Index of JMBFS authors
A
Adoba J. A
(1)- Effects of Dehydration on the Physiochemical characteristics of Tomato, Onion and Pepper powdered culinary blends [FS]
Abstract: Quality evaluation of blends of tomato, onion and pepper powder were studied using standared methods . Blends of tomatoe , onion and pepper were formulated at different ratio. Sample A (TOP100/0/0), sample B (TOP 70/25/5) ,Sample C(TOP 70/20/10),sample D TOP70/15/15 and Sample E (TOP 70/10/20)The functional chemical and sensory properties of the sample were evaluated. Result showed decrease in moisture content from 11.70 -9.15 % as the ration of the onion and pepper varies , also wettability of the sample decreases as the ration of onion and pepper were alternated from 2.5 -2.00 g/ml but density of samples increases from 0.80-0.78g/ml , reconstitution index shows that sample A has the highest value of 8.95g/ml while sample D has the least value of 6.00g/ml , water absorption capacity of sample B has the highest oil absorption capacity value of 2.10% while sample B and E has the least oil absorption capacity of 1.61% .Vitamin C content of sample increases as the ration of onion and pepper were varied with sample E having the highest value of 16.06mg/100g while sample A has the least value of 11.25mg/100g PH of sample decreases with sample E having the highest value of 7.20 while sample A has the least value of 6.95 . Sensory evaluation scores of the sample indicates that all sample were moderately liked based on appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability. Based on the functional, chemical and sensory properties sample E is preferred.
Keywords: Tomato, onion, pepper, blend, chemical functional
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E. A
(1)- OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SPECIES); A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD [FS]
Abstract: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market. It is widely cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Many people admire the mushroom due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional values, and some medicinal properties. Pleurotus are generally rich in proteins with essential amino acids, physiologically important polysaccharides and essential fatty acids, dietary fibers, important minerals, and some vitamins. The presence of some bioactive substances, majorly polysaccharide-protein complex in the genus Pleurotus has been reported to confer some pharmacological potential such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and anti-allergic activities. The high nutritional value and potential medicinal uses suggest that the oyster mushrooms are pharmacologically important as functional foods.
Keywords: Oyster mushroom, nutritional, medicinal, polysaccharide
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Jabar A
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Uzor O. A
(1)- PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF ACHA-TAMBA BASED OGI ENRICHED WITH HYDROLYSED SOY PEPTIDES [FS]
Abstract: The physicochemical, functional and sensory properties of acha-tamba based ogi enriched with hydrolyzed soy peptides were investigated. The proximate value moisture content increased with percentage inclusion of acha tamba and peptides additions (10.1-11.5) % Similar trend were observed in protein values (2.15-8.02) %, Ash (3.05-3.34) %, crude, fiber (7.05-10.6) % and carbohydrate content 65.9-69.2) % which had down tail trends on acha ,tamba and peptides percentage inclusions. Water absorption capacity (1.07-1.24) g/ml oil absorption capacity (1.10-1.91) g/ml and swelling index (3.06-3.50) g/ml revealed increased content with material inclusions. The chemical properties of PH (4.27-4.6), Titratable acidity (0.88-0.97) and Total soluble solids were favored with material percentage inclusion. The sensory results revealed that sample Band sample C with moderate percentage inclusion of 10% and 20 % acha, tamba and soypeptides were more acceptable by panelists.
Keywords: Physiochemical, Functional, Acha, Tamba, SoyPeptides, Flour, Blends
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A.
(3)- PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAK ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY FOOD IN SLOVAKIA [BT]
Abstract: Animal genetic resources are the primary biological capital for livestock development. Their sustainable utilization, development and conservation are essential for agriculture and food production, rural development and environment. Slovakia hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species within its territory. Further exploitation of germplasm of high productive and efficient breeds is a key component of the global food security ambitions. Sustainable intensification has already been a key objective for the livestock sector during the past decades and is also relevant from a global perspective. In Slovakia, the different natural conditions of the individual regions find their expression in the different conditions for plant and animal production. The decrease in agricultural production in Slovakia is reflected in a decrease of employment and in the consumption of milk and beef products.
The cryobank (within the programme of biodiversity preservation) conserves available semen and embryos. The aim is to extend the supplies of reproductive cells and embryos of the farm animals. Cryopreservation and storage of semen and embryos represents the basis of animal genetic resources under ex situ conditions.
Keywords: animal, livestock, breed, biodiversity, climatic changes
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PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAK ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY FOOD IN SLOVAKIA [BT]Abstract: Animal genetic resources are the primary biological capital for livestock development. Their sustainable utilization, development and conservation are essential for agriculture and food production, rural development and environment. Slovakia hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species within its territory. Further exploitation of germplasm of high productive and efficient breeds is a key component of the global food security ambitions. Sustainable intensification has already been a key objective for the livestock sector during the past decades and is also relevant from a global perspective. In Slovakia, the different natural conditions of the individual regions find their expression in the different conditions for plant and animal production. The decrease in agricultural production in Slovakia is reflected in a decrease of employment and in the consumption of milk and beef products.
The cryobank (within the programme of biodiversity preservation) conserves available semen and embryos. The aim is to extend the supplies of reproductive cells and embryos of the farm animals. Cryopreservation and storage of semen and embryos represents the basis of animal genetic resources under ex situ conditions.
Keywords: animal, livestock, breed, biodiversity, climatic changes
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THE EFFECT OF MILD TEMPERATURE STRESS ON THE OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN COWS [BT]Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild temperature stress on ovarian activity (corpus luteum count; transferable embryos; morulae and blastocysts) in cows. The evaluation included 54 Holstein cows superovulated and flushed at one farm in the Czech Republic in three different temperature periods in flushing day (mild hot season THI = 75.66; season with optimal temperature THI = 68.85; season with lower temperature THI = 45.56). The data were analysed using the PROC GLM of Statistica®. The statistical model included the effect of season and other factors (age; condition; breeding value) on the studied reproduction traits. The results showed significantly higher ovarian activity in the cooler period of the year than in periods of mild temperature stress. There was also a non-significantly better reproduction result in younger animals under optimal condition.
Keywords: temperature stress; corpus luteum; embryo transfer
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Aparna A.
(2)- ISOLATION OF NOVEL AEROBIC DENITRIFIER AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION USING RSM [MB]
Abstract: The study was aimed to isolate and characterize a high efficiency novel denitrifier bacterium for reducing nitrate in wastewater and the optimization of the process parameters for biological denitrification. One of the bacteria among four chosen for study displayed maximum of 98% reduction of nitrate. The strain was identified as Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 by biochemical tests and further identified based on similarity of PCR-16S rRNA using universal primers. The parameter (pH, temperature, agitation speed, C:N ratio) which affect the denitrification were screened using one factor at a time approach. The pH, temperature and C:N ratio exhibited significant affect on the denitrification using Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29. The levels of these parameters were optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The denitrification of 98% was achieved at optimized conditions (pH 6.5, temperature 30°C and C: N ratio of 3:1). The second order model was generated and found to have good fit with R2 value of 0.93.The investigation revealed the ability of Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 to remove nitrate under aerobic conditions.
Keywords: C:N ratio, Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29., pH, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RSM, Temperature
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OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED H2SO4 HYDROLYSIS OF COCOA POD SHELLS: COMPARISON BETWEEN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL THEREOF [BT]Abstract: To release reducing sugars from cocoa pod shell, sulphuric acid pre-treatment was adopted where the variables affecting H2SO4 pre-treatment i.e., cocoa pod shell weight, H2SO4 concentration, microwave irradiation time and power were screened using one factor at a time approach. The weight of cocoa pod shell, concentration of H2SO4 showed a significant effect on the pre-treatment process and the levels of these factors were further optimized by central composite design using response surface methodology .The optimized conditions were found to be 15.65g ofcocoa pod shell, 6% v/v H2SO4 at 8 min of irradiation, released maximum reducing sugar of 9.10 g/L. A second order model was generated and validated, which was found to be a good fit with R2value of 0.89. Artificial neural network modelling proved validation R2 of 0.94 comparatively better than Response surface methodology R2 of 0.89. The reducing sugars released after acid hydrolysis at optimized conditions were subjected to fermentation by Pichia stipitis to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol produced was 3.2g/L at 2% (v/v) inoculum concentration after 72h of fermentation.
Keywords: Cocoa pod shell, Acid hydrolysis, Optimization, Microwave
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Dubin A.
(1)- EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]
Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.
Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes
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Kaur A.
(1)- HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENTS FOR PADDY TO IMPROVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITY OF BROWN RICE [FS]
Abstract: The rice varieties namely PR-115, PR-118 and Punjab Mehak were subjected to three different treatments to improve physicochemical qualities of brown rice. Paddy milled to brown rice and then stored at room temperature in four different types of packaging materials. Brown rice was assessed periodically for changes in physicochemical characteristics. Milling quality improved with treatments. Moisture content, thousand kernel weight, bulk density and L/B ratio differ significantly for treatments and storage period. Protein, ash and fat content remain constant throughout the storage period. Color, appearance and amylose content improved with treatments yielding better quality brown rice. Storage resulted in lowering the levels of free fatty acids and peroxide value with treatments. Hot water treatment followed by steaming for 15 min was found to be best among all other treatments. Punjab Mehak gave best response to treatments and hence retained better functional properties upon storage. Packaging in plastic bag under vacuum was found to be the best packaging material for treated samples as compared to control. Overall hydrothermal treatments proved to be functional in improving physicochemical and functional quality of brown rice.
Keywords: Treatment, soaking, steaming, packaging, storage, brown rice, shelf life
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Kluvadenko A.
(1)- EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]
Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.
Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes
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Likhanov A.
(1)- EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]
Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.
Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes
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Paari K. A.
(1)- STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED CHITOSAN ON THE PRESERVATION OF TIGER PRAWN PENAEUS MONODON [FS]
Abstract: Native chitosan, irradiated chitosan (5kGy and 10 kGy) and grafted chitosan was characterized and employed for the preservation of sea food Penaeus monodon. The grafting of metha acrylate onto natural native polymer chitosan was executed and the configuration and arrangement of covalent bonds in the grafted chitosan was demonstrated by performing, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TG and DSC analyses. The modified chitosan conferred antioxidant and antibacterial potential equivalent to or better than that of the unmodified chitosan in the stored Penaeus monodon. Modified chitosan treated Penaeus monodon produced less TBARS and TVB values than the control group.
Keywords: Irradiation, chitosan, antioxidant, lipid oxidation, frozen storage
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Subin A.
(1)- EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]
Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.
Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes
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Laith A.A
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Rathiesh. A.C
(1)- VARIATIONS IN THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE HEAD AND BONE FLOURS OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS) ADAPTED TO ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS [FS]
Abstract: Consumption of fish and fish by products assures various health benefits, but on the other hand the fish processing wastes if not discarded properly pose a serious environment threat. Tilapias are commonly available cichlid fishes which are considered to possess various biological importance. The objective of the work is to analyze and compare the similarities and differences in the nutritional quality of the exotic fish Oreochromis mossambicus found in brackish water and fresh water environments. The estuary adapted tilapia and freshwater tilapia was collected and processed as head and bone flours. The samples were further analyzed and the results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Head Flour (ETHF) was composed of moisture (5.87 ± 0.003%), protein (32.06 ± 0.02%) total lipids (0.202 ±0.003 %), carbohydrates (1.44 ± 0.005%) and ash (1.15 ± 0.006%). The results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Bone Flour (ETBF) was found as moisture (4.20 ± 0.006%), protein (31.48 ± 0.07%), total lipids (0.217 ± 0.002), carbohydrates (0.13 ± 0.004%) and ash (0.89 ±0.004%). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Head Flour (FTHF) ranged as moisture (5.79 ± 0.01%), protein (32.50 ± 0.02%), total lipids (0.202 ± 0.009%), carbohydrates (1.54 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.16 ± 0.003). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Bone Flour (FTBF) ranged as moisture (5.77 ± 0.01%), protein (32.58 ± 0.03%), total lipids (0.200 ± 0.005%), carbohydrates (1.48 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.23 ± 0.01%). The fatty acid occurring in the highest proportions was alpha linolenic acid both ETHF (2.492±0.003mg) and ETBF (2.374±0.002mg). The fatty acid composition in FTHF occurring in the highest proportion was palmitic acid (0.983±0.002mg) and in FTBF the highest proportion was found in stearic acid (0.785±0.005mg). In the amino acid analysis, the highest values were recorded in phenyl alanine for ETHF (1.986±0.002%) and lysine in ETBF (1.364±0.003%). Phenyl alanine content was found higher in both FTHF (1.889±0.002%) and FTBF (1.981±0.003%). The essential vitamins and minerals were also analyzed and the results are discussed in detail.
Keywords: Fish, nutrition, protein, amino acids, essential, tilapia
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Mazlan A.G
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Priyanka A.Naik
(1)- FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE PRODUCTION USING UNCONVENTIONAL SEASONAL FRUITS THROUGH BATCH FERMENTATION [FS]
Abstract: The attempt was made in the present work to ferment the juice of unconventional fruits. Jamun (Syzgium cumini L.), pomegranate, Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) were chosen for the study. Fruits were collected from local market and farmers. Juice was extracted from the fruits and initial sugar was maintained between 13 to 26 °Brix. Fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at room temperature. Fixed acidity estimated in terms of tartaric acid equivalent was determined in the range of 4.2 to 6.9g/L. Radical scavenging activity of the fermented juice was between the range of 1.42 to 1.96 mmol TE/L. Metals such as Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were estimated. Residual sugar was within 3mg/ml. Ethanol concentration was estimated in the range of 5.25 to 10.67% (v/v).
Keywords: Jamun, Pomegranate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ethanol
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A.Thamizharasan
(1)- AN EVALUATION OF ELISA USING RECOMBINANT P17 ANTIGEN FOR CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS [BT]
Abstract: Brucellae are Gram-negative cocccobacilli, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens of both humans and animals. Brucellosis is an important disease that is difficult to diagnose and treat that causes heavy economic losses and human suffering. Diagnosis of brucellosis plays a vital role for control and prevention of the disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) shows false positivity due to cross-reactivity with other gram-negative bacteria LPS. The present investigation was undertaken to assess the diagnostic potential of the recombinant P17 protein of Brucella. P17 gene of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) was amplified, cloned and subcloned into pQE 30 vector yielding high levels of protein expression. The purified recombinant P17 (rP17) protein was used to develop an indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) test for brucellosis. The rP17-ELISA was compared with RBPT (Rose Bengal Precipitation Test) and LPS-ELISA using 530 cattle sera. The concordance percentage and kappa statistics of P17-ELISA is greater in compression with LPS-ELISA. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity of P17-ELISA shows a positive trend with RBPT. The data suggest that P17-ELISA can be a useful method for Brucella diagnosis and recombinant P17 protein is a potential antigen for diagnosis of cattle brucellosis.
Keywords: Brucellosis, Recombinant P17 antigen, ELISA, Cattle, RBPT, Diagnosis
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A.V.
(1)- PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAK ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY FOOD IN SLOVAKIA [BT]
Abstract: Animal genetic resources are the primary biological capital for livestock development. Their sustainable utilization, development and conservation are essential for agriculture and food production, rural development and environment. Slovakia hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species within its territory. Further exploitation of germplasm of high productive and efficient breeds is a key component of the global food security ambitions. Sustainable intensification has already been a key objective for the livestock sector during the past decades and is also relevant from a global perspective. In Slovakia, the different natural conditions of the individual regions find their expression in the different conditions for plant and animal production. The decrease in agricultural production in Slovakia is reflected in a decrease of employment and in the consumption of milk and beef products.
The cryobank (within the programme of biodiversity preservation) conserves available semen and embryos. The aim is to extend the supplies of reproductive cells and embryos of the farm animals. Cryopreservation and storage of semen and embryos represents the basis of animal genetic resources under ex situ conditions.
Keywords: animal, livestock, breed, biodiversity, climatic changes
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Michael Kolawole ADEWUMI
(1)- NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF PROCESSED Spondias mombin FOLIAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS TO THE EXTRACTS [MB]
Abstract: Spondias mombin foliage was processed into fresh (as control), air-dried and sun-dried samples and were analyzed for proximate, fibre, minerals, vitamins and antinutrients. Also, Identified rumen microorganisms were exposed to non-reconstituted ethanol extract of the foliage. The results showed that crude protein, crude fibre and gross energy were greatly improved by drying from 4.9% to 15.1%, 2.1% to 18.4% and 0.9 kcal/g to 2.9kcal/g in that order. Fibre constituents improved from 11.5% to 67.9%, 7.2% to 53.6% and 2.9% to 9.3% for neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin. Similarly, all the mineral components were improved from 0.083% to 0.21%, 0.193% to 0.533% and 0.073% to 0.23% for Calcium, Phosphorus and Sodium respectively by drying. Drying decreased the Ascorbic acid, Riboflavin and Niacin contents from 27.8mg/100g to 9.1mg/100g, 0.083mg/100g to 0.033mg/100g and 0.323mg/100g to 0.143mg/100g in that arrangement. Above all, it was observed that drying tremendously improved the nutritional value of S. mombin foliage by reducing tannin from 2.2% to 1.64%, oxalic acid (2.1% to 1.38%), phytic acid (1.15 to 0.45%), saponin (1.18% to 0.72%) and trypsin inhibitor from 39.74% to 16.57%. However, drying did not influence the toxic potential of the foliage as indicated by susceptibility of all the rumen microorganisms except the mould species. The nutritional quality potentials observed in the present study suggested that S. mombin foliage may be efficiently utilized by ruminants for optimal performance.
Keywords: Feed processing, novel feed resource, nutritional quality, rumen microorganisms susceptibility, ruminant nutrition
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Salih AKSAY
(1)- PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ACE INHIBITORY CAPACITY OF HAZELNUT PROTEIN ISOLATE AND HYDROLYSATES [BT]
Abstract: Protein solubility, water holding capacity, fat absorption capacity, emulsion activity index, emulsion stability index, gel formation capacity and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory capacity of hazelnut protein isolate (HPI) and its hydrolysate were determined. The results showed that protein solubility had U shape solubility profile with an isoelectric point at pH 4.5-5 and highest value at pH 2 and pH 10. Water holding capacity and fat absorption capacity of HPI was found as 1.95 mL water/g protein and 2.1 g fat/g protein, respectively. Emulsion activity index and emulsion stability index values were found as 44 m2/g and 46 min at pH 7.0, respectively. Weak gel formation of HPI was seen at 8% and firm gel (LGC) was observed at 12% protein concentration. The concentration of pepsin hydrolysates needed to inhibit 50% of the ACE activity values (IC50) at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min of hydrolysis were 1.47 mg protein/mL, 0.27 mg protein/mL, 0.27 mg protein/mL and 0.26 mg protein/mL respectively. Whereas, IC50 of trypsin hydrolysates at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min were 5.51 mg protein/mL, 0.61 mg protein/mL, 0.56 mg protein/mL and 0.54 mg protein/mL. These results showed that isolates and hydrolysates of hazelnut has valuable functional properties and noted as good candidates for effectively reducing hypertension.
Keywords: Protein solubility, water holding, fat absorption, emulsion activity, gel formation capacity, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition
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Alena ANDREJIOVÁ
(1)- THE INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND STORAGE CONDITION ON THE CONTENT OF SELECTED BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE FRUIT OF PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA MOSCHATA DUCH.) [BT]
Abstract: Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) is a significant crop in terms of the content of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties – vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenol compounds – as well as B-complex and potassium vitamins are appreciated by the consumer both raw and heat treated. It is suitable for storage, consumption in the fresh state or heat treatment thanks to its interesting sensory properties. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the influence of genotype and storage conditions on the content of selected bioactive substances in the fruit of these six varieties: Liscia, Matilda F1, Orange, Serpentine, UG 205 F1 and Waltham F1. From bioactive substances we determined the content of total carotenoids and total polyphenols in the flesh of the fruits before and after storage. The total carotenoid content in the fruit before storage was in the range of 40.62 mg.100 g-1 DS (dry substance) to 76.78 mg.100 g-1 DS, after storage the range transformed into 50.58 mg.100 g -1 DS to up to 109.81 mg.100 g-1 DS. The total polyphenol content before storage ranged from 109.95 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS to 198.96 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS, after storage in the range of 152.51 mg of GAE.100 g-1 DS to 199.83 mg of GAE.100 g-1 DS. The results show that the highest content of total carotenoids in fresh fruits after harvest was determined in the pulp of the varieties UG 205 F1 (76.78 mg.100 g-1 DS), Orange (71.40 mg.100 g-1 DS), and high content of total polyphenols was determined in the Matilda F1 strains (198.96 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS) and Orange (166.09 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS). After two months of the fruit’s storage, the total carotenoid content significantly increased in Liscia by 91%, Orange and Waltham F1 both by 54%. The total polyphenol content considerably rose in Liscia and UG 205 F1 varieties by 39%. The highest content of total polyphenols after storage was found in Serpentine fruit (199.83 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS). It follows that from the point of view of the content of total carotenoids it makes sense to store the fruits of the Orange and Waltham F1 varieties and, in terms of total polyphenols content, the fruits of the Serpentine variety. Taking into account the development of the contents of both groups of bioactive substances, storage of the Liscia variety is recommended. The effect of genotype on total carotenoid and polyphenol content in fruit was statistically significant. Storing these pumpkin varieties resulted in an increment of their total carotenoid and polyphenol content, but it did not have any statistical significance.
Keywords: Cucurbita moschata, carotenoids, polyphenols, storage
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E. Sümer ARAS
(1)- ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]
Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.
Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP
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Gülçin ÖZCAN ATEŞ
(1)- DETERMINATION OF MYCOBIOTA AND MICROBIAL LOADS OF GRAPES GROWN IN BOZCAADA, TURKEY [MB]
Abstract: Bozcaada which is a province of Çanakkale, Turkey, is located between the 390 48 north parallel and 260 east meridians. The largest livelihood of Bozcaada is viticulture. Therefore, in our study, microbial load, and mould diversity of the Çavuş (table) and Karalahna (wine) grapes which are endemic to the island were evaluated, and ochratoxin production potentials of Aspergillus isolates were investigated by HPLC. A total of 6 vineyards with Çavuş and Karalahna grapes were sampled in 2015 and 2016. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria count of grapes ranged between 0.00 and 4.21 log CFU/g, yeast load between 0.00 and 2.66 log CFU/g and mould load between 1.67 and 3.20 log CFU/g. A total of 2264 mould isolates were taken from samples. All isolates were identified at the genus level. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were the most isolated species in 2015, while Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. were the most isolated species in 2016. It was determined that 13.78% (312) of the isolates were Aspergillus spp., 54 of these isolates, have been selected and identified at the species level. Twenty-one of the black Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. niger / A. acidus, twenty-four of them were A. carbonarius and one of them is A. ibericus. The two white isolates were found to be A. candidus, the creamy brownish-spore forming isolate was A. terreus, and three green isolates were identified as A. flavus, A. calidoustus and A. sydowii. Six isolates (4 A. niger, 1 A. calidoustus, and 1 A. sydowii) were producing OTA. The amounts of ochratoxins varied from 0.80 to 74.01 ng/g.
Keywords: Çavuş grape; Karalahna grape; mould; Aspergillus spp.; OTA
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Cumhur AVŞAR
(1)- ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]
Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.
Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP
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Beyza AYDOGAN
(1)- EFFECTS OF POPPY OIL ON BIOGENIC AMINE IN FERMENTED TURKISH SAUSAGE [FS]
Abstract: Biogenic amines are generally created by the decarboxylation of amino acids via microbial enzymes and these compounds may have a toxic effect on humans and animals. The ripening and storage conditions of meat and meat products directly affect the quality of such products in terms of biogenic amines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of poppy oil, which is produced and consumed in large quantities in Afyonkarahisar province, on the formation of biogenic amines in fermented sausages. In the study, 2 groups of sausages were produced including control and poppy oil groups. 300 mg / kg poppy oil was added to the sausage that would be produced in the poppy oil group. The sausages were ripened for 15 days in the surrounding where relative humidity (90-60%) and the temperature (25-18 ° C) could be adjusted. During this period (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 15 days), physico-chemical, sensory, microbiological properties and biogenic amine (histamine, putresin, tryptamine, phenyl ethylamine and tyramine) formations were determined in the samples. As a result, it is recommended that the poppy oil used does not cause a significant difference in the formation of biogenic amines, does not adversely affect the general characteristics of the sausage and that the amount of animal fat is reduced and alternatively, the use of poppy oil in the production of fermented sausage is recommended.
Keywords: Poppy oil, Biogenic amine, Fermented sausage
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Soukaina El Aanachi
(1)- RESULTS OF IN VITRO ANDROGENESIS UNDER INCREASING SALINITY CONDITIONS FOR THREE MOROCCAN SPRING BARLEY VARIETIES (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) [FS]
Abstract: In vitro androgenesis process under salt pressure is recognized as being a valuable method for quick production of salt stress tolerant doubled haploid lines, enabling yield improvement of plants cultivated in dry climates. This study aimed to investigate the effect of salt stress on in vitro androgenetic regeneration, and the production of salt tolerant barley doubled haploid lines. Moroccan barley varieties, Arig, Asni and Tamelalt were used as RS0, and after one round of selfing (RS1) or two (RS2). These successive generations made possible to verify genetic stability or possible accidental heterozygosity, and to obtain plants presumably more tolerant to salinity. After culture of 11,340 anthers on induction medium, 2,270 calluses or embryos were generated. According to the induction rate of these formations, the three generations of each variety were not significantly different, pointing out the genetic stability after two selfings. Tamelalt and Arig had similar in vitro response, while for Asni, the three generations behaviour differed from the previous ones and constitute a statistically separate group. After transfer of the formations on regeneration medium either salt free, as control, or supplemented by increasing concentrations of NaCl, ranging from 2.5 to 13 g.L-1, 170 regenerants were produced. Asni (RS1) showed to be the most salt tolerant, bearing the maximal NaCl concentration of 12 g.L-1, but the single regenerated plant obtained was albino, as most of the regenerated plants from any genotype and generation. However, RS1 and RS2 generations of Asni regenerated one green plant each, with NaCl concentration of 5 g.L-1, resulting in two new Asni doubled haploid fertile lines.
Keywords: Androgenesis, NaCl, salt stress, doubled haploids, calluses or embryos
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Qotaibah Ababneh
(1)- STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM CAMELS DIFFER IN COAGULASE PRODUCTION, GENOTYPE AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE GENE PROFILES [MB]
Abstract: Accurate and rapid typing of S. aureus is crucial to the control of its infections and minimizing its leakage to the food chain. The primary purpose of this research was to isolate S. aureus from camels’ meat and nasal swabs and to characterize the isolates for coagulase production and the presence of methicillin gene using PCR-RFLP of coagulase gene. A total of 264 camel’s meat and nasal swabs were collected from abattoirs or meat markets and were used in the study. Ninety two percent of samples showed typical colonies of S. aureus on Baird-Parker agar with a mean count 2.5 × 104 ± 1.8 × 104 CFU g-1. Upon confirmation of the isolates using S. aureus specific thermonuclease gene (nuc) PCR primers, only 64 isolates contained the specific product and thus were confirmed as S. aureus. However, when tested for the presence of coagulase gene, only 48 of them were positive while the other 16 were coagulase negative. Coagulase gene-RFLP revealed 19 distinct patterns when the gene was digested with Alu I and Cfo I. The typing revealed that the 48 classified isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 14 genotypes at a 44.4% similarity level. When the coagulase positive isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance (mec A) gene, 37 of the isolates were positive while the other 11 isolates were negative. The high heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates might be due to cross contamination between camel carcasses in slaughter houses and from handlers and their utensils.
Keywords: Coagulase gene, Staphylococcus aureus molecular typing camel, MRSA
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Maryam Ebrahimi Taj Abadi
(1)- PRODUCTION OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) IN WHEY PROTEIN DRINK DURING FERMENTATION BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM [FS]
Abstract: Over the past two decades there has been a world-wide growing interest on healthy living and healthy eating. Based on our previous research, Lactobacillus plantarum, have been extracted from traditional doogh in west region of Iran and grown in MRS broth have shown the highest production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and by optimization of growth conditions the ability of GABA production increased. The best conditions of the culture medium with the highest production of GABA were temperature 37.27 °C, pH 5.19, glutamic acid 250 mM and time 72 hours. Therefore, Lb. plantarum was added to whey protein drink containing concentrate of banana and strawberry, and its viability, production GABA and sensory evaluation of drink was evaluated within 30 days’ storage. The results showed that the highest viability (8.1 log10cfu/ml) after 30 days of storage was observed in whey protein drink containing concentrate of strawberry and storage at 25°C. The highest amount of GABA production (195.5 ppm) after 30 days of storage was observed in whey protein drink containing concentrate of banana and stored at 25°C. No significant differences were found between the sensory properties of the treatments. According to the results the whey protein drink containing banana stored at 25°C was recognized as a superior treatment due to higher levels of GABA. In conclusion, using indigenous and traditional resistant species of probiotic bacteria and optimizing bacterial growth conditions, more GABA can be produced in food products and a positive step towards the development of functional products and the promotion of consumer health.
Keywords: GABA, whey protein drink, Lactobacillus plantarum
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Aalaa Fahim Abbas
(1)- PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION, OF RECOMBINANT OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN A (OMP A) OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII LI311 [MB]
Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a known hospital aquired pathogenic bacterium that increasingly resists antibiotics treatment. In order to characterize and produce a soluble OmpA protein that can be used to develop Acinetobacter vaccine, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to produce the ompA gene, of A. baumannii strain LI311, which was cloned into the histidin taged pET19b expression plasmid. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) was utilized to purify the recombinant protein, and amino acid sequences for OmpA protein homologs were attained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) protein resource then analyzed using the blast tool and Jalview program. Protein topology prediction was done using NCBI tools and PRED-TMBB2. Analysis of amino acid sequence of OmpA of A. baumannii strain LI311 showed that it has homologies to other clinical Acinetobacter spices , including: A. pittii , A.nosocomialis , A.seifertii, A. calcoaceticus, and A. ursingii with identity percentages of 100%, 100%, 96%, 92%, and 91%. Protein topology prediction revealed two conserved domains belonging to OmpA family protein ,which are beta-barrel domain outer membrane protein (OMP_b-brl) and OmpA-C-like domain, and it is a 10-βeta -stranded transmembrane Outer Membrane Protein with a signal peptide at residues 1–22A. A recombinant Histidine tagged- OmpA (39.31kDa )was successfully expressed and purified in this study. In conclusion, OmpA protein of A.baumannii strain LI31 is highly conserved across clinical species of Acinetobacter, and the soluble recombinant OmpA created in this study can be used to develop a putative vaccine that may prevent infections caused by the clinical species of Acinetobacter.
Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, ompA gene, expression, homology, putative vaccine
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Mohamed Abbas
(1)- IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF MICRORHIZOMES IN GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCO) [BT]
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to highlight an effective protocol for in vitro production of ginger microrhizomes. Microrhizomes were induced at the base of the in vitro derived shoots upon transfer to MS medium containing various concentrations of (30, 60 and 90 g/L), BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine (3, 6 and 9 mg/L) and grown under varying photoperiodism in addition to the MS medium supplemented with 9 mg/L BAP and 60-90 g/L sucrose under 16-h photoperiod within 10 weeks of cultivation were the best conditions for microrhizomes induction. Ginger microrhizomes formation in vitro was found to be controlled by many factors, including the concentrations of BAP and sucrose as well as photoperiodism during culturing period.
Keywords: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, Ginger, Photoperiodism, Sucrose, BAP and Microrhizomes
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Najmeh Abbasi
(1)- THE STUDY OF SEASONAL STEROID HORMONES IN MALE SIBERIAN STURGEON (Acipenser baerii) FOR DETERMINING GONADAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES [BT]
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate of steroid hormones of male Siberian sturgeon in different seasons. For this, blood sampling was taken seasonally from 11 male Siberian sturgeons (7 years old) and then steroid hormones including testosterone and 11-keto testosterone were analyzed by using ELISA. The results showed that testosterone had no significant differences during all the seasons (p>0.05) and the maximum level was in autumn. But 11ketotestesterone had significant differences between winter with other seasons (p<0.05). The min and max level of 11ketotestesterone was in autumn and winter, respectively. 11-keto testosterone hormone levels based on sexual maturation stages showed significant difference between stages III and IV with stage II (p<0.05). Also, there was significant differences between stage II with others in testosterone levels (p<0.05).
Keywords: Siberian sturgeon, testosterone, 11keto testosterone, sex determination
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Mohamed Salah Abbassi
(1)- THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS RBS 5 ISOLATED FROM HOT TUNISIAN SPRING CO-PRODUCING ALKALINE AND THERMOSTABLE α-AMYLASE AND PROTEASE ENZYMES [MB]
Abstract: Bacillus licheniformis RBS 5 was isolated from thermal spring in Tunisia. The isolate coproduce α-amylase and protease enzymes. The α-amylase activity showed an optimal activity at approximately 65°C and in wide pH interval ranging from 4 to 9. This enzyme was stable over the range of 45 to 70°C after 30 min of incubation and in the pH range of 8 to 10. Protease activity was optimal; at 80°C, pH 12. This enzyme was stable until 60°C over the pH range of 10 to 12. EDTA at concentration of 5 mM reduces slightly both activities evoking the serine alkaline protease. Cationic ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mg 2+) have an inhibition effect on α-amylase. However, protease activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Cu2+ and Mg 2+); the other cations reduce slightly the proteolytic activity. SDS and H2O2 were found as inhibitors for both activities whereas Triton X-100 and perfume have no effect. Taken together, these traits make protease activity of B. licheniformis RBS 5 as efficient for use in detergent industry.
Keywords: Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis, α-amylase, protease, detergent additive
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Abdelmoez M. Abdallah
(1)- PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF MILK-CLOTTING ENZYME FROM THE SEEDS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA [FS]
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to search for milk clotting substitute from different parts (flowers, seeds, stem, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits) of Moringa oleifera. The samples were blended and extracted using different types of extracting solutions. The most reliable, quick and efficient enzyme extracting solution was found to be 5% NaCl in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, which was used throughout the study. The milk clotting activity was only observed in the seeds extract while the other parts were either deficient or has very low milk clotting activity. Thus, the moringa seeds were used as source of milk clotting enzyme. The extracted proteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %. Highest milk clotting activity was observed in the 20 % fraction. This fraction was assumed to contain the clotting enzymes and characterized for its heating stability (30 – 90°C) and optimum temperature (30 – 90°C). The results demonstrated that moringa seeds milk clotting enzyme is stable up to 50°C with an optimum milk clotting activity of 70°C. The high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity of the partially purified enzyme indicates the potential of this enzyme as suitable rennet substitute in dairy industry. However, further study is needed to completely purify and characterize this promising milk clotting enzyme from moringa seeds.
Keywords: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, Milk-clotting activity, Moringa seeds, Rennet substitutes
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Nasser Abdel-Atty
(1)- IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF CHILLED FRESH SAUSAGES USING NATURAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR EXTRACTS [FS]
Abstract: Natural additives are very important additives that can improve the oxidative and bacterial quality of meat products. Therefore, the main goal of the current study was to include green tea, clove and their extracts as well as fresh garlic and garlic powder during formulation of fresh sausages to improve the physico-chemical, sensory and bacterial quality of this product. Seven formulas were prepared; the 1st one was prepared from base batter and used as control and six formulas were prepared by addition of green tea powder 0.5%, green tea extract 0.03 %, clove powder 0.5 % clove extract 0.5%, fresh garlic 3 % and garlic powder 0.9 %. All formulas were processed into fresh sausages and chilled stored until appearance of signs of spoilage. Chilled sausages were examined for pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile base nitrogen, bacterial counts and sensory attributes. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pH, TVB-N, TBARS and mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts were observed in all formulas treated with all natural additives. The sensory attributes of all formula treated with natural additives were acceptable. Green tea powder and clove powder were superior to their extracts as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Moreover, fresh garlic was superior to garlic powder as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Therefore, these natural additives can be safely used by meat processors to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of meat products.
Keywords: green tea, clove, garlic, sensory attributes, natural antioxidants
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Maher Abdel-Aziz
(1)- IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]
Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Khayria M. Abdel-Gawad
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Mahfouz Abdel-Gawad
(2)- IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]
Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Ezzat Abdel-Lateef
(2)- IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]
Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Gihan K. Abdel-Latef
(1)- IDENTIFICATION OF VIRULENCE GENES, β-LACTAMS AND QUINOLONES RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED GENES AND INTEGRONS IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM RETAIL CHICKEN MEAT AND GIBLETS IN EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The study investigated the prevalence of virulent and antibiotic resistant Salmonella (S) in retail chicken meat (CM) and pooled giblets (PG) in Egypt. Seventy-two and 64 % of examined CM and PG samples harbored Salmonellae, respectively. When S. Infantis was the most predominant serovar, followed by S. Kentucky, and then S. Virchow. The antibiotic resistance experiment showed a high rate of multiple drug resistant (MDR) Salmonellae. Remarkably, 64.7% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (the drug of choice for Salmonella infection). Molecularly, a noteworthy correlation between the MDR and the presence of integrons class 1 and 3. When, integrons 1 and 3 were detected in 100 and 92 % of identified MDR isolates, respectively, while class 2 integrons were not found. Surprisingly, 53.8 and 100% of the molecularly identified isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, despite the absence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-associated genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA) from all MDR isolates. This indicates that other genetic factors could be incriminated in this pattern. Beta-lactam resistance was explored by the existence of blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaCMY-2 genes in most MDR isolates. Additionally, 4 virulence genes were detected in almost all serovars. Concerning virulence genes, invA, hilA, sopB, and stn were detected in 100, 100, 100 and 94.7 % of MDR serovars, respectively. While, spvC was detected in only 7.6 %, and pef was absent. The high prevalence of MDR virulent Salmonella strains in retail chicken meat and giblets in Egypt should be faced with a great worry, as consumers could be under a great public health risk.
Keywords: Salmonella, Foodborne pathogens, zoonoses, antibiotic resistance, integrons, virulence genes
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Ahmed Y. Abdel-Mallek
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Heba H.S. Abdel-Naeem
(1)- COMPARING THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF IMPORTED BRAZILIAN BEEF MEAT AND IMPORTED INDIAN BUFFALO MEAT [FS]
Abstract: The main objective of the current study was to compare the physico-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of imported Brazilian beef meat and imported Indian buffalo meat. Chuck samples were collected and examined for proximate chemical composition, soluble proteins, pH, TVB-N, TBA, color, shear force, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes. The results revealed higher total protein, fat, total soluble protein and lower collagen solubility of imported frozen Indian buffalo meat chuck samples. However, there is non-significant difference in pH, TVB-N, TBA, fatty acid profile. Sensory attributes indicated significantly higher appearance, tenderness and juiciness scores for imported Brazilian beef meat. Moreover, the significant decreasing shear force, a* and significant increasing L* values were observed in imported frozen Brazilian meat chuck samples. These attributes can make Indian buffalo meat a good choice for meat processing after Brazilian beef meat. Moreover, these results will help meat processors to find an alternative source for raw meat materials for production of high quality meat products.
Keywords: Imported Brazilian meat, Imported Indian meat, technological properties, sensory
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Ismail R. Abdel-Rahim
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Gomaa N. Abdel-Rahman
(1)- IDENTIFY THE NATURAL LEVELS OF MYCOTOXINS IN EGYPTIAN ROASTED PEANUTS AND THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION [FS]
Abstract: A total of 36 roasted peanut samples were collected from 12 regions at 4 Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Giza, Alexandria and El-Faiyum) during 2017. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A and zearalenone were determined in the collected samples using HPLC. Seventy five percent of samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 was the most dominant type, whereas aflatoxin G2 was found only in two samples at low levels. Samples were completely ochratoxin A and zearalenone-free. Quantitative results revealed that the samples of Al-Manshieh region at Alexandria governorate had the highest averages of aflatoxins B1, B2 and G2 (33.15, 3.66 and 0.22 µgkg-1, respectively), while Al-Ajami samples at the same governorate had the highest average of aflatoxin G1 as 2.83 µgkg-1. Likewise, samples from Dokki at Giza governorate had high levels of total aflatoxins recording 26.33 µgkg-1. Regarding to the effect of gamma radiation on aflatoxin B1, the doses of 5, 10 and 20 kGy were studied. The reduction levels of aflatoxin B1 varied according to the spiking levels and dose of gamma radiation. The dose 5 KGy was ineffective, whereas, a significant reduction in AFB1 was noticed using 10 and 20KGy recording >26.7% reduction notably in samples spiked with 20 µgkg-1 AFB1 and treated with 20 KGy (59% reduction).
Keywords: Peanut, aflatoxins, radiation, ochratoxin A, zearalenone
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I. Abdel-Rahman
(1)- ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS ORGIN IN THE NORTH-EAST MOROCCO [BT]
Abstract: The objective of this work is to characterize the phenols and flavonoids compounds of extracts of Pelargonium Graveolens from North-East Morocco (TAZA) in terms of antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of this aromatic plant was determined according to the DPPH radical scavenging assay to suggest it as a new potential source of natural antioxidants. The quantification of phenolics and flavonoids compounds of solvent extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) were determined spectrometrically. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracts increased in the order diethyl ether extract < ethyl acetate extract < ascorbic acid. Based on these results, we suggest that the phenols and flavonoids compounds of Pelargonium Graveolens have significant potential as a natural antioxidant.
Keywords: Pelargonium Graveolens, Phenols, Flavonoids, DPPH method, Antioxidant activity
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Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman
(1)- BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]
Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.
Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed
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Gherib Abdelaziz
(1)- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND MINERAL CONTENT OF ARBUTUS UNEDO (LEAVES AND FRUITS) [FS]
Abstract: Arbutus unedo is widely used in traditional medicine and is an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic antioxidants. The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the leaves and fruits extracts (after maceration and sonication) were studied. The mineral analyses exhibited large quantities of many essential minerals in fruits and leaves, especially interesting were the levels of macronutrients (K and Ca) in fruits and micronutrients (Fe) in leaves. The GC–MS analysis of essential oils of leaves and fruits led to the identification of 32 and 35 compounds, respectively. The major components in leaves were camphor, cymenene, and bornyl acetate, and in fruits, camphor, ethyl palmitate and bornyl acetate. The extraction method significantly affected the contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, with the maceration method rendering the best results in leaves and the sonication in fruits. All maceration extracts had the highest antioxidant activity (assayed by 3 methods DPPH•, ABTS+ and FRAP; besides, A. unedo leaves showed higher activity than fruits. As a conclusion, it can be stated that Arbutus unedo is a plant rich in polyphenols, volatile compounds, and minerals, and that it can be used as a potential source of bioactive compounds, especially from the leaves
Keywords: Camphor, Ericaceae family, essential oil, iron, maceration, potassium, sonication
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Mouhamed-Cherif Abdeldjalil
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