bean was fermented for 72 h, during which isolation of bacteria and extraction of DNA were carried out. The extracted DNA of the bacterial isolates was tested for quality using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of the 16SrRNA gene analysis were matched with the existing similar sequences in data base. Twenty six (26) presumptive isolates of Bacillus obtained at 24 h interval during the natural fermentation process were identified. The result of the ratio of absorbances of the extracted DNA at 260 and 280 nm showed that 73% of the isolates had pure DNA while the result of the gel electrophoresis showed well defined bands of the amplicons for the isolates. The BLAST result identified the isolates as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. cereus and B. anthrasis with B. subtilis been the most predominant. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis and B. pumilus occurred through-out the fermentation process. The study established the identity of the important Bacillus species involved in fermentation of lima bean into daddawa using molecular technique. These major Bacillus species could further be tested and developed as potential starters for improved production of daddawa from lima bean.
Keywords: Limabean, daddawa, Fermentation, Bacillus, 16SrRNA gene analysis
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Fatma M. Abo-El-Hasan
(1)- AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM Mill.) USING A SYNTHETIC Cry1Ab GENE FOR ENHANCED RESISTANCE AGAINST TUTA ABSOLUTA (Meyrick) [MB]
Abstract: The effect of different plant hormones on in vitro regeneration of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) two cultivars Castle Rock and Super strain B, obtained from hypocotyls and cotyledons of cultured in vitro seedlings was examined. The optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators were the MS medium containing 3 mg L-1 of zeatin and 0.1 mg L-1 of NAA of cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of Super strain B cultivar. While, the best regeneration medium was the MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 ZEA, 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 0.1 mg L-1 IAA of cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of Castle Rock cultivar. Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation system has been expanded of tomato cultivar Super strain B. Transformation efficiency of hypocotyl explants was studied with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 harboring binary vector pICBV19, containing gus and bar genes. Transformed tomato shoots were obtained from hypocotyls explants on MS medium contained with 3 mg L-1 ZEA and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA. The gene expression of gus and bar genes was tested in the putatively transformed tomato plantlets through GUS histochemical and leaf painting assays. The plasmid pBI121 containing an insect resistance gene (cry1Ab) and kanamycin gene (nptII) as a plant selectable marker were introduced into these explants. Putatively transformed plantlets were examined by PCR and southern blot analysis. The expression of cry1Ab gene was tested through insect bioassay. For insect bioassay, experiments were conducted to determine the mortality percentage of Cry1Ab toxin protein against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). The results indicated that Cry1Ab toxin protein expressed in transformed tomato plants showed 100% instars larval mortality was obtained after feeding for 4–5 days.
Keywords: Transformation, transgenic, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cry1Ab gene, insect bioassay
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Amal Abo-Kamar
(2)- CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PARTIALLY PURIFIED PLANTARCIN SR18 PRODUCED BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM SR18 [MB]
Abstract: The bacteriocin bound to the cells and that secreted into the culture filtrate of Lactobacillus plantarum SR18 were precipitated by 75% ammomium sulphate, dialysed and further purified by Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Bacteriocins were purified from proteins bound to the cell of L. plantarum SR18 (plantarcin SR18 a) and culture filtrate proteins (plantarcin SR18 b), respectively. The SDS-PAGE of partially purified Plantarcin SR18a showed a molecular weight of 3.5 KDa. While, plantarcin SR18 b had a molecular weight of 10.3 KDa. The antibacterial activity of the tested plantarcin SR18 preparations suffered no measurable loss after 45 min at 80ºC. Whereas, At 100ºC, significant decrease in the activity of bacteriocin preparations (60- 80 %) took place by the end of 45 min. At pH ranged from 5-8, the activity of the plantarcin SR18 preparations suffered no measurable loss. Dissociating agents significantly affected the bacteriocin activity. Thus, tween 80 and mercaptoethanol increased the activity of bacteriocin preparations to 1.2-1.4 fold. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) increased the activity of the tested bacteriocin preparations by about 20%.The lowest residual activity (60%) was recorded after treatment with Triton X100 for 45 min. Protease completely inhibited the activities of all forms of plantarcin SR18 after 45 min at 37ºC.
Keywords: Plantarcin, molecular weight, stability, dissociating agents, protease
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PRODUCTION OF PLANTARCIN BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM SR18 [MB]Abstract: Out of 86 lactobacilli previously screened in our laboratory, Lactobacillus plantarum SR18 isolated from yoghurt revealed the largest detected inhibition zone against the selected indicator Streptococcus salivarius 5. The obtained electrophoretic patterns revealed that L. plantarum SR18 was free from plasmids. Exposure of 6 h growing L. plantarum culture to T-8M, 3B ultraviolet B lamp (8w, 220v & 312 nm) for 2 h and subsequent growth for further 24 h resulted in an increase of cell-bound bacteriocin titer reached 2 fold at 12 h. Whereas bacteriocin secreted in the culture filtrate was not affected by UV irradiation. Plantarcin SR18 production was maximal (12800 AU/ml) between 12 and 18 h by incubation of the culture at 37°C and pH 5-7 in candle jar (CO2). The bacteriocin bound to the cells and that secreted into the culture filtrate of L. plantarum SR18 were precipitated by 75% ammomium sulphate, dialysed and further purified by Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The specific activities (AU/mg protein) were increased by a factor of about 5.3 and 2.35 for plantarcins purified from proteins bound to the cell of L. plantarum SR18 (plantarcin SR18 a) and that secreted into the culture filtrate (plantarcin SR18 b), respectively. Gel filtration of plantarcin SR18a resulted in moderate antibacterial activity (3200 AU/ml) and very high activity (25600 AU/ml) of plantarcin SR18b.
Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacteriocin, plasmid, UV induction
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Said K. Abolghait
(1)- MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF Enterococcus spp. ISOLATED ON ENTEROCOCCUS SELECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL (ESD) MEDIA FROM MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND SEAFOOD IN LIBYA [MB]
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Enterococcus spp. in meat, meat products and seafood. A hundred and four samples were randomly collected from different geographic localities in Libya. The samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for enumeration and isolation of Enterococcus spp. by conventional cultural and molecular identification using PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA techniques. Out of 104 samples, 73 (70.2%) isolates were found to be enterococci based on their cultural characteristics on ESD medium. However, out of 36 samples subjected to molecular identification, only six isolates were confirmed to be Enterococcus spp. using PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA technique. All enterococci strains tested for their antibiotic sensitivity profiles showed high percentage of multi-resistance phenotype. These results can be used for further studies on enterococci as an emerging food borne pathogen and its role in human infection in Libya and would suggest that meat, meat products and seafood might play a role in the spreading of enterococci through the food chain with antimicrobial resistance characteristics.
Keywords: 16S rDNA, antibiogram, enterococci, food, Libya
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Khaled Mohamed Aboshanab
(1)- COST-EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF THE BIO-PLASTIC POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRATE USING ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATE P39 [BT]
Abstract: Being biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) drew the attention of scientists to substitute synthetic plastics in our daily lives. However, its industrial production is hampered by its high cost. In this study, an extensive screening program was done to isolate bacteria with high PHB productivity from agricultural fields and develop a cost-effective PHB production. A promising bacterial isolate Acinetobacter baumannii P39 was recovered and identified using 16S ribosomal gene sequencing. It produced 24% PHB per dry weight after 48 h. Several experiments were conducted to optimize the composition of the culture medium and environmental factors for the selected isolate. Results revealed that 60% aeration, 28°C incubation temperature and initial pH 7.5 showed the highest productivity. Besides, 0.7% corn oil and 0.1 g/L peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Substituting glucose with corn oil led to a 23% reduction in total input cost and an estimate price for 1kg PHB is 20.5 L.E. Strain improvement by UV mutation succeeded in improving PHB production by two fold in the selected mutant P39M2. Finally, this study valorizes usage of Acinetobacter isolate in PHB production in addition to solving the critical problem of high cost of production.
Keywords: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate- bioplastic- Acinetobacter baumannii, biodegradable- biocompatible
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Hamada Abou-Bakr
(1)- OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR TANNASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER VAN TIEGHEM USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY [MB]
Abstract: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the production of tannase by a newly isolate of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem using rotatable central composite design (RCCD). This statistical optimization process was carried out involving four of quantitative growth parameters (variables), namely tannic acid concentration, nitrogen source concentration, initial pH of the medium and inoculum size. A mathematical model expressing the production process of tannase by submerged fermentation (SmF) technique was generated statistically in the form of a second order polynomial equation. The model indicated the presence of significant linear, quadratic and interaction effects of the studied variables on tannase production by the fungal isolate. The results showed maximum tannase production (580 U/50 ml medium) at 2% tannic acid, 4 g/l sodium nitrate, pH 4 and inoculum size of 5×107 spores/50 ml medium, which was also verified by experimental data.
Keywords: Tannase optimization, response surface methodology, rotatable central composite design, Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem, fungal tannin acyl hydrolase
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Akram Al Aboudi
(1)- STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM CAMELS DIFFER IN COAGULASE PRODUCTION, GENOTYPE AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE GENE PROFILES [MB]
Abstract: Accurate and rapid typing of S. aureus is crucial to the control of its infections and minimizing its leakage to the food chain. The primary purpose of this research was to isolate S. aureus from camels’ meat and nasal swabs and to characterize the isolates for coagulase production and the presence of methicillin gene using PCR-RFLP of coagulase gene. A total of 264 camel’s meat and nasal swabs were collected from abattoirs or meat markets and were used in the study. Ninety two percent of samples showed typical colonies of S. aureus on Baird-Parker agar with a mean count 2.5 × 104 ± 1.8 × 104 CFU g-1. Upon confirmation of the isolates using S. aureus specific thermonuclease gene (nuc) PCR primers, only 64 isolates contained the specific product and thus were confirmed as S. aureus. However, when tested for the presence of coagulase gene, only 48 of them were positive while the other 16 were coagulase negative. Coagulase gene-RFLP revealed 19 distinct patterns when the gene was digested with Alu I and Cfo I. The typing revealed that the 48 classified isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 14 genotypes at a 44.4% similarity level. When the coagulase positive isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance (mec A) gene, 37 of the isolates were positive while the other 11 isolates were negative. The high heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates might be due to cross contamination between camel carcasses in slaughter houses and from handlers and their utensils.
Keywords: Coagulase gene, Staphylococcus aureus molecular typing camel, MRSA
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Hasan Aboul-Atta
(1)- DETECTION OF MATERNAL COLONIZATION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS BY PCR TARGETING Cfb AND ScpB GENES [BT]
Abstract: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Molecular based tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can detect GBS within hours and can be used intrapartum allowing for selective intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) in women carrying GBS. The aim of this work was to evaluate PCR as a rapid screening method for detection of maternal colonization of GBS compared to culture. Vaginal/rectal swabs were collected from 120 pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation and cultured on CNA medium. GBS was identified by gram staining and catalase, hippurate and CAMP tests and confirmed by latex agglutination for GBS antigens. PCR was done using two assays; one targeting the cfb gene and the other targeting the scpB gene. Results revealed thatGBS colonization was detected in 15%, 23.3% and 21.7% of pregnant women by culture, cfb PCR assay and scpB PCR assay respectively. cfb PCR assay showed 100% sensitivity and 90.2% specificity whereas scpB PCR assay showed 94.4% sensitivity and 91.2% specificity. PCR could detect GBS genome at a concentration of as low as 10-2 for cfb PCR and 10-3 for scpB PCR. In conclusion, PCR is a rapid, specific and sensitive tool for detection of maternal colonization of GBS. PCR assay targeting scpB gene is more sensitive than that targeting cfb gene.
Keywords: Group B Streptococcus, polymerase chain reaction, pregnancy
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Mohammad Mohammad Aboulwafa
(1)- COST-EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF THE BIO-PLASTIC POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRATE USING ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATE P39 [BT]
Abstract: Being biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) drew the attention of scientists to substitute synthetic plastics in our daily lives. However, its industrial production is hampered by its high cost. In this study, an extensive screening program was done to isolate bacteria with high PHB productivity from agricultural fields and develop a cost-effective PHB production. A promising bacterial isolate Acinetobacter baumannii P39 was recovered and identified using 16S ribosomal gene sequencing. It produced 24% PHB per dry weight after 48 h. Several experiments were conducted to optimize the composition of the culture medium and environmental factors for the selected isolate. Results revealed that 60% aeration, 28°C incubation temperature and initial pH 7.5 showed the highest productivity. Besides, 0.7% corn oil and 0.1 g/L peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Substituting glucose with corn oil led to a 23% reduction in total input cost and an estimate price for 1kg PHB is 20.5 L.E. Strain improvement by UV mutation succeeded in improving PHB production by two fold in the selected mutant P39M2. Finally, this study valorizes usage of Acinetobacter isolate in PHB production in addition to solving the critical problem of high cost of production.
Keywords: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate- bioplastic- Acinetobacter baumannii, biodegradable- biocompatible
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Amith Abraham
(1)- MICROBIAL CONSORTIA FORMULATION FOR THE EFFECTIVE BIODEGRADATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE, XYLENE AND PHENOL [MB]
Abstract: Monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and phenol (BTXP) represent an important class of environmental contaminants because of their recognized toxicity to different organisms. Development of microbial consortia was attempted for the biodegradation of the mixture of these compounds. Alcaligenes sp d2, a phenol degrading microorganism reported earlier, was found to degrade all the compounds individually and also as a mixture. Three more novel bacterial isolates, Enterobacter aerogenes, Raoultella sp and Bacillus megaterium, were selected by soil enrichment technique and identified by 16S rDNA analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis4 based on Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean to infer the phylogeny across the data. The isolates could grow in Mineral Salt media supplemented individually with a maximum concentration of 1.36 mM Benzene, 1.09 mM Toluene, 0.923 mM Xylene and 1.22 mM Phenol as the sole carbon source. Degradation studies were conducted in 100 ml Mineral Salt media containing the mixture of all the four compounds. The ether extracted cell-free medium was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The primary formulation of the microbial consortia for the degradation of the mixture of BTXP was done using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data. This is the first report on the biodegradation potential of Bacillus megaterium SBS3on both phenol and benzene. Hence this strain can be considered as a novel isolate with immense degradation potential. The consortium of Alcaligenes sp d2, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus megaterium, and Raoultella sp formulated through this attempt could effectively degrade the mixture of BTXP and application of this consortium can result in the development of strategies for the bioremediation of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene and Phenol.
Keywords: Biodegradation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Microbial consortium, Mineral Salt media
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Yuri de Jesus Lopes de Abreu
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