Index of JMBFS authors

 

  A

  • Adoba J. A

    (1)
    1. Effects of Dehydration on the Physiochemical characteristics of Tomato, Onion and Pepper powdered culinary blends [FS]

      Abstract: Quality evaluation of blends of tomato, onion and pepper powder were studied using standared methods . Blends of tomatoe , onion and pepper were formulated at different ratio. Sample A (TOP100/0/0), sample B (TOP 70/25/5) ,Sample C(TOP 70/20/10),sample D TOP70/15/15 and Sample E (TOP 70/10/20)The functional chemical and sensory properties of the sample were evaluated. Result showed decrease in moisture content from 11.70 -9.15 % as the ration of the onion and pepper varies , also wettability of the sample decreases as the ration of onion and pepper were alternated from 2.5 -2.00 g/ml but density of samples increases from 0.80-0.78g/ml , reconstitution index shows that sample A has the highest value of 8.95g/ml while sample D has the least value of 6.00g/ml , water absorption capacity of sample B has the highest oil absorption capacity value of 2.10% while sample B and E has the least oil absorption capacity of 1.61% .Vitamin C content of sample increases as the ration of onion and pepper were varied with sample E having the highest value of 16.06mg/100g while sample A has the least value of 11.25mg/100g PH of sample decreases with sample E having the highest value of 7.20 while sample A has the least value of 6.95 . Sensory evaluation scores of the sample indicates that all sample were moderately liked based on appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability. Based on the functional, chemical and sensory properties sample E is preferred.

      Keywords: Tomato, onion, pepper, blend, chemical functional

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  • E. A

    (1)
    1. OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SPECIES); A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD [FS]

      Abstract: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market. It is widely cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Many people admire the mushroom due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional values, and some medicinal properties. Pleurotus are generally rich in proteins with essential amino acids, physiologically important polysaccharides and essential fatty acids, dietary fibers, important minerals, and some vitamins. The presence of some bioactive substances, majorly polysaccharide-protein complex in the genus Pleurotus has been reported to confer some pharmacological potential such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and anti-allergic activities. The high nutritional value and potential medicinal uses suggest that the oyster mushrooms are pharmacologically important as functional foods.

      Keywords: Oyster mushroom, nutritional, medicinal, polysaccharide

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  • Jabar A

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]

      Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.

      Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity

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  • Uzor O. A

    (1)
    1. PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF ACHA-TAMBA BASED OGI ENRICHED WITH HYDROLYSED SOY PEPTIDES [FS]

      Abstract: The physicochemical, functional and sensory properties of acha-tamba based ogi enriched with hydrolyzed soy peptides were investigated. The proximate value moisture content increased with percentage inclusion of acha tamba and peptides additions (10.1-11.5) % Similar trend were observed in protein values (2.15-8.02) %, Ash (3.05-3.34) %, crude, fiber (7.05-10.6) % and carbohydrate content 65.9-69.2) % which had down tail trends on acha ,tamba and peptides percentage inclusions. Water absorption capacity (1.07-1.24) g/ml oil absorption capacity (1.10-1.91) g/ml and swelling index (3.06-3.50) g/ml revealed increased content with material inclusions. The chemical properties of PH (4.27-4.6), Titratable acidity (0.88-0.97) and Total soluble solids were favored with material percentage inclusion. The sensory results revealed that sample Band sample C with moderate percentage inclusion of 10% and 20 % acha, tamba and soypeptides were more acceptable by panelists.

      Keywords: Physiochemical, Functional, Acha, Tamba, SoyPeptides, Flour, Blends

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  • A.

    (3)
    1. PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAK ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY FOOD IN SLOVAKIA [BT]

      Abstract: Animal genetic resources are the primary biological capital for livestock development. Their sustainable utilization, development and conservation are essential for agriculture and food production, rural development and environment. Slovakia hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species within its territory. Further exploitation of germplasm of high productive and efficient breeds is a key component of the global food security ambitions. Sustainable intensification has already been a key objective for the livestock sector during the past decades and is also relevant from a global perspective. In Slovakia, the different natural conditions of the individual regions find their expression in the different conditions for plant and animal production. The decrease in agricultural production in Slovakia is reflected in a decrease of employment and in the consumption of milk and beef products.
      The cryobank (within the programme of biodiversity preservation) conserves available semen and embryos. The aim is to extend the supplies of reproductive cells and embryos of the farm animals. Cryopreservation and storage of semen and embryos represents the basis of animal genetic resources under ex situ conditions.

      Keywords: animal, livestock, breed, biodiversity, climatic changes

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    2. PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAK ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY FOOD IN SLOVAKIA [BT]

      Abstract: Animal genetic resources are the primary biological capital for livestock development. Their sustainable utilization, development and conservation are essential for agriculture and food production, rural development and environment. Slovakia hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species within its territory. Further exploitation of germplasm of high productive and efficient breeds is a key component of the global food security ambitions. Sustainable intensification has already been a key objective for the livestock sector during the past decades and is also relevant from a global perspective. In Slovakia, the different natural conditions of the individual regions find their expression in the different conditions for plant and animal production. The decrease in agricultural production in Slovakia is reflected in a decrease of employment and in the consumption of milk and beef products.
      The cryobank (within the programme of biodiversity preservation) conserves available semen and embryos. The aim is to extend the supplies of reproductive cells and embryos of the farm animals. Cryopreservation and storage of semen and embryos represents the basis of animal genetic resources under ex situ conditions.

      Keywords: animal, livestock, breed, biodiversity, climatic changes

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    3. THE EFFECT OF MILD TEMPERATURE STRESS ON THE OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN COWS [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild temperature stress on ovarian activity (corpus luteum count; transferable embryos; morulae and blastocysts) in cows. The evaluation included 54 Holstein cows superovulated and flushed at one farm in the Czech Republic in three different temperature periods in flushing day (mild hot season THI = 75.66; season with optimal temperature THI = 68.85; season with lower temperature THI = 45.56). The data were analysed using the PROC GLM of Statistica®. The statistical model included the effect of season and other factors (age; condition; breeding value) on the studied reproduction traits. The results showed significantly higher ovarian activity in the cooler period of the year than in periods of mild temperature stress. There was also a non-significantly better reproduction result in younger animals under optimal condition.

      Keywords: temperature stress; corpus luteum; embryo transfer

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  • Aparna A.

    (2)
    1. ISOLATION OF NOVEL AEROBIC DENITRIFIER AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION USING RSM [MB]

      Abstract: The study was aimed to isolate and characterize a high efficiency novel denitrifier bacterium for reducing nitrate in wastewater and the optimization of the process parameters for biological denitrification. One of the bacteria among four chosen for study displayed maximum of 98% reduction of nitrate. The strain was identified as Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 by biochemical tests and further identified based on similarity of PCR-16S rRNA using universal primers. The parameter (pH, temperature, agitation speed, C:N ratio) which affect the denitrification were screened using one factor at a time approach. The pH, temperature and C:N ratio exhibited significant affect on the denitrification using Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29. The levels of these parameters were optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The denitrification of 98% was achieved at optimized conditions (pH 6.5, temperature 30°C and C: N ratio of 3:1). The second order model was generated and found to have good fit with R2 value of 0.93.The investigation revealed the ability of Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 to remove nitrate under aerobic conditions.

      Keywords: C:N ratio, Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29., pH, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RSM, Temperature

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    2. OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED H2SO4 HYDROLYSIS OF COCOA POD SHELLS: COMPARISON BETWEEN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL THEREOF [BT]

      Abstract: To release reducing sugars from cocoa pod shell, sulphuric acid pre-treatment was adopted where the variables affecting H2SO4 pre-treatment i.e., cocoa pod shell weight, H2SO4 concentration, microwave irradiation time and power were screened using one factor at a time approach. The weight of cocoa pod shell, concentration of H2SO4 showed a significant effect on the pre-treatment process and the levels of these factors were further optimized by central composite design using response surface methodology .The optimized conditions were found to be 15.65g ofcocoa pod shell, 6% v/v H2SO4 at 8 min of irradiation, released maximum reducing sugar of 9.10 g/L. A second order model was generated and validated, which was found to be a good fit with R2value of 0.89. Artificial neural network modelling proved validation R2 of 0.94 comparatively better than Response surface methodology R2 of 0.89. The reducing sugars released after acid hydrolysis at optimized conditions were subjected to fermentation by Pichia stipitis to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol produced was 3.2g/L at 2% (v/v) inoculum concentration after 72h of fermentation.

      Keywords: Cocoa pod shell, Acid hydrolysis, Optimization, Microwave

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  • Dubin A.

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]

      Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.

      Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes

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  • Kaur A.

    (1)
    1. HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENTS FOR PADDY TO IMPROVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL QUALITY OF BROWN RICE [FS]

      Abstract: The rice varieties namely PR-115, PR-118 and Punjab Mehak were subjected to three different treatments to improve physicochemical qualities of brown rice. Paddy milled to brown rice and then stored at room temperature in four different types of packaging materials. Brown rice was assessed periodically for changes in physicochemical characteristics. Milling quality improved with treatments. Moisture content, thousand kernel weight, bulk density and L/B ratio differ significantly for treatments and storage period. Protein, ash and fat content remain constant throughout the storage period. Color, appearance and amylose content improved with treatments yielding better quality brown rice. Storage resulted in lowering the levels of free fatty acids and peroxide value with treatments. Hot water treatment followed by steaming for 15 min was found to be best among all other treatments. Punjab Mehak gave best response to treatments and hence retained better functional properties upon storage. Packaging in plastic bag under vacuum was found to be the best packaging material for treated samples as compared to control. Overall hydrothermal treatments proved to be functional in improving physicochemical and functional quality of brown rice.

      Keywords: Treatment, soaking, steaming, packaging, storage, brown rice, shelf life

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  • Kluvadenko A.

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]

      Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.

      Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes

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  • Likhanov A.

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]

      Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.

      Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes

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  • Paari K. A.

    (1)
    1. STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED CHITOSAN ON THE PRESERVATION OF TIGER PRAWN PENAEUS MONODON [FS]

      Abstract: Native chitosan, irradiated chitosan (5kGy and 10 kGy) and grafted chitosan was characterized and employed for the preservation of sea food Penaeus monodon. The grafting of metha acrylate onto natural native polymer chitosan was executed and the configuration and arrangement of covalent bonds in the grafted chitosan was demonstrated by performing, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TG and DSC analyses. The modified chitosan conferred antioxidant and antibacterial potential equivalent to or better than that of the unmodified chitosan in the stored Penaeus monodon. Modified chitosan treated Penaeus monodon produced less TBARS and TVB values than the control group.

      Keywords: Irradiation, chitosan, antioxidant, lipid oxidation, frozen storage

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  • Subin A.

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CHITOSAN FORMULATIONS OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN ON TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) PR-GENES EXPRESSION [BT]

      Abstract: During the life cycle, plants sustain a significant impact of external abiotic and biotic stress factors. Their reactions to the factors are complex and multi-level; they include changes in the transcriptomic, cellular, and physiological levels. The effect of chitosan formulations of different biological origin and molecular weight on the relative expression pattern of five pathogenesis-related (PR-)genes of tobacco (PR1a, PR2a, PR2b, PR3a and PR3b) was studied. Based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank, specific primers for the amplification of exon regions of the five PR-genes were designed and the optimal conditions for real-time PCR, using SYBR Green dye determined. The relative expression pattern of the genes under study was influenced by the molecular weight of the chitosan used, the time passed after treatment and the very gene; The expression was generally higher when low-molecular chitosan fractions were used. Regardless of the biological origin of the elicitor, the formulations had the smallest effect on the expression of gene PR1a and the highest effect on the expression of the main chitinase gene (PR3b). Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves possess sensory systems triggering response reactions on the transcriptional level. The nature of the interaction between chitosan and cell sensor may differ, however, depending on the biological origin of chitosan, its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation. The obtained results prove high sensitivity of defensive plant systems to the tested chitosan formulations and the ability of these formulations to penetrate tissues and interact with the relevant cellular sensors.

      Keywords: response reactions, real-time PCR, reverse transcription, defence genes

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  • Sánchez Carina A.

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF ARGENTINIAN POLLENS AND HONEYS [MB]

      Abstract: Honey and pollen are considered functional foods, due to their multiple properties since they have a great diversity of active principles according to their botanical origin. The aim of this work was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of pollens and honeys from different origins of Argentina against the antibiotic resistant Shigella flexneri, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Honey samples showed a significant effect over the inhibition of them, being higher in Salmonella. Pollen inhibited Shigella and Salmonella and showed no effect on Escherichia. The concentration of total phenols was higher in pollen than in honey. The highest value observed in honey was 7.48 mg/L in a sample from Entre Ríos, and it was 8.66 mg/L in pollen from Neuquén.

      Keywords: Shigella flexneri, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, honey, pollen, phenols

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  • Laith A.A

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]

      Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.

      Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity

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  • Rathiesh. A.C

    (1)
    1. VARIATIONS IN THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE HEAD AND BONE FLOURS OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS) ADAPTED TO ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS [FS]

      Abstract: Consumption of fish and fish by products assures various health benefits, but on the other hand the fish processing wastes if not discarded properly pose a serious environment threat. Tilapias are commonly available cichlid fishes which are considered to possess various biological importance. The objective of the work is to analyze and compare the similarities and differences in the nutritional quality of the exotic fish Oreochromis mossambicus found in brackish water and fresh water environments. The estuary adapted tilapia and freshwater tilapia was collected and processed as head and bone flours. The samples were further analyzed and the results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Head Flour (ETHF) was composed of moisture (5.87 ± 0.003%), protein (32.06 ± 0.02%) total lipids (0.202 ±0.003 %), carbohydrates (1.44 ± 0.005%) and ash (1.15 ± 0.006%). The results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Bone Flour (ETBF) was found as moisture (4.20 ± 0.006%), protein (31.48 ± 0.07%), total lipids (0.217 ± 0.002), carbohydrates (0.13 ± 0.004%) and ash (0.89 ±0.004%). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Head Flour (FTHF) ranged as moisture (5.79 ± 0.01%), protein (32.50 ± 0.02%), total lipids (0.202 ± 0.009%), carbohydrates (1.54 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.16 ± 0.003). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Bone Flour (FTBF) ranged as moisture (5.77 ± 0.01%), protein (32.58 ± 0.03%), total lipids (0.200 ± 0.005%), carbohydrates (1.48 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.23 ± 0.01%). The fatty acid occurring in the highest proportions was alpha linolenic acid both ETHF (2.492±0.003mg) and ETBF (2.374±0.002mg). The fatty acid composition in FTHF occurring in the highest proportion was palmitic acid (0.983±0.002mg) and in FTBF the highest proportion was found in stearic acid (0.785±0.005mg). In the amino acid analysis, the highest values were recorded in phenyl alanine for ETHF (1.986±0.002%) and lysine in ETBF (1.364±0.003%). Phenyl alanine content was found higher in both FTHF (1.889±0.002%) and FTBF (1.981±0.003%). The essential vitamins and minerals were also analyzed and the results are discussed in detail.

      Keywords: Fish, nutrition, protein, amino acids, essential, tilapia

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  • Mazlan A.G

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]

      Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.

      Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity

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  • Priyanka A.Naik

    (1)
    1. FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE PRODUCTION USING UNCONVENTIONAL SEASONAL FRUITS THROUGH BATCH FERMENTATION [FS]

      Abstract: The attempt was made in the present work to ferment the juice of unconventional fruits. Jamun (Syzgium cumini L.), pomegranate, Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) were chosen for the study. Fruits were collected from local market and farmers. Juice was extracted from the fruits and initial sugar was maintained between 13 to 26 °Brix. Fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at room temperature. Fixed acidity estimated in terms of tartaric acid equivalent was determined in the range of 4.2 to 6.9g/L. Radical scavenging activity of the fermented juice was between the range of 1.42 to 1.96 mmol TE/L. Metals such as Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were estimated. Residual sugar was within 3mg/ml. Ethanol concentration was estimated in the range of 5.25 to 10.67% (v/v).

      Keywords: Jamun, Pomegranate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ethanol

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  • A.Thamizharasan

    (1)
    1. AN EVALUATION OF ELISA USING RECOMBINANT P17 ANTIGEN FOR CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS [BT]

      Abstract: Brucellae are Gram-negative cocccobacilli, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens of both humans and animals. Brucellosis is an important disease that is difficult to diagnose and treat that causes heavy economic losses and human suffering. Diagnosis of brucellosis plays a vital role for control and prevention of the disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) shows false positivity due to cross-reactivity with other gram-negative bacteria LPS. The present investigation was undertaken to assess the diagnostic potential of the recombinant P17 protein of Brucella. P17 gene of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) was amplified, cloned and subcloned into pQE 30 vector yielding high levels of protein expression. The purified recombinant P17 (rP17) protein was used to develop an indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) test for brucellosis. The rP17-ELISA was compared with RBPT (Rose Bengal Precipitation Test) and LPS-ELISA using 530 cattle sera. The concordance percentage and kappa statistics of P17-ELISA is greater in compression with LPS-ELISA. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity of P17-ELISA shows a positive trend with RBPT. The data suggest that P17-ELISA can be a useful method for Brucella diagnosis and recombinant P17 protein is a potential antigen for diagnosis of cattle brucellosis.

      Keywords: Brucellosis, Recombinant P17 antigen, ELISA, Cattle, RBPT, Diagnosis

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  • A.V.

    (1)
    1. PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAK ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN QUALITY FOOD IN SLOVAKIA [BT]

      Abstract: Animal genetic resources are the primary biological capital for livestock development. Their sustainable utilization, development and conservation are essential for agriculture and food production, rural development and environment. Slovakia hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species within its territory. Further exploitation of germplasm of high productive and efficient breeds is a key component of the global food security ambitions. Sustainable intensification has already been a key objective for the livestock sector during the past decades and is also relevant from a global perspective. In Slovakia, the different natural conditions of the individual regions find their expression in the different conditions for plant and animal production. The decrease in agricultural production in Slovakia is reflected in a decrease of employment and in the consumption of milk and beef products.
      The cryobank (within the programme of biodiversity preservation) conserves available semen and embryos. The aim is to extend the supplies of reproductive cells and embryos of the farm animals. Cryopreservation and storage of semen and embryos represents the basis of animal genetic resources under ex situ conditions.

      Keywords: animal, livestock, breed, biodiversity, climatic changes

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  • Michael Kolawole ADEWUMI

    (1)
    1. NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF PROCESSED Spondias mombin FOLIAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS TO THE EXTRACTS [MB]

      Abstract: Spondias mombin foliage was processed into fresh (as control), air-dried and sun-dried samples and were analyzed for proximate, fibre, minerals, vitamins and antinutrients. Also, Identified rumen microorganisms were exposed to non-reconstituted ethanol extract of the foliage. The results showed that crude protein, crude fibre and gross energy were greatly improved by drying from 4.9% to 15.1%, 2.1% to 18.4% and 0.9 kcal/g to 2.9kcal/g in that order. Fibre constituents improved from 11.5% to 67.9%, 7.2% to 53.6% and 2.9% to 9.3% for neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin. Similarly, all the mineral components were improved from 0.083% to 0.21%, 0.193% to 0.533% and 0.073% to 0.23% for Calcium, Phosphorus and Sodium respectively by drying. Drying decreased the Ascorbic acid, Riboflavin and Niacin contents from 27.8mg/100g to 9.1mg/100g, 0.083mg/100g to 0.033mg/100g and 0.323mg/100g to 0.143mg/100g in that arrangement. Above all, it was observed that drying tremendously improved the nutritional value of S. mombin foliage by reducing tannin from 2.2% to 1.64%, oxalic acid (2.1% to 1.38%), phytic acid (1.15 to 0.45%), saponin (1.18% to 0.72%) and trypsin inhibitor from 39.74% to 16.57%. However, drying did not influence the toxic potential of the foliage as indicated by susceptibility of all the rumen microorganisms except the mould species. The nutritional quality potentials observed in the present study suggested that S. mombin foliage may be efficiently utilized by ruminants for optimal performance.

      Keywords: Feed processing, novel feed resource, nutritional quality, rumen microorganisms susceptibility, ruminant nutrition

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  • Mustafa ADHAB

    (1)
    1. BE SMART TO SURVIVE: VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURE [MB]

      Abstract: In order to survive in nature, different pathogens follow different procedures to manipulate their host plants for the pathogen favor. Plant viruses are not an exception of this rule. They are often found to alter the host plant traits in the way that affects the community of organisms in the host plant as well as the vectoring insects. It has been indicated that virus-infected plants are more preferable than virus-free plants with respect to the growth rates, longevity and reproduction of the vector. Viruses use several strategies in order to reprogram their host’s cell to make it more conducive to replication and spread. Consequently, phytohormone signaling pathway in virus-infected plants can be disrupted either directly or indirectly. In plants, there are hormone pathways contribute to all aspects of plant physiology. Sometimes, virus infection can be advantageous to the infected host by providing the plant with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This article summarizes some aspects where the virus found to reprogram the host’s cell to make it more conducive to virus’ cycle of life. It also provides an important basic knowledge about how biotic and abiotic stress affects the interaction among virus, vector and the host plant; this knowledge could open the gate to understand the effect of multi-stress effect on the host plant in future studies through recognizing the necessity for plants to have an integrated system of defense against different threats.

      Keywords: Virus-vector relationship, Plant viruses, virus manipulation of host, virus reproduction

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  • Mustafa AKÇELİK

    (1)
    1. INHIBITION OF EARLY STAGES OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM BIOFILMS BY EXTRACELLULAR DNA (EDNA) AND GENOMIC DNA (GDNA) [MB]

      Abstract: In this study, the role of extracellular DNA in the establishment and maintenance of Salmonella biofilms was investigated. As a result of spectrophotometric measurements using PicoGreen® dye, it was determined that planktonic cells contain less eDNA compared to their biofilm counterparts. As a result of incubation at 20 °C for 24h, eDNA contents of planktonic Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 and DMC4 cells were determined as 206 ng/ml and 211 ng/ml, respectively. However, eDNA amounts increases to 313.18 ng/ml for SL1344 and 319.37 ng/ml for DMC4 at biofilm structure of the same strains. The effects of extracellular DNA (eDNA) released from biofilm cells and genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from Salmonella cells on the biofilm formation in the bacteria were investigated using DNase I and Benzonase enzymes that digest DNA. In the experiments where both enzymes were applied, the active fragmentation of eDNA and gDNA resulted in a statistically significant (p <0,01) decrease in biofilm formation at the end of 24 hours compared to non-enzyme treated samples, but this effect disappeared after 48 hours of incubation.

      Keywords: Biofilm, extracellular DNA, genomic DNA, DNase, benzonase

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  • Nefise AKÇELİK

    (1)
    1. INHIBITION OF EARLY STAGES OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM BIOFILMS BY EXTRACELLULAR DNA (EDNA) AND GENOMIC DNA (GDNA) [MB]

      Abstract: In this study, the role of extracellular DNA in the establishment and maintenance of Salmonella biofilms was investigated. As a result of spectrophotometric measurements using PicoGreen® dye, it was determined that planktonic cells contain less eDNA compared to their biofilm counterparts. As a result of incubation at 20 °C for 24h, eDNA contents of planktonic Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 and DMC4 cells were determined as 206 ng/ml and 211 ng/ml, respectively. However, eDNA amounts increases to 313.18 ng/ml for SL1344 and 319.37 ng/ml for DMC4 at biofilm structure of the same strains. The effects of extracellular DNA (eDNA) released from biofilm cells and genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from Salmonella cells on the biofilm formation in the bacteria were investigated using DNase I and Benzonase enzymes that digest DNA. In the experiments where both enzymes were applied, the active fragmentation of eDNA and gDNA resulted in a statistically significant (p <0,01) decrease in biofilm formation at the end of 24 hours compared to non-enzyme treated samples, but this effect disappeared after 48 hours of incubation.

      Keywords: Biofilm, extracellular DNA, genomic DNA, DNase, benzonase

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  • Salih AKSAY

    (1)
    1. PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ACE INHIBITORY CAPACITY OF HAZELNUT PROTEIN ISOLATE AND HYDROLYSATES [BT]

      Abstract: Protein solubility, water holding capacity, fat absorption capacity, emulsion activity index, emulsion stability index, gel formation capacity and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory capacity of hazelnut protein isolate (HPI) and its hydrolysate were determined. The results showed that protein solubility had U shape solubility profile with an isoelectric point at pH 4.5-5 and highest value at pH 2 and pH 10. Water holding capacity and fat absorption capacity of HPI was found as 1.95 mL water/g protein and 2.1 g fat/g protein, respectively. Emulsion activity index and emulsion stability index values were found as 44 m2/g and 46 min at pH 7.0, respectively. Weak gel formation of HPI was seen at 8% and firm gel (LGC) was observed at 12% protein concentration. The concentration of pepsin hydrolysates needed to inhibit 50% of the ACE activity values (IC50) at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min of hydrolysis were 1.47 mg protein/mL, 0.27 mg protein/mL, 0.27 mg protein/mL and 0.26 mg protein/mL respectively. Whereas, IC50 of trypsin hydrolysates at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min were 5.51 mg protein/mL, 0.61 mg protein/mL, 0.56 mg protein/mL and 0.54 mg protein/mL. These results showed that isolates and hydrolysates of hazelnut has valuable functional properties and noted as good candidates for effectively reducing hypertension.

      Keywords: Protein solubility, water holding, fat absorption, emulsion activity, gel formation capacity, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition

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  • Alena ANDREJIOVÁ

    (1)
    1. THE INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND STORAGE CONDITION ON THE CONTENT OF SELECTED BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE FRUIT OF PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA MOSCHATA DUCH.) [BT]

      Abstract: Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) is a significant crop in terms of the content of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties – vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenol compounds – as well as B-complex and potassium vitamins are appreciated by the consumer both raw and heat treated. It is suitable for storage, consumption in the fresh state or heat treatment thanks to its interesting sensory properties. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the influence of genotype and storage conditions on the content of selected bioactive substances in the fruit of these six varieties: Liscia, Matilda F1, Orange, Serpentine, UG 205 F1 and Waltham F1. From bioactive substances we determined the content of total carotenoids and total polyphenols in the flesh of the fruits before and after storage. The total carotenoid content in the fruit before storage was in the range of 40.62 mg.100 g-1 DS (dry substance) to 76.78 mg.100 g-1 DS, after storage the range transformed into 50.58 mg.100 g -1 DS to up to 109.81 mg.100 g-1 DS. The total polyphenol content before storage ranged from 109.95 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS to 198.96 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS, after storage in the range of 152.51 mg of GAE.100 g-1 DS to 199.83 mg of GAE.100 g-1 DS. The results show that the highest content of total carotenoids in fresh fruits after harvest was determined in the pulp of the varieties UG 205 F1 (76.78 mg.100 g-1 DS), Orange (71.40 mg.100 g-1 DS), and high content of total polyphenols was determined in the Matilda F1 strains (198.96 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS) and Orange (166.09 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS). After two months of the fruit’s storage, the total carotenoid content significantly increased in Liscia by 91%, Orange and Waltham F1 both by 54%. The total polyphenol content considerably rose in Liscia and UG 205 F1 varieties by 39%. The highest content of total polyphenols after storage was found in Serpentine fruit (199.83 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS). It follows that from the point of view of the content of total carotenoids it makes sense to store the fruits of the Orange and Waltham F1 varieties and, in terms of total polyphenols content, the fruits of the Serpentine variety. Taking into account the development of the contents of both groups of bioactive substances, storage of the Liscia variety is recommended. The effect of genotype on total carotenoid and polyphenol content in fruit was statistically significant. Storing these pumpkin varieties resulted in an increment of their total carotenoid and polyphenol content, but it did not have any statistical significance.

      Keywords: Cucurbita moschata, carotenoids, polyphenols, storage

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  • E. Sümer ARAS

    (1)
    1. ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]

      Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.

      Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP

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  • Gülçin ÖZCAN ATEŞ

    (1)
    1. DETERMINATION OF MYCOBIOTA AND MICROBIAL LOADS OF GRAPES GROWN IN BOZCAADA, TURKEY [MB]

      Abstract: Bozcaada which is a province of Çanakkale, Turkey, is located between the 390 48 north parallel and 260 east meridians. The largest livelihood of Bozcaada is viticulture. Therefore, in our study, microbial load, and mould diversity of the Çavuş (table) and Karalahna (wine) grapes which are endemic to the island were evaluated, and ochratoxin production potentials of Aspergillus isolates were investigated by HPLC. A total of 6 vineyards with Çavuş and Karalahna grapes were sampled in 2015 and 2016. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria count of grapes ranged between 0.00 and 4.21 log CFU/g, yeast load between 0.00 and 2.66 log CFU/g and mould load between 1.67 and 3.20 log CFU/g. A total of 2264 mould isolates were taken from samples. All isolates were identified at the genus level. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were the most isolated species in 2015, while Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. were the most isolated species in 2016. It was determined that 13.78% (312) of the isolates were Aspergillus spp., 54 of these isolates, have been selected and identified at the species level. Twenty-one of the black Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. niger / A. acidus, twenty-four of them were A. carbonarius and one of them is A. ibericus. The two white isolates were found to be A. candidus, the creamy brownish-spore forming isolate was A. terreus, and three green isolates were identified as A. flavus, A. calidoustus and A. sydowii. Six isolates (4 A. niger, 1 A. calidoustus, and 1 A. sydowii) were producing OTA. The amounts of ochratoxins varied from 0.80 to 74.01 ng/g.

      Keywords: Çavuş grape; Karalahna grape; mould; Aspergillus spp.; OTA

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  • Cumhur AVŞAR

    (1)
    1. ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]

      Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.

      Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP

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  • Beyza AYDOGAN

    (1)
    1. EFFECTS OF POPPY OIL ON BIOGENIC AMINE IN FERMENTED TURKISH SAUSAGE [FS]

      Abstract: Biogenic amines are generally created by the decarboxylation of amino acids via microbial enzymes and these compounds may have a toxic effect on humans and animals. The ripening and storage conditions of meat and meat products directly affect the quality of such products in terms of biogenic amines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of poppy oil, which is produced and consumed in large quantities in Afyonkarahisar province, on the formation of biogenic amines in fermented sausages. In the study, 2 groups of sausages were produced including control and poppy oil groups. 300 mg / kg poppy oil was added to the sausage that would be produced in the poppy oil group. The sausages were ripened for 15 days in the surrounding where relative humidity (90-60%) and the temperature (25-18 ° C) could be adjusted. During this period (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 15 days), physico-chemical, sensory, microbiological properties and biogenic amine (histamine, putresin, tryptamine, phenyl ethylamine and tyramine) formations were determined in the samples. As a result, it is recommended that the poppy oil used does not cause a significant difference in the formation of biogenic amines, does not adversely affect the general characteristics of the sausage and that the amount of animal fat is reduced and alternatively, the use of poppy oil in the production of fermented sausage is recommended.

      Keywords: Poppy oil, Biogenic amine, Fermented sausage

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  • Soukaina El Aanachi

    (1)
    1. RESULTS OF IN VITRO ANDROGENESIS UNDER INCREASING SALINITY CONDITIONS FOR THREE MOROCCAN SPRING BARLEY VARIETIES (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) [FS]

      Abstract: In vitro androgenesis process under salt pressure is recognized as being a valuable method for quick production of salt stress tolerant doubled haploid lines, enabling yield improvement of plants cultivated in dry climates. This study aimed to investigate the effect of salt stress on in vitro androgenetic regeneration, and the production of salt tolerant barley doubled haploid lines. Moroccan barley varieties, Arig, Asni and Tamelalt were used as RS0, and after one round of selfing (RS1) or two (RS2). These successive generations made possible to verify genetic stability or possible accidental heterozygosity, and to obtain plants presumably more tolerant to salinity. After culture of 11,340 anthers on induction medium, 2,270 calluses or embryos were generated. According to the induction rate of these formations, the three generations of each variety were not significantly different, pointing out the genetic stability after two selfings. Tamelalt and Arig had similar in vitro response, while for Asni, the three generations behaviour differed from the previous ones and constitute a statistically separate group. After transfer of the formations on regeneration medium either salt free, as control, or supplemented by increasing concentrations of NaCl, ranging from 2.5 to 13 g.L-1, 170 regenerants were produced. Asni (RS1) showed to be the most salt tolerant, bearing the maximal NaCl concentration of 12 g.L-1, but the single regenerated plant obtained was albino, as most of the regenerated plants from any genotype and generation. However, RS1 and RS2 generations of Asni regenerated one green plant each, with NaCl concentration of 5 g.L-1, resulting in two new Asni doubled haploid fertile lines.

      Keywords: Androgenesis, NaCl, salt stress, doubled haploids, calluses or embryos

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  • Qotaibah Ababneh

    (1)
    1. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM CAMELS DIFFER IN COAGULASE PRODUCTION, GENOTYPE AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE GENE PROFILES [MB]

      Abstract: Accurate and rapid typing of S. aureus is crucial to the control of its infections and minimizing its leakage to the food chain. The primary purpose of this research was to isolate S. aureus from camels’ meat and nasal swabs and to characterize the isolates for coagulase production and the presence of methicillin gene using PCR-RFLP of coagulase gene. A total of 264 camel’s meat and nasal swabs were collected from abattoirs or meat markets and were used in the study. Ninety two percent of samples showed typical colonies of S. aureus on Baird-Parker agar with a mean count 2.5 × 104 ± 1.8 × 104 CFU g-1. Upon confirmation of the isolates using S. aureus specific thermonuclease gene (nuc) PCR primers, only 64 isolates contained the specific product and thus were confirmed as S. aureus. However, when tested for the presence of coagulase gene, only 48 of them were positive while the other 16 were coagulase negative. Coagulase gene-RFLP revealed 19 distinct patterns when the gene was digested with Alu I and Cfo I. The typing revealed that the 48 classified isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 14 genotypes at a 44.4% similarity level. When the coagulase positive isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance (mec A) gene, 37 of the isolates were positive while the other 11 isolates were negative. The high heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates might be due to cross contamination between camel carcasses in slaughter houses and from handlers and their utensils.

      Keywords: Coagulase gene, Staphylococcus aureus molecular typing camel, MRSA

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  • Maryam Ebrahimi Taj Abadi

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) IN WHEY PROTEIN DRINK DURING FERMENTATION BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM [FS]

      Abstract: Over the past two decades there has been a world-wide growing interest on healthy living and healthy eating. Based on our previous research, Lactobacillus plantarum, have been extracted from traditional doogh in west region of Iran and grown in MRS broth have shown the highest production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and by optimization of growth conditions the ability of GABA production increased. The best conditions of the culture medium with the highest production of GABA were temperature 37.27 °C, pH 5.19, glutamic acid 250 mM and time 72 hours. Therefore, Lb. plantarum was added to whey protein drink containing concentrate of banana and strawberry, and its viability, production GABA and sensory evaluation of drink was evaluated within 30 days’ storage. The results showed that the highest viability (8.1 log10cfu/ml) after 30 days of storage was observed in whey protein drink containing concentrate of strawberry and storage at 25°C. The highest amount of GABA production (195.5 ppm) after 30 days of storage was observed in whey protein drink containing concentrate of banana and stored at 25°C. No significant differences were found between the sensory properties of the treatments. According to the results the whey protein drink containing banana stored at 25°C was recognized as a superior treatment due to higher levels of GABA. In conclusion, using indigenous and traditional resistant species of probiotic bacteria and optimizing bacterial growth conditions, more GABA can be produced in food products and a positive step towards the development of functional products and the promotion of consumer health.

      Keywords: GABA, whey protein drink, Lactobacillus plantarum

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  • Aalaa Fahim Abbas

    (1)
    1. PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION, OF RECOMBINANT OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN A (OMP A) OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII LI311 [MB]

      Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a known hospital aquired pathogenic bacterium that increasingly resists antibiotics treatment. In order to characterize and produce a soluble OmpA protein that can be used to develop Acinetobacter vaccine, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to produce the ompA gene, of A. baumannii strain LI311, which was cloned into the histidin taged pET19b expression plasmid. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) was utilized to purify the recombinant protein, and amino acid sequences for OmpA protein homologs were attained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) protein resource then analyzed using the blast tool and Jalview program. Protein topology prediction was done using NCBI tools and PRED-TMBB2. Analysis of amino acid sequence of OmpA of A. baumannii strain LI311 showed that it has homologies to other clinical Acinetobacter spices , including: A. pittii , A.nosocomialis , A.seifertii, A. calcoaceticus, and A. ursingii with identity percentages of 100%, 100%, 96%, 92%, and 91%. Protein topology prediction revealed two conserved domains belonging to OmpA family protein ,which are beta-barrel domain outer membrane protein (OMP_b-brl) and OmpA-C-like domain, and it is a 10-βeta -stranded transmembrane Outer Membrane Protein with a signal peptide at residues 1–22A. A recombinant Histidine tagged- OmpA (39.31kDa )was successfully expressed and purified in this study. In conclusion, OmpA protein of A.baumannii strain LI31 is highly conserved across clinical species of Acinetobacter, and the soluble recombinant OmpA created in this study can be used to develop a putative vaccine that may prevent infections caused by the clinical species of Acinetobacter.

      Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, ompA gene, expression, homology, putative vaccine

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  • Mohamed Abbas

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF MICRORHIZOMES IN GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCO) [BT]

      Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to highlight an effective protocol for in vitro production of ginger microrhizomes. Microrhizomes were induced at the base of the in vitro derived shoots upon transfer to MS medium containing various concentrations of (30, 60 and 90 g/L), BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine (3, 6 and 9 mg/L) and grown under varying photoperiodism in addition to the MS medium supplemented with 9 mg/L BAP and 60-90 g/L sucrose under 16-h photoperiod within 10 weeks of cultivation were the best conditions for microrhizomes induction. Ginger microrhizomes formation in vitro was found to be controlled by many factors, including the concentrations of BAP and sucrose as well as photoperiodism during culturing period.

      Keywords: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, Ginger, Photoperiodism, Sucrose, BAP and Microrhizomes

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  • Najmeh Abbasi

    (1)
    1. THE STUDY OF SEASONAL STEROID HORMONES IN MALE SIBERIAN STURGEON (Acipenser baerii) FOR DETERMINING GONADAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate of steroid hormones of male Siberian sturgeon in different seasons. For this, blood sampling was taken seasonally from 11 male Siberian sturgeons (7 years old) and then steroid hormones including testosterone and 11-keto testosterone were analyzed by using ELISA. The results showed that testosterone had no significant differences during all the seasons (p>0.05) and the maximum level was in autumn. But 11ketotestesterone had significant differences between winter with other seasons (p<0.05). The min and max level of 11ketotestesterone was in autumn and winter, respectively. 11-keto testosterone hormone levels based on sexual maturation stages showed significant difference between stages III and IV with stage II (p<0.05). Also, there was significant differences between stage II with others in testosterone levels (p<0.05).

      Keywords: Siberian sturgeon, testosterone, 11keto testosterone, sex determination

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  • Mohamed Salah Abbassi

    (1)
    1. THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS RBS 5 ISOLATED FROM HOT TUNISIAN SPRING CO-PRODUCING ALKALINE AND THERMOSTABLE α-AMYLASE AND PROTEASE ENZYMES [MB]

      Abstract: Bacillus licheniformis RBS 5 was isolated from thermal spring in Tunisia. The isolate coproduce α-amylase and protease enzymes. The α-amylase activity showed an optimal activity at approximately 65°C and in wide pH interval ranging from 4 to 9. This enzyme was stable over the range of 45 to 70°C after 30 min of incubation and in the pH range of 8 to 10. Protease activity was optimal; at 80°C, pH 12. This enzyme was stable until 60°C over the pH range of 10 to 12. EDTA at concentration of 5 mM reduces slightly both activities evoking the serine alkaline protease. Cationic ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mg 2+) have an inhibition effect on α-amylase. However, protease activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Cu2+ and Mg 2+); the other cations reduce slightly the proteolytic activity. SDS and H2O2 were found as inhibitors for both activities whereas Triton X-100 and perfume have no effect. Taken together, these traits make protease activity of B. licheniformis RBS 5 as efficient for use in detergent industry.

      Keywords: Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis, α-amylase, protease, detergent additive

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  • Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CULTIVAR ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FUNGICIDES IN CONTROLLING POWDERY MILDEW OF FLAX AND RELATIONSHIP OF AGRONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRAITS TO DISEASE SEVERITY [FS]

      Abstract: A two-year field study was conducted at El-Ismailiya, Egypt, to evaluate the fungicides Bellis and Sulphurs applied as a foliar sprays for controlling powdery mildew on six flax cultivars. Disease severity, straw yield, and seed yield were used as criteria for evaluating the performance of fungicide on the tested cultivars. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that each of the fungicides and cultivar was highly significant source of variation (p = 0.000), in disease severity, strae yield, and seed yieled. ANOVA also showed that fungicide x cultivars interaction was a highly significant source of variation (p = 0.000) in disease severity, while it was insignificant in straw and seed yields. Both fungicides were effective in reducing disease severity; however, sulphur surpassed Bellis in increasing straw yield and seed yield. Therefore, linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between agronomic or technological traits and powdery mildew severity (PMS). All traits showed significant negative correlations with PMS after the appliction of fungicides, which suggest that control of late-season powdery mildew could be economically important when PMS on flax cultivars is high.

      Keywords: Flax, Odium line, fungicides, agronomic traits

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  • Abdelmoez M. Abdallah

    (1)
    1. PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF MILK-CLOTTING ENZYME FROM THE SEEDS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of the present study was to search for milk clotting substitute from different parts (flowers, seeds, stem, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits) of Moringa oleifera. The samples were blended and extracted using different types of extracting solutions. The most reliable, quick and efficient enzyme extracting solution was found to be 5% NaCl in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, which was used throughout the study. The milk clotting activity was only observed in the seeds extract while the other parts were either deficient or has very low milk clotting activity. Thus, the moringa seeds were used as source of milk clotting enzyme. The extracted proteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %. Highest milk clotting activity was observed in the 20 % fraction. This fraction was assumed to contain the clotting enzymes and characterized for its heating stability (30 – 90°C) and optimum temperature (30 – 90°C). The results demonstrated that moringa seeds milk clotting enzyme is stable up to 50°C with an optimum milk clotting activity of 70°C. The high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity of the partially purified enzyme indicates the potential of this enzyme as suitable rennet substitute in dairy industry. However, further study is needed to completely purify and characterize this promising milk clotting enzyme from moringa seeds.

      Keywords: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, Milk-clotting activity, Moringa seeds, Rennet substitutes

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  • Ebtsam M. Abdel-Alah

    (1)
    1. MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN CALENDULA (CALENDULA OFFICINALIS L.) INFLUENCED BY MUTAGENIC EFFECT OF COLCHICINE [BT]

      Abstract: Calendula officinalis L. (pot marigold) is one of the main aromatic and medicinal plants with many uses in food and medicines. This study was carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of six colchicine concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 per cent, w/v) for Calendula improvement and induction of genetic variation. Colchicine treatments had a positive effect on the number of branches/plant, number of inflorescences, fresh and dry weight of inflorescences, inflorescence diameter, total soluble carbohydrates and β-carotene except for plant height, while seed germination and plant height were reduced. Estimation of heritability, genetic advance, genetic variability and selection of superior genotypes will be an important object in crop breeding and genetic improvement programs, and selection of genotypes with higher desirable characters. Heritability was high and ranged from 48.64 to 90.81, respectively (inflorescence diameter and plant height, respectively). Molecular markers based on a RAPD-PCR study elucidate the classification of induced Calendula mutants into two clusters. The coefficient of genetic diversity was estimated at 30%. A combination of morphological and physiological responses with molecular data contained in the various colchicine treatments illustrated the utility of RAPD-PCR as a method for identifying useful mutants and could be used to detect the colchicine effect significantly. Findings recommend the 0.05 per cent colchicine for efficient breeding calendula mutation and genetic improvement.

      Keywords: Calendula, Colchicine, RAPD-PCR, Genetic diversity, Heritability

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  • Nasser Abdel-Atty

    (1)
    1. IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF CHILLED FRESH SAUSAGES USING NATURAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR EXTRACTS [FS]

      Abstract: Natural additives are very important additives that can improve the oxidative and bacterial quality of meat products. Therefore, the main goal of the current study was to include green tea, clove and their extracts as well as fresh garlic and garlic powder during formulation of fresh sausages to improve the physico-chemical, sensory and bacterial quality of this product. Seven formulas were prepared; the 1st one was prepared from base batter and used as control and six formulas were prepared by addition of green tea powder 0.5%, green tea extract 0.03 %, clove powder 0.5 % clove extract 0.5%, fresh garlic 3 % and garlic powder 0.9 %. All formulas were processed into fresh sausages and chilled stored until appearance of signs of spoilage. Chilled sausages were examined for pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile base nitrogen, bacterial counts and sensory attributes. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pH, TVB-N, TBARS and mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts were observed in all formulas treated with all natural additives. The sensory attributes of all formula treated with natural additives were acceptable. Green tea powder and clove powder were superior to their extracts as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Moreover, fresh garlic was superior to garlic powder as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Therefore, these natural additives can be safely used by meat processors to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of meat products.

      Keywords: green tea, clove, garlic, sensory attributes, natural antioxidants

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  • Maher Abdel-Aziz

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]

      Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.

      Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids

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  • Khayria M. Abdel-Gawad

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]

      Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).

      Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes

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  • Mahfouz Abdel-Gawad

    (2)
    1. IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]

      Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
      In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.

      Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis

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    2. IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]

      Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.

      Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids

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  • Ezzat Abdel-Lateef

    (2)
    1. IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]

      Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
      In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.

      Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis

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    2. IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]

      Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.

      Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids

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  • Gihan K. Abdel-Latef

    (1)
    1. IDENTIFICATION OF VIRULENCE GENES, β-LACTAMS AND QUINOLONES RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED GENES AND INTEGRONS IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM RETAIL CHICKEN MEAT AND GIBLETS IN EGYPT [MB]

      Abstract: The study investigated the prevalence of virulent and antibiotic resistant Salmonella (S) in retail chicken meat (CM) and pooled giblets (PG) in Egypt. Seventy-two and 64 % of examined CM and PG samples harbored Salmonellae, respectively. When S. Infantis was the most predominant serovar, followed by S. Kentucky, and then S. Virchow. The antibiotic resistance experiment showed a high rate of multiple drug resistant (MDR) Salmonellae. Remarkably, 64.7% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (the drug of choice for Salmonella infection). Molecularly, a noteworthy correlation between the MDR and the presence of integrons class 1 and 3. When, integrons 1 and 3 were detected in 100 and 92 % of identified MDR isolates, respectively, while class 2 integrons were not found. Surprisingly, 53.8 and 100% of the molecularly identified isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, despite the absence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-associated genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA) from all MDR isolates. This indicates that other genetic factors could be incriminated in this pattern. Beta-lactam resistance was explored by the existence of blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaCMY-2 genes in most MDR isolates. Additionally, 4 virulence genes were detected in almost all serovars. Concerning virulence genes, invA, hilA, sopB, and stn were detected in 100, 100, 100 and 94.7 % of MDR serovars, respectively. While, spvC was detected in only 7.6 %, and pef was absent. The high prevalence of MDR virulent Salmonella strains in retail chicken meat and giblets in Egypt should be faced with a great worry, as consumers could be under a great public health risk.

      Keywords: Salmonella, Foodborne pathogens, zoonoses, antibiotic resistance, integrons, virulence genes

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  • Ahmed Y. Abdel-Mallek

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]

      Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).

      Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes

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  • Heba H.S. Abdel-Naeem

    (1)
    1. COMPARING THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF IMPORTED BRAZILIAN BEEF MEAT AND IMPORTED INDIAN BUFFALO MEAT [FS]

      Abstract: The main objective of the current study was to compare the physico-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of imported Brazilian beef meat and imported Indian buffalo meat. Chuck samples were collected and examined for proximate chemical composition, soluble proteins, pH, TVB-N, TBA, color, shear force, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes. The results revealed higher total protein, fat, total soluble protein and lower collagen solubility of imported frozen Indian buffalo meat chuck samples. However, there is non-significant difference in pH, TVB-N, TBA, fatty acid profile. Sensory attributes indicated significantly higher appearance, tenderness and juiciness scores for imported Brazilian beef meat. Moreover, the significant decreasing shear force, a* and significant increasing L* values were observed in imported frozen Brazilian meat chuck samples. These attributes can make Indian buffalo meat a good choice for meat processing after Brazilian beef meat. Moreover, these results will help meat processors to find an alternative source for raw meat materials for production of high quality meat products.

      Keywords: Imported Brazilian meat, Imported Indian meat, technological properties, sensory

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  • Ismail R. Abdel-Rahim

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]

      Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).

      Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes

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  • Gomaa N. Abdel-Rahman

    (1)
    1. IDENTIFY THE NATURAL LEVELS OF MYCOTOXINS IN EGYPTIAN ROASTED PEANUTS AND THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION [FS]

      Abstract: A total of 36 roasted peanut samples were collected from 12 regions at 4 Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Giza, Alexandria and El-Faiyum) during 2017. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A and zearalenone were determined in the collected samples using HPLC. Seventy five percent of samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 was the most dominant type, whereas aflatoxin G2 was found only in two samples at low levels. Samples were completely ochratoxin A and zearalenone-free. Quantitative results revealed that the samples of Al-Manshieh region at Alexandria governorate had the highest averages of aflatoxins B1, B2 and G2 (33.15, 3.66 and 0.22 µgkg-1, respectively), while Al-Ajami samples at the same governorate had the highest average of aflatoxin G1 as 2.83 µgkg-1. Likewise, samples from Dokki at Giza governorate had high levels of total aflatoxins recording 26.33 µgkg-1. Regarding to the effect of gamma radiation on aflatoxin B1, the doses of 5, 10 and 20 kGy were studied. The reduction levels of aflatoxin B1 varied according to the spiking levels and dose of gamma radiation. The dose 5 KGy was ineffective, whereas, a significant reduction in AFB1 was noticed using 10 and 20KGy recording >26.7% reduction notably in samples spiked with 20 µgkg-1 AFB1 and treated with 20 KGy (59% reduction).

      Keywords: Peanut, aflatoxins, radiation, ochratoxin A, zearalenone

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  • I. Abdel-Rahman

    (1)
    1. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS ORGIN IN THE NORTH-EAST MOROCCO [BT]

      Abstract: The objective of this work is to characterize the phenols and flavonoids compounds of extracts of Pelargonium Graveolens from North-East Morocco (TAZA) in terms of antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of this aromatic plant was determined according to the DPPH radical scavenging assay to suggest it as a new potential source of natural antioxidants. The quantification of phenolics and flavonoids compounds of solvent extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) were determined spectrometrically. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracts increased in the order diethyl ether extract < ethyl acetate extract < ascorbic acid. Based on these results, we suggest that the phenols and flavonoids compounds of Pelargonium Graveolens have significant potential as a natural antioxidant.

      Keywords: Pelargonium Graveolens, Phenols, Flavonoids, DPPH method, Antioxidant activity

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  • Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman

    (1)
    1. BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]

      Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.

      Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed

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  • Gherib Abdelaziz

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND MINERAL CONTENT OF ARBUTUS UNEDO (LEAVES AND FRUITS) [FS]

      Abstract: Arbutus unedo is widely used in traditional medicine and is an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic antioxidants. The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the leaves and fruits extracts (after maceration and sonication) were studied. The mineral analyses exhibited large quantities of many essential minerals in fruits and leaves, especially interesting were the levels of macronutrients (K and Ca) in fruits and micronutrients (Fe) in leaves. The GC–MS analysis of essential oils of leaves and fruits led to the identification of 32 and 35 compounds, respectively. The major components in leaves were camphor, cymenene, and bornyl acetate, and in fruits, camphor, ethyl palmitate and bornyl acetate. The extraction method significantly affected the contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, with the maceration method rendering the best results in leaves and the sonication in fruits. All maceration extracts had the highest antioxidant activity (assayed by 3 methods DPPH•, ABTS+ and FRAP; besides, A. unedo leaves showed higher activity than fruits. As a conclusion, it can be stated that Arbutus unedo is a plant rich in polyphenols, volatile compounds, and minerals, and that it can be used as a potential source of bioactive compounds, especially from the leaves

      Keywords: Camphor, Ericaceae family, essential oil, iron, maceration, potassium, sonication

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  • Mouhamed-Cherif Abdeldjalil

    (1)
    1. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF AIRBORNE BACTERIA IN THE MUNICIPAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE OF CONSTANTINE - ALGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The spatial distribution of airborne bacterial contamination (with Total aerobic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Coliforms, Staphylococci and Streptococci) was studied within the municipal abattoir of Constantine (North-East of Algeria).
      Open plate air samples were collected at twenty sampling locations weekly during two months. At the same chosen locations, temperature and humidity of the air were measured. The spatial distribution of bacterial contamination was studied using a Geographic Information System.
      The viscera processing section recorded the highest bacterial concentration and poor correlations had been recorded between bacterial counts and the environmental conditions within the abattoir. The high air bacterial loads recorded all over the slaughterhouse were consequence of the execution of all processing operations within the same section (for both bovine and ovine carcasses) associated to the absence of structural barriers, spatial separation between processing operations and uncontrolled airflow.
      This study highlights the poor hygienic level of the municipal slaughterhouse of Constantine. The implementation of serious measures is needed to reduce the risk of contamination and proliferation of pathogens in meat during slaughtering processes.

      Keywords: Airborne contamination, spatial distribution, slaughterhouse, North-East of Algeria

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  • Sherein S. Abdelgayed

    (3)
    1. EFFICACY OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT (GTE) AGAINST HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H5N1 AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS; IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 is an endemic disease in Egypt and severe outbreaks have been reported even in vaccinated flocks. Several H5 vaccines have failed to protect birds against Egyptian H5N1 virus. In this study, the antiviral effect of green tea extract (GTE) in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccine was evaluated. GTE found to be safe at high concentration on Vero cells and decrease the CPE on infected cells. In vivo, specific pathogen free chickens were allocated into four groups, 15 birds each. Negative control group, positive control group, vaccinated group, vaccinated group supplied by GTE in drinking water (5gm/L). Blood samples were collected weekly and tested using (HI) test. Lung tissue specimens collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, vaccinated non-treated birds exhibited severe post vaccinal reaction and deaths. GTE in combination with inactivated vaccine increased HI titer one-week post vaccination, and no deaths were recorded in this group. Moreover, treated chickens did not excrete virus in swab samples and minimal antigen and pathological changes were reported in its lungs. The addition of GTE prevent the shedding of the virus and achieve complete protection against HPAI.

      Keywords: chicken, Green tea extract (GTE), inactivated H5N1 vaccine, antiviral, immunohistochemistry, H5N1

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    2. CYTOLOGICAL STUDY ON RAT ISOLATED HEPATOCYTES AND POSSIBLE PROTECTION OF GINGER (EXTRACT AND NANOPARTICLES) AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN TOXICITY [BT]

      Abstract: Ginger is one of most important medicinal plants which used in variable diseases. Recently, ginger nanoparticles have been isolated from ginger extract and exhibited anti-apoptotic activity, hepatoprotective effect against alcohol and may effectively reduce colitis. Our study aimed to compare between the effect of ginger extract and ginger nanoparticles at concentration of 60 µg/ml against hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen (APAP; N-acetyl-para-aminophenol) at concentration of 0.1 mg/ml using primary isolated rat hepatocytes. Cytotoxicity was determined by assessing cell viability and leakage of cytosolic enzymes, such as (ALT& AST). Oxidative stress was investigated by measuring levels of MDA and catalase enzymes. The cytopathological lesions were detected by light microscope. Exposure of isolated rat hepatocytes to APAP caused cytotoxicity and oxidative injury, manifested by loss of cell viability and significant increase of enzymes leakages. Also, APAP caused progressive depletion of catalase content and increase in intracellular MDA accumulation, in addition to alteration in histological structures of the cells. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with either GE or GNPs ameliorated the hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and enzymatic leakage induced by APAP. However, GNPs were more effective compared to ginger extract pre-treated hepatocytes.

      Keywords: Acetaminophen, Ginger extract, Ginger nanoparticles, Isolated hepatocytes, Cytology, Rats

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    3. POLYPHENOLIC AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENT, HPLC PROFILING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH PANCREATIC HISTOLOGICAL STUDY IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS MODEL [BT]

      Abstract: Medicinal plants are considered a very important source of natural crude materials which are used in pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, many investigators focused their studies for medicinal plants in order to extract components which have effects as antibacterial and antioxidant activities, also, some diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, diarrhea, antitumor and anticancer, etc. Our study focused in the biochemical characterization of Portulaca oleracea and Carthamus tinctorius to study their antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in rats.
      Extracts from Portulaca oleracea leaves and Carthamus tinctorius flowers were prepared then their total phenolic and flavonoid content and identification by HPLC technique were analyzed. Moreover, the antioxidant activity using (FRAP and DPPH radical) were determined. Randomly allocated male white Wistar rats into four groups of five each: non-diabetic control; diabetic control; diabetic treated with Carthamus tinctorius extract (200 mg kg-1 BW); diabetic treated with Portulaca oleracea extract daily (250 mg/kg), then pancreatic tissues were collected and routinely processed for histopathological examination.
      Results indicate that methanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea leaves had the largest total polyphenols and flavonoids content, which were 129.03 mg GAE/g and 22.55 mg QE/g, followed by Carthamus tinctorius flowers methanolic extract, which were 102.44 mg GAE/g and 13.94 mg QE/g, respectively. Identification of total polyphenols and flavonoids were estimated by HPLC. The methanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea leaves, had the highest reducing power which was 1.921 at the concentrations of 80 mg/ml. followed by Carthamus tinctorius flowers extract. Also, by using (DPPH+), the highest antioxidants activity was for Portulaca oleracea leaves extract. Microscopic examination of pancreatic tissues from rats treated with Portulaca oleracea and Carthamus tinctorius revealed their anti-diabetic activity with improved histological tissue changes compared with alloxan induced diabetic group. Moreover, antidiabetic activity of Portulaca oleracea recorded more histological improvement than that of Carthamus tinctorius compared with the control non diabetic group.

      Keywords: Portulaca oleracea, Carthamus tinctorius, Antioxidants activity, Anti-diabetic activity, rats

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  • Jawher Abdelhak

    (1)
    1. SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, SPECTROSCOPY PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALITIES OF A NEW SYNTHETIC COMPOUND: AMINO- CHLOROPYRIDINIUM DIAQUA DIOXALATO IRON(III) [BT]

      Abstract: We report herein the synthesis and the physicochemical characterization of a new mixed-ligand iron(III) complex of formula (C5H6ClN2)[Fe(C2O4)2(H2O)2].2H2O. This compound has been prepared by slow evaporation at room temperature and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It has been characterized by IR and UV-VIS spectra and thermal analysis (TG and DTA). In this compound, the iron ion has a slightly distorted square bipyramidal environment, coordinated by two chelating oxalate ion and two water molecules. Structural cohesion is established essentially by π-π interactions between the rings of pyridine groups and intermolecular hydrogen bonds connecting the ionic entities and uncoordinated water molecules.
      In vitro antimicrobial activities of the amino- chloropyridinium diaqua dioxalato iron (III) against pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria were studied in this work. On the whole, our new compound has high antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua. The amino- chloropyridinium diaqua dioxalato iron (III) used at 200µg m-1, can reduce Candida albicans survival of about 45.45%, and destruct hyphe mycelial of Trichophyton rubrum. High lysozyme activities were expressed especially against Listeria innocua with 17 times more than Staphylococcus aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are ranging from 16 µg ml-1 for bacteria to 256 µg ml-1 for yeast and IC50 values varying from 1.44 to 10.45 µg ml-1 for bacteria and 45.8 for yeast.

      Keywords: Iron (III) complex, antifungal antibacterial activity, spectroscopy studies, single crystal structure

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  • Ouahbi Abdelilah

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF CISTUS LADANIFER VAR. MACULATUS DUN [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify chemical composition and evaluate antimicrobial effectiveness of the essential oil of Cistus ladanifer var. maculatus Dun. The essential oil of C. ladanifer’s leaves was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 28 compounds were identified, representing 88.67% of the total constituents. The main compound was identified as Verticiol (18.16%), followed by Camphene (17.70%), γ-Gurjunene (7.15%), n-Butylcyclohexane (5.95%) and Bornyl acetate (5.86%). The oil was found to be rich in Monoterpene Hydrocarbons (32.05%), followed by Diterpenic alcohol (18.16%), Oxygenated hydrocarbons (13.27%), Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (12.40%), Monoterpenic ester (5.86%), Cyclic ether (4.36%) and Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.57%).
      Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. ladanifer was tested against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, and three fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger), by the microdilution method. In fact, strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect has been shown against all tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Indeed, strongest inhibitory and fungicide effect was exerted against the yeasts and molds studied.
      It seems following this study that the essential oil of C. Ladanifer has very significant antimicrobial activity, it shows a broad spectrum covering Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi.

      Keywords: Cistus ladanifer var. maculatus Dun., Cistaceae, essential oil, composition, gas chromatography, Verticiol, Monoterpene Hydrocarbons, antimicrobial activity

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  • Eman S. Abdelkhalek

    (1)
    1. L-ASPARAGINASE AND L-GLUTAMINASE: SOURCES, PRODUCTION, AND APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND INDUSTRY [BT]

      Abstract: Amidases (L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase) catalyze the deamination process of L-asparagine and L-glutamine to their corresponding acidic form with ammonia releasing. Both enzymes are considered one of the most biomedical and biotechnologically important groups of enzymes, besides their international contributing as an important commercial products. L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase have been receiving more attention as antileukemic agent for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other types of cancer. On the other hand, these enzymes also used in food manufacture for their hydrolysis effect and is a possible way to decrease the amount of free L-asparagine in the preliminary ingredients of food making, thus minimize the imminent risk of causing neurotoxic and carcinogenic acrylamide compound which formed when food heated above 120 °C. Glutamic and aspartic acid are important amino acids in food processing achieve a delicious, fine, sour and umami taste beside their nutritional important to food. A recent review discusses the mode of action of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase. Also, this review lists the sources of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase, production optimization of enzymes, and uses of the two enzymes in cancer therapy and other industrial purposes.

      Keywords: L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, Sources, Fermentation, Applications

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  • Marwa A. Abdelmagid

    (1)
    1. EFFICACY OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT (GTE) AGAINST HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H5N1 AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS; IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 is an endemic disease in Egypt and severe outbreaks have been reported even in vaccinated flocks. Several H5 vaccines have failed to protect birds against Egyptian H5N1 virus. In this study, the antiviral effect of green tea extract (GTE) in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccine was evaluated. GTE found to be safe at high concentration on Vero cells and decrease the CPE on infected cells. In vivo, specific pathogen free chickens were allocated into four groups, 15 birds each. Negative control group, positive control group, vaccinated group, vaccinated group supplied by GTE in drinking water (5gm/L). Blood samples were collected weekly and tested using (HI) test. Lung tissue specimens collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, vaccinated non-treated birds exhibited severe post vaccinal reaction and deaths. GTE in combination with inactivated vaccine increased HI titer one-week post vaccination, and no deaths were recorded in this group. Moreover, treated chickens did not excrete virus in swab samples and minimal antigen and pathological changes were reported in its lungs. The addition of GTE prevent the shedding of the virus and achieve complete protection against HPAI.

      Keywords: chicken, Green tea extract (GTE), inactivated H5N1 vaccine, antiviral, immunohistochemistry, H5N1

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  • Nader R. Abdelsalam

    (1)
    1. THE EFFECT OF CYST NEMATODE (GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS) ISOLATE DDH1 ON GENE EXPRESSION IN SYSTEMIC LEAVES OF POTATO PLANT [BT]

      Abstract: Globodera rostochiensis (Cyst nematode-DDH1) is a major pathogen of potato, this type of nematode was recently reported in Egypt in 2017 as a serious plant pathogen especially in Alexandria and El-Behera governorates. This study aimed to identify this species (G. rostochiensis) on the molecular level in addition to examine the plant-cyst nematode interaction. The results of ITS-PCR showed two bands with molecular sizes 238 bp and 370 bp. The small band is identified as internal band for the large one. The sequence analysis was conducted on 238 bp amplicon and the results obtained confirm that the obtained DNA sequence belong cyst nematodes (G. rostochiensis) with similarity 77%. The constructed phylogenetic tree based on the DNA nucleotide sequence showed close relationship with a Japanese G. rostochiensis (AB207271). The functional transcriptome of the infected and non-infected potato plants was analyzed using Differential Display- PCR technique and about 57 up regulated and 22 down regulated genes. Seven genes (2 downregulated and 5 upregulated) were chosen at random and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences observed that the two down regulated genes were; Chitinase domain containing protein 1 and N-like putative resistance protein. Whereas, the five up regulated genes were; Glucan endo 1,3 beta glucosidase A precursor, STS 14 protein gene, Phytoalexin deficient 4-1 protein gene, PEN1 gene and Linoleate 13S lipoxigenase 2-1, chloroplastic like, respectively. We can concluded that the regulation changes occurred for some pathogen related genes in systemiclly acquired immunity of infected potato plant compared with control were the main observation. Moreover, the cyst nematode could be able to suppressd some of plant defense system genes and inducing another in the same time.

      Keywords: Cyst nematode, G. rostochiensis, ITS-PCR, Phylogenetic tree, DD-PCR, PRs gene, Sequence

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  • Nayera A. M. Abdelwahed

    (2)
    1. RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY BASED MEDIUM OPTIMIZATION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE ENZYME PRODUCTION BY NEWLY ISOLATED STREPTOMYCES SP. [MB]

      Abstract: Cholesterol oxidase is an important enzyme with great commercial value in many clinical and industrial processes, such as determination of cholesterol levels in food, serum and other clinical samples as well as its potential application, as a biocatalyst for bioconversion of sterol compounds and as an insecticide. A Preliminary comparative study of cholesterol oxidase enzyme production from Streptomyces sp. strain NHIA_CH5 using six different media containing cholesterol in submerged fermentation was investigated. An increase in the production was detected after two days in all of the studied media with a maximum production of 23.7 U/mL, noticed in medium containing soluble starch, glucose, peptone, beef extract, MgSO4.7H2O, and NaCl. A classical (one-variable-at-a-time) method revealed that the elimination of MgSO4.7H2O and NaCl favored cholesterol oxidase enzyme production. Statistical optimization of the other components was studied using the screening method Plackett-Burman design followed by the modeling method of the central composite design (CCD). The results showed that beef extract and glucose are the variables that significantly influenced and considered as the most important factors for cholesterol oxidase production. Experiments of CCD based on response surface methodology determine the optimum concentrations of these significant medium components and revealed maximum cholesterol oxidase enzyme production (50.5 U/mL) at beef extract 55 g/L and glucose 40 g/L which represented 2- fold higher titers than acquired from the non-optimized medium

      Keywords: Streptomyces sp., cholesterol oxidase, optimization, statistical design

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    2. STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF ERYTHROMYCIN PRODUCTION BY Saccharopolyspora erythraea UNDER SOLID STATE FERMENTATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY [BT]

      Abstract: In this work, erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea NCIMB 12462 was investigated under solid state fermentation (SSF) using beet sugar root (BSR) and agro-industrial materials. Among them oat meal (OM) has given maximum yield. The combination of OM with BSR (3:3 g/flask) proved to be an efficient mixture for erythromycin production as they gave the highest erythromycin level (6531 μg/flask) when compared to BSR and peptone. Supplementation of BSR and OM mixtures with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as inert support with different inoculum size and additional water enhanced erythromycin production with 3.1-fold higher production than BSR- OM medium. However, increasing SCB content more than 3g/flask always showed an inhibitory effect on erythromycin production. Box-Behnken response surface methodology was applied to further optimize SCB content, inoculum size and moisture level for erythromycin production. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the linear of the selected terms, their interactions and quadric terms of these three variables had significant effects. The moisture level was the key factor influencing erythromycin production, due to its largest F-value (48.01) and the lowest p-value (0.0002) among the three variables. The interactions between SCB content and moisture level had also the most significant effect (F-value = 32.51) on erythromycin production. The optimized medium produced 29884 ug/flask of erythromycin under SSF, which is 1.1% higher than the unoptimized medium.

      Keywords: Box-Behnken design, Erythromycin, Medium optimization, Solid state fermentation, Saccharopolyspora erythraea NCIMB 12462

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  • Mohamed Ahmed Abdel–Sater

    (1)
    1. BIODIVERSITY OF FILAMENTOUS AND YEAST FUNGI IN CITRUS AND GRAPE FRUITS AND JUICES IN ASSIUT AREA, EGYPT [MB]

      Abstract: Mycobiota diversity associated with fruits and juices of citrus and grapevine plantations in Assuit Governorate, Egypt were evaluated during the period between April 2008 to February 2009. Identification of fungi was performed using the morphological and microscopical characteristics in addition to the biochemical in case of yeasts. In suspected isolates, molecular techniques were employed to confirm their identification. High counts of yeasts were recorded from the juice of both fruits (almost more than 95 % of total fungi), followed by citrus carposphere and carpoplane where they constituted about one-fifth to one-third of total fungi. High numbers of taxa were recorded from carposphere of both fruits than those recorded from carpoplanes or juices. The peak of total propagules of carposphere fungi was recorded in primordial fruit in citrus and in senescent fruit in grape, while the peaks of carpoplane fungi of both fruits and juices were recorded in mature fruits, while the troughs of all sources were regularly recorded in immature fruits. Aspergillus provided lower count in citrus than in grape carposhere and carpoplane while the reverse was recorded in juice. A. niger predominated in carposphere, carpoplane and juice of both plants, followed by A. aculeatus in all sources from grape and A. brasiliensis in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. Penicillium contributed small proportion of propagules in both plants. P. oxalicum was the most dominant species in all sources from grape but less common in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. P. digitatum and/or P. italicum were recorded in citrus only. Cladosporium contributed the highest counts (41.9 %-59.8 %) of all fungi in boh carpospheres, while contributing minor proportions in carpoplane and juice. It was recorded in high frequency in grape while less frequent in citrus for both carposphere and carpoplane but the reverse was recorded in juices. C. cladosporioides was the most dominant species in grape while C. sphaerospermum was the most dominant in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. The peak of yeast fungi was drawn in mature fruits of both citrus (December), grape carpospheres and carpoplanes; and juices of both fruits (Ocober). Of 22 yeast species recorded, only 2 were recovered from all sources of both plants (Hanseniaspora occidentalis and Issachenkia orientalis), 3 from carposphere, carpoplane and/or juice of citrus only (Candida catenulata, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Kodemaea ohmeri) and 7 from grape only (Candida prunicola, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, R. diobvatum, Rhodotorula glutinus, Sporidiobolus pararoseus, S. ruinenniae and Sporobolomyces roseus). Ascomyceteous yeasts were dominant over basidiomyceteous ones in all subsrates. Since, mature fruits are succeptable to fungal attack, and almost all juice fungi, including yeasts and filamentous fungi, originated from fruit fungi, precautions during selecting fruits, transportation, handling and juice-making should be taken into accounts.

      Keywords: mycobiota, juice, citrus, grape, fruits, biodiversity, rDNA sequencing

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  • Zukhra Abdisheva

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PRE-TREATED ADUWA (BALANITES AEQYPTIACA) SEED MEAL FOUR [FS]

      Abstract: Effects of pretreatments on the phytochemical properties of Balanites aeqyptiaca seed meal were investigated. Balanites aegyptiaca, belongs to the family Balaniteceae, that grows in tropical zones and is employed as animal forage. Its leaves are cooked and the seeds contains high quality oil and protein content. In this experiment, Balanites aeqyptiaca seeds were subjected to three treatments: First was toasting just before milling, oil extraction and finally meal cake production. Second was boiling, drying, toasting, milling, oil extracting and finally meal cake production. The third one was soaking overnight at ambient temperature, toasting, oil extraction and ultimately production of meal cake. In addition, raw seeds were marked as control. The main constituents were reported as 13.3-24.01% for water, 14.4-24% for lipid, 1.43-4.02% for crude fiber, 7.36-8.97% for moisture content and 43.79-52.50 % for carbohydrates. Further experiments also were performed to evaluate photo-chemicals like saponnins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins in pre-treated samples. These compounds were ranged between 5.81-8.63 mg/g in saponnins, 0.65-1.42 mg/g in alkaloids, 9.28-11.17 mg/g in flavonoids, 2.00-4.00 mg/g in phenols and 0.00-2.40 mg/g in tannins. To characterize deeply the pre-treated samples, some of the functional properties like bulk density, least gelation capacity, oil and water absorption were also examined. The results indicated that foaming capacity ranged between 16.06-67.3 %, bulk density value ranged from 60-75 g/ml, Least gelation capacity was 11.03-12.74 g/ml, oil absorption and water absorption capacity values ranged between 0.00-0.01g/ml and 0.08-0.26g/ml respectively.

      Keywords: Balanites aeqyptiaca, Pretreatments, phytochemical, Functional properties

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  • Anna Abdolshahi

    (1)
    1. PHYTASE FROM BACILLUS SP. STRAIN LA12: ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION [MB]

      Abstract: Phytate take effect as an anti-nutrient element in food and feed materials. Thus, phytase, by catalyzing phytate, hydrolyzing the phosphomonoester bonds and releasing the inorganic phosphorous, decrease the phytate and enhance their nutritional value. Therefore, in this study, Bacillus sp. strain LA12was isolated from natural origins and the phytase production activity was evaluated. The novel extracellular phytase was produced and precipitated by saturated ammonium sulfate. The ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-sepharose and the size-exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100 were used to purify the enzyme. The results showed that the purification yield and concentration of final enzyme were 5.9% and 18.4%, respectively. Based on SDS-PAGE results the molecular weight of the phytase was determined about 73 kDa. Optimal activity of the enzyme was obtained at pH of 5.5 and 60 ºC. Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were 0.197 mM and 1.174 µmol/min, respectively. Mg2+, Co2+ and EDTA accelerated the effect on phytase activity; whilst adding other metal ions such as Ca2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+ in both concentrations could decrease its activity. Moreover, ‏ Mn2+ ion didn’t show indicative effect on its activity. The purified phytase exhibits good thermal stability after incubation at 50-70°C for 30 min, whereas the phytase activity drastically decreased up to 61% at 80°C. This study indicated that the purified phytase has the desired characteristics and can promisingly be used for hydrolyzing of phytate in food and feed.

      Keywords: Bacillus sp. strain LA12, Phytase, Catalytic activity, Thermo-stability

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  • Diana Bayshagylovna Abdraimova

    (1)
    1. SOME PROPERTIES OF ENDOGENOUS α-AMYLASE INHIBITOR FROM WHEAT GRAIN [FS]

      Abstract: The protein with endogenous α-amylase inhibitor activity was extracted and purified from wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains through 70% ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel-chromatography on Toyapearl HW-50. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of protein were estimated about 21 kD and 7.0 respectively. The inhibitor repressed of high pI wheat α-amylase isozymes, but had no effect on amylases of microbial and animal origin. The inhibitor also exhibited activity towards serine protease subtilisin. The inhibitor was the most active at pH 7.8 to pH 8.0 and was stable up to 90° C for 10 minutes. The protein is localized in the peripheral parts of the seed, and in the starchy endosperm.

      Keywords: α-amylase, isoenzymes, subtilisin, inhibitor, wheat

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  • Abzal Abdramanov

    (1)
    1. THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA) EXTRACT ON THE ACTIVITY AND OXIDATIVE PROFILE OF BOVINE SPERMATOZOA [BT]

      Abstract: The paper presents the overall results and experimental details of the in vitro assessment of the elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract on the motility, viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of bovine spermatozoa in different time periods (0, 2, 6 and 24 hours). Sambucus nigra is often used for medicinal purposes throughout the world. Modern research reveals that Sambucus nigra extracts may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antioxidant properties, because of a high content of biologically active components. Spermatozoa motility was assessed using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Cell viability was examined using the metabolic activity MTT assay and ROS generation was quantified using luminometry. The CASA analysis revealed that the motility in the experimental groups supplemented with 100, 50 and 1 μg/mL elderberry extract was lower in comparison with other samples. The experiment showed that the elderberry extract had a considerable in vitro effect on the sperm motility, vitality and oxidative profile. The ROS production as well as the CASA assessment proved that the optimal concentration of both extracts was 10 μg/mL in every time with statistically significant results. The MTT test showed a statistically significant increase of mitochondrial at all time periods with 10 μg/mL elderberry extract when compared to the control group. When lower concentrations of the elderberry extract were used (5 and 1 μg/mL), the mitochondrial activity was higher than in the control group but lower than in the group supplemented with 10 μg/mL of the extract. In these groups this indicator increased maximally after 24 h. The findings of the present study indicate that Sambucus nigra extract possesses activity promoting properties on bovine spermatozoa at 10 and 5 μg/mL.

      Keywords: Elderberry, Sambucus nigra, spermatozoa, bull, motility, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species

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  • Abeer Khairy Abdulall

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF EACH OF L-AMINO OXIDASE- AND L-ASCORBIC ACID-INACTIVATED HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MICE AS POTENTIAL VACCINE CANDIDATES [BT]

      Abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Formaldehyde is the currently used inactivating agent in HAV vaccine processing despite of its adverse effects. The current study aimed to evaluate both L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) as alternative inactivants for HAV and the immunogenicity of inactivated HAV in mice. Vero cell line was used for cultivation of HAV. The cytotoxicity of LAO and LAA on Vero cells was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The immunogenicity of each LAO- and LAA-inactivated HAV was examined in parallel with reference HAV vaccine in mice. Humoral (total IgG) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-5) were evaluated in mice sera using ELISA. Both LAO and LAA could efficiently inactivate HAV within 30 and 36 hrs post treatment, respectively, at concentrations of 0.4 µgm/ml of LAO and 1.5 mg/ml of LAA. Inactivated vaccines were immunogenic to mice on both the humoral and cellular levels. LAO prepared vaccines showed a more promising immune reactivity than LAA prepared ones and alum-adsorbed vaccines were more immunogenic than non-adjuvanted ones. In conclusion, data recorded suggest that both LAO and LAA can be used as inactivating agents for HAV grown in cell culture. LAA- and LAO-inactivated HAV can be potential vaccines as they provide effective humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to that of the reference vaccine. The stability of test vaccines is recommended to be traced at different thermal conditions, in addition to different stabilizers and different pharmaceutical formulations must be tested trying to produce a lyophilized formula for long-term stability.

      Keywords: Hepatitis A, vaccine, virus inactivation, L-amino oxidase, L-ascorbic acid, alum

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  • K. Abdulall

    (1)
    1. Comparative evaluation of Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR and resazurin microtiter assay for detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [MB]

      Abstract: Drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) is a persistent threat and presents the main challenge for TB control programs. Rapid diagnosis is essential for controlling drug-resistant cases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of multiplex real-time PCR assay using Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR (Anyplex) kit to detect DR-TB and its concordance with Resazurin microtiter assay (REMA). The susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ofloxacin (OFX), and kanamycin (KAN), was evaluated by using REMA and Anyplex kit with 32 drug-resistant TB and 18 susceptible strains. Proportion method was used as gold standard. All susceptible strains were susceptible to REMA and Anyplex methods. Anyplex and REMA identified 75% and 85% of the multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB isolates, respectively. The sensitivity of the REMA assay as compared to PM was 96.4 %, 90.9%, 85.7%, and 100%, respectively, for INH, RIF, OFX, and KAN, whereas the sensitivity of Anyplex was78.5 %, 77.2%, and 85.7% for INH, RIF, and OFX, respectively. The agreement between Anyplex and REMA was relative to INH, RIF, and OFX (kappa scores, k =0.8, 0.79 and 0.83 respectively). There was no isolate identified as KAN resistant by Anyplex. REMA, as a rapid phenotypic method, is suggested for detecting drug-resistant TB isolates that have not been detected by the Anyplex method.

      Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR, Resazurin microtiter assay

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  • Waleed Mohamed Abdulkhair

    (1)
    1. IMPROVING THE CHITINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEORUBENS E44G BY MUTAGENESIS [MB]

      Abstract: Genetic improvement trials of the chitinolytic activity of Streptomyces griseorubens E44G were made by using physical, chemical and site-directed mutagenesis. Although the UV radiation, as a physical mutagen, was shed on the tested bacteria for different durations (5, 10, and 15 min), no change in the chitinolytic activity was observed when compared with the wild type. To induce the chemical mutagenesis, S. griseorubens E44G was treated with ethylmethane sulfonate for varied durations (20, 40, and 60 min). The chitinolytic activity decreased with the increment in the exposure period. Four different sets of primers were designed based on the DNA sequence of the wild type of S. griseorubens E44G.Overexpressionof chitinase-encoding genes was observed as three of the amplified mutated genes comparing with the wild-type gene. The chitinolytic activity of the recombinant gene P2 increased by 1.39-fold comparing with the wild-type gene. The molecular weight of the chitinase protein produced by the mutated gene was determined by SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the recombinant gene of S. griseorubens E44G possess a higher level of chitinolytic activity than that of the wild-type. Genetic improvement of the chitinolytic activity of S. griseorubens E44G may enhance their biocontrol potential against phytopathogenic fungi.

      Keywords: Antifungal agents; chemical mutagenesis; physical mutagenesis; site-directed mutagenesis

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  • Norhani Abdullah

    (1)
    1. IMPROVEMENT OF PHYTASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY NEW BACTERIAL ISOLATE, PediococcuspentosaceusC4/1A VIA CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION [MB]

      Abstract: Phytase producer was selected from five different lactic acid bacteria isolates obtained from the animal faeces sources from laboratory culture collection. From the five isolates, C4/1A showed the highest phytase activity (21.25 U/mL) as compared to others and was identified as PediococcuspentosaceusC4/1A by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Optimization of medium formulation and culture conditions was conducted by a conventional method (one-factor-at-one-time) using response surface methodology(RSM). Effects of four parameters were studied on the bacterial growth, reducing sugar and phytase productions. The phytase biosynthesis increased from 21.2 U/mL to 42.3 U/mL using the optimized medium formulation and culture conditions. The RSM suggested that yeast extract, glucose, sodium phytate and inoculum size significantly improved by 99.2% production of phytase. Continuous cultivation was carried out at dilution rate ranging from 0.1 h-1 to 0.4 h-1 and the steady-state of P. pentosaceusC4/1A was achieved after five generations and three residence times. The cultivation was carried out for 48 h and the highest productivity of phytase and cell concentration was obtained at dilution rate 0.3 h-1 which resulted in 8.65 U/mL/h and 0.894 g/L/h, respectively. Throughout the cultivation process, production of phytase was improved by 89.3% from shake-flask experiment to 2L bioreactor.

      Keywords: lactic acid bacteria, optimization, response surface methodology, bioreactor, high productivity

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  • Abdullah-Al-Mahin

    (1)
    1. BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]

      Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.

      Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed

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  • Nodira G. Abdullajanova

    (1)
    1. INFLUENCE OF NEW POLYPHENOL COMPOUND FROM EUPHORBIA PLANT ON MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION [BT]

      Abstract: In this article we investigate influence of new polyphenol compound 1-О-galloyl-6-О-bisgalloyl-2,4-valenoyl-β-D-glucose, extracted from Euphorbia Himufuza (Wild.) plant, on functional parameters of mitochondria. It was shown that above mentioned new polyphenol compound has a positive effect to some functional parameters of mitochondria. For example, this compound inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, activates ATP-dependant potassium channel and has high antioxidant/antiradical activity. Improving of functional characteristics of mitochondria by polyphenol compounds, served as the basis for the hypothesis of a possible antihypoxic effect of 1-О-galloyl-6-О-bisgalloyl-2,4-valenoyl-β-D-glucose due to its low toxicity.

      Keywords: mitochondria, mPTP, mitoKATP, antioxidant activity, polyphenol compounds, hypoxia

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  • Amal Osman Abdullatif

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF EACH OF L-AMINO OXIDASE- AND L-ASCORBIC ACID-INACTIVATED HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MICE AS POTENTIAL VACCINE CANDIDATES [BT]

      Abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Formaldehyde is the currently used inactivating agent in HAV vaccine processing despite of its adverse effects. The current study aimed to evaluate both L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) as alternative inactivants for HAV and the immunogenicity of inactivated HAV in mice. Vero cell line was used for cultivation of HAV. The cytotoxicity of LAO and LAA on Vero cells was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The immunogenicity of each LAO- and LAA-inactivated HAV was examined in parallel with reference HAV vaccine in mice. Humoral (total IgG) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-5) were evaluated in mice sera using ELISA. Both LAO and LAA could efficiently inactivate HAV within 30 and 36 hrs post treatment, respectively, at concentrations of 0.4 µgm/ml of LAO and 1.5 mg/ml of LAA. Inactivated vaccines were immunogenic to mice on both the humoral and cellular levels. LAO prepared vaccines showed a more promising immune reactivity than LAA prepared ones and alum-adsorbed vaccines were more immunogenic than non-adjuvanted ones. In conclusion, data recorded suggest that both LAO and LAA can be used as inactivating agents for HAV grown in cell culture. LAA- and LAO-inactivated HAV can be potential vaccines as they provide effective humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to that of the reference vaccine. The stability of test vaccines is recommended to be traced at different thermal conditions, in addition to different stabilizers and different pharmaceutical formulations must be tested trying to produce a lyophilized formula for long-term stability.

      Keywords: Hepatitis A, vaccine, virus inactivation, L-amino oxidase, L-ascorbic acid, alum

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  • Gulbakhor T. Abdullayeva

    (1)
    1. THE EFFECTS OF ISOLATED FRACTIONS OF RED PEPPER CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION [BT]

      Abstract: Fruit proteins, seed proteins and capsaicinoids fractions were isolated from red pepper of Capsicum annum L. plants family and their effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and lipid peroxidation of rat liver were studied in vitro. Seed proteins did not influence to MPTP; however fruit proteins caused MPTP to open and led to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Opening of the MPTP causes massive swelling of mitochondria; capsaicinoids fractions inhibited the swelling process of mitochondria and caused the closed state of the MPTP. Fruits and seeds protein fractions from red pepper did not reduce the effect of Fe2+/ascorbate-induced mitochondrial swelling and had no effect on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the membranes of mitochondria. Capsaicinoid fraction had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the Fe2+/ascorbate-dependent swelling of mitochondria and of lipid peroxidation. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the swelling of mitochondria fraction was 2 µg/ml. Сapsaicinoids fraction prevented the effect of Fe2+/ascorbate on mitochondria and reduced the accumulation of MDA in membrane. Complete inhibition of lipid peroxidation was shown at a 50 µg/ml capsaicinoids concentration. Capsaicinoids, reducing the membrane destructive effects of Fe2+/ascorbate, had antioxidant properties and a protective effect on mitochondria. The obtained results showed the presence of different compounds in red pepper differently affecting MPTP and lipid peroxidation.

      Keywords: Red pepper, proteins, capsaicinoid, mitochondria, MPTP, lipid peroxidation

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  • Jasmin Kaippilliparambil Abdulsamad

    (1)
    1. COST EFFECTIVE CULTIVATION AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF GREEN MICROALGA DESMODESMUS SUBSPICATUS MB. 23 IN NPK FERTILIZER MEDIUM [MB]

      Abstract: Microalgal biomass has emerged as a promising alternative to replace plant-based biofuel feedstock due to its higher lipid productivity. But cultivation of microalgae in expensive analytical grade culture media is a major obstacle in feasible algal biofuel production. Hence the present investigation was carried out to find an alternative, low-cost culture medium for the increased biomass yield and biochemical production of microalga, Desmodesmus subspicatus MB. 23. The strain was cultivated in different concentrations of 19: 19: 19 NPK media and checked for the algal biomass production and biochemical accumulation. Maximum algal cell density (5290 ×104 cells/ ml), biomass yield and productivity (2.72 g/L, 60.87 mg/L/d) was attained in 2 g/ L NPK fertilizer medium, whereas 1g/L medium exhibited increased chlorophyll production (chl-a, 4.7 mg/g d wt, chl-b 1.7 mg/g d wt). High level of carotenoid accumulation (4.6 mg/g d wt) as well as lipid accumulation (29.5%) was found in 0.5g/L fertilizer media and Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of the strain showed abundant production of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Findings of the current study proved that, lower concentration of 19:19:19 NPK fertilizer can be used for the enhanced production of green microalgae. Other than cost effective biofuel production, NPK fertilizer grown D. subspicatus can also be used for the production of a wide range of metabolites such as food and feed additives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

      Keywords: Biofuel, Biomass production, Desmodesmus subspicatus, Carotenoids, NPK fertilizer

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  • Suleiman Abdurashytov

    (1)
    1. ASSOCIATIVE TO TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. BACTERIA AS A SOURCE OF STRAINS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE [MB]

      Abstract: Associative microorganisms live in the zone of direct influence of plants namely in the soil, which is in close contact with the roots. They form complex communities on the roots of plants in terms of taxonomic composition and structural and functional o8rganization, which have polyfunctional effect on plants. Rhizosphere biotechnologies with the use of associative bacteria to a specific plant species allow increasing their productivity and quality, which contributes to the stability of agroecosystems. Therefore, the main goal of the current study was to isolate associative to Triticum aestivum L. bacteria from the southern chernozem (Haplic Chernozems), which was sampled in the steppe zone of the Crimea. The methodical approach was used to select associative microorganisms for a specific plant species. The number of microorganisms of the main ecological-trophic groups for three varieties T. aestivum were determined. The maximum number of rhizosphere microorganisms was identified for the Ermak variety, as well as the number of morphotypes isolated from the apical part of the root. As a result of the research, six strains of associative bacteria were obtained. They increased the seed quality of the studied varieties by 5% and the biomass of the seedlings by 80%. Identification by the 16S rRNA gene showed their belonging to different bacterial genera. Thus, the quantitative composition of the chernozem southern of the rhizosphere of three varieties of T. aestivum was determined. Five strains of associative bacteria promising for further biotechnology of the agrocenosis rhizosphere were isolated.

      Keywords: associative bacteria, rhizosphere, Triticum aestivum L.

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  • Elvina Abdurashytova

    (1)
    1. ASSOCIATIVE TO TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. BACTERIA AS A SOURCE OF STRAINS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THE RHIZOSPHERE [MB]

      Abstract: Associative microorganisms live in the zone of direct influence of plants namely in the soil, which is in close contact with the roots. They form complex communities on the roots of plants in terms of taxonomic composition and structural and functional o8rganization, which have polyfunctional effect on plants. Rhizosphere biotechnologies with the use of associative bacteria to a specific plant species allow increasing their productivity and quality, which contributes to the stability of agroecosystems. Therefore, the main goal of the current study was to isolate associative to Triticum aestivum L. bacteria from the southern chernozem (Haplic Chernozems), which was sampled in the steppe zone of the Crimea. The methodical approach was used to select associative microorganisms for a specific plant species. The number of microorganisms of the main ecological-trophic groups for three varieties T. aestivum were determined. The maximum number of rhizosphere microorganisms was identified for the Ermak variety, as well as the number of morphotypes isolated from the apical part of the root. As a result of the research, six strains of associative bacteria were obtained. They increased the seed quality of the studied varieties by 5% and the biomass of the seedlings by 80%. Identification by the 16S rRNA gene showed their belonging to different bacterial genera. Thus, the quantitative composition of the chernozem southern of the rhizosphere of three varieties of T. aestivum was determined. Five strains of associative bacteria promising for further biotechnology of the agrocenosis rhizosphere were isolated.

      Keywords: associative bacteria, rhizosphere, Triticum aestivum L.

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  • N. Abe

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS METHYLOTROPHICUS-SCS2012 ISOLATED FROM SOIL [MB]

      Abstract: The strain Bacillus methylotrophycus-SCS2012 (Bacillus sp. SCS2012) identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was isolated from soil. Ethyl acetate extract of B. methylotrophycus-SCS2012 showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The crude metabolite extracted from B. methylotrophycus-SCS2012 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus agalactae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae with the zone of inhibition range 28.33 to 32.16 mm at 100μg/disc. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against Streptococcus agalactae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae was found to be 156, 156, 312, 312 and 625µg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate extract also exhibited cytotoxic effects on brine shrimp lethality bioassay with LC50 value of 10.78 g/ml. Thus the ethyl acetate extract of Bacillus methylotrophycus-SCS2012 has broad spectrum activity with moderate cytotoxicity.

      Keywords: Bacillus methylotrophycus-SCS2012, antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration, cytotoxicity

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  • Ali Hussein Abed-Al-Kareem

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FORTIFIED WHEAT FLOUR WITH SYNTHETIC FENAEDTA COMPLEX [FS]

      Abstract: This study includes fortification of two type of flour 70 and 80 % extraction with two sources of non-haem iron sodium iron EDTA (FeNaEDTA) which was synthesis in laboratory and ferrous sulfate in level of 30 mg iron/kg flour. The synthesis FeNaEDTA has been identified in several methods, infra red spectrophotometry, C.H.N analyzer and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP- OES). NaFeEDTA is the only non-haem source that has good bioavailability as it is relatively independent of flour composition and withstands the inhibitory effects of phytates.
      Chemical analysis of the two type of the flour before and after fortification with FeNaEDTA was done (moisture, ash , protein , fat and wet gluten)% and the amount of iron as mg/100g.The falling number was not affected by the above fortificants.The values of falling Number of 70% extraction for non-fortified and fortified flour by FeNaEDTA and ferrous sulfate were ( 425,426,427) second respectively, while for 80% extracted flour were (445,446,448) second respectively.
      The color test showed an increasing of color degree upon fortified by iron sulfate and decreasing of upon fortified by FeNaEDTA in both type of flour.

      Keywords: Fortified Flour, FeNaEDTA

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  • Abeer

    (1)
    1. Comparative evaluation of Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR and resazurin microtiter assay for detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [MB]

      Abstract: Drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) is a persistent threat and presents the main challenge for TB control programs. Rapid diagnosis is essential for controlling drug-resistant cases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of multiplex real-time PCR assay using Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR (Anyplex) kit to detect DR-TB and its concordance with Resazurin microtiter assay (REMA). The susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ofloxacin (OFX), and kanamycin (KAN), was evaluated by using REMA and Anyplex kit with 32 drug-resistant TB and 18 susceptible strains. Proportion method was used as gold standard. All susceptible strains were susceptible to REMA and Anyplex methods. Anyplex and REMA identified 75% and 85% of the multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB isolates, respectively. The sensitivity of the REMA assay as compared to PM was 96.4 %, 90.9%, 85.7%, and 100%, respectively, for INH, RIF, OFX, and KAN, whereas the sensitivity of Anyplex was78.5 %, 77.2%, and 85.7% for INH, RIF, and OFX, respectively. The agreement between Anyplex and REMA was relative to INH, RIF, and OFX (kappa scores, k =0.8, 0.79 and 0.83 respectively). There was no isolate identified as KAN resistant by Anyplex. REMA, as a rapid phenotypic method, is suggested for detecting drug-resistant TB isolates that have not been detected by the Anyplex method.

      Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR, Resazurin microtiter assay

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  • AbhinobBaruah

    (1)
    1. PROBIOTICS AND MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS [MB]

      Abstract: Studies on gut microbiota have revealed surprisingly diverse effects on human immune system and the disturbances in composition of the commensal microorganisms have shown to increase the incidence of diseases. The microorganisms from these metabolites are helpful in the regulation in the host system. This present review focuses on the intricate mechanisms of immune modulation by probiotic microorganisms and the pathways. Gut microbiome is an important modulator of brain functions as well as behaviour. This review specifically deals with the analysis of microbiota of gut in autism spectrum disorders. They are a group of neurological illness which causes difficulty in social behaviour and communication.

      Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Probiotics, Microbiome, Gut Brain Axis

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  • Ganiyat T. Abidoye

    (1)
    1. BIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIOCINS FROM SOME Lactobacillus species ISOLATED FROM FOODS [MB]

      Abstract: Lactobacillus species isolated from ogi, kunnu, yoghurt and palm-wine were found to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocins had broad spectra of antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The effects of the bacteriocins on Escherichia coli infections in rats were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with E. coli and treated with 1280 AU/ml of the bacteriocins from L. plantarum MO21, L. plantarum MP12, L. casei MK21, L. casei MO11, L. brevis MK11 and L. buchneri MY21. Escherichia coli infection caused upregulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, globulin, cholesterol, bilirubin and glucose levels in sera of the infected rats which were down-regulated in the bacteriocin treated rats. Gastric and GIT damage caused by E. coli infection were reduced in the bacteriocin-treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that these bacteriocins may have useful biomedical applications.

      Keywords: Lactobacillus species; bacteriocin; gastric tissue; total protein and globulin

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  • Bibigul Abilmazhinova

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PRE-TREATED ADUWA (BALANITES AEQYPTIACA) SEED MEAL FOUR [FS]

      Abstract: Effects of pretreatments on the phytochemical properties of Balanites aeqyptiaca seed meal were investigated. Balanites aegyptiaca, belongs to the family Balaniteceae, that grows in tropical zones and is employed as animal forage. Its leaves are cooked and the seeds contains high quality oil and protein content. In this experiment, Balanites aeqyptiaca seeds were subjected to three treatments: First was toasting just before milling, oil extraction and finally meal cake production. Second was boiling, drying, toasting, milling, oil extracting and finally meal cake production. The third one was soaking overnight at ambient temperature, toasting, oil extraction and ultimately production of meal cake. In addition, raw seeds were marked as control. The main constituents were reported as 13.3-24.01% for water, 14.4-24% for lipid, 1.43-4.02% for crude fiber, 7.36-8.97% for moisture content and 43.79-52.50 % for carbohydrates. Further experiments also were performed to evaluate photo-chemicals like saponnins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins in pre-treated samples. These compounds were ranged between 5.81-8.63 mg/g in saponnins, 0.65-1.42 mg/g in alkaloids, 9.28-11.17 mg/g in flavonoids, 2.00-4.00 mg/g in phenols and 0.00-2.40 mg/g in tannins. To characterize deeply the pre-treated samples, some of the functional properties like bulk density, least gelation capacity, oil and water absorption were also examined. The results indicated that foaming capacity ranged between 16.06-67.3 %, bulk density value ranged from 60-75 g/ml, Least gelation capacity was 11.03-12.74 g/ml, oil absorption and water absorption capacity values ranged between 0.00-0.01g/ml and 0.08-0.26g/ml respectively.

      Keywords: Balanites aeqyptiaca, Pretreatments, phytochemical, Functional properties

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  • Olufunmilola Adunni Abiodun

    (2)
    1. INFLUENCE OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF SUGAR WITH SERENDIPITY BERRY (DIOSCOREOPHYLLUM CUMMINSII) EXTRACT ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND SHELF-LIFE OF WHEAT BREAD [FS]

      Abstract: Serendipity berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii) contains a protein sweetener termed monellin which could be substituted for sugar in foods for diabetics and dieters. Therefore, effects of partial substitution of sugar with serendipity berry extract on quality of white wheat bread were investigated. The pasting properties of wheat flour treated with mixtures of 5 % sugar solution and serendipity berry extract (100:0 control, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60) were investigated. Wheat flour were blended with other ingredients and mixtures of 5 % sugar solution and serendipity berry extract to form dough which were allowed to rise prior to baking. Chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the breads were evaluated. Pasting temperature, peak, final and setback viscosities of the control (sugar solution treated-flour) and serendipity extract treated flour were significantly (p˂0.05) different. Moisture, ash, protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents of the breads ranged from 11.93–15.22 %, 0.75–3.06 %, 11.67–14.13 %, 4.29–9.06 %, 1.24–2.50 % and 55.01–68.14 %, respectively. Although the bacterial (0.0–61 ×103 cfu/g) and fungal (2.0–76.0 ×103 cfu/g) counts of the breads increased throughout the 5 days storage period, the serendipity berry extract exerted antimicrobial activities in the treated breads. The proximate, except carbohydrate, of the breads increased while the bacterial and fungal counts decreased with increase in concentration of the serendipity extract. The 60 % serendipity extract treated-bread (mean sensory scores ≥ 8.0) compared favourably with the control (sugar solution treated-bread). This study revealed that 60 % serendipity berry extract could be substituted for sugar for production of high quality bread with extended shelf life.

      Keywords: Bread, Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, Preservation, Quality attributes, Substitution, Wheat flour, Sweetener

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    2. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BLENDS OF PINEAPPLE-CARROT WINE [FS]

      Abstract: Study was conducted to develop non-alcoholic wine using pineapple (Ananas comosus) and carrot (Daucus carota) blend. Red grape wine was used as the control.Pineapple and carrot blends were mixed in varied in proportions. Physicochemical and sensory analyses were done on all the wine samples during primary fermentation and after aging for thirty days. Results of physicochemical analyses revealed that pH ranged from 3.80 to 3.20 while temperature was between 28 oC and 27 oC, total dissolved solids ranged between 0.13 to 0.15 % and sugar content (oBrix) varied significantly from 11.00 to 13.35. The specific gravity was between 1.04 and 1.07 while titratable acidity ranged from of 0.28 to 0.76 % and that of alcohol content was from 0.05-1.10 %. Vitamin C content varied significantly from 257.00 to 44.00 μg/ml. Samples were subjected to sensory evaluation and there was a significant difference in colour, clarity, sweetness, aroma, astringency and overall acceptability. From the quality assessment sample with 40% carrot and 60% pineapple juice was the most preferred sample by the panelist. Thus, non-alcoholic wine can be successfully produced from pineapple and carrot.

      Keywords: pineapple, carrot, non-alcoholic wine, physicochemical, sensory

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  • Sumbo Henrietta Abiose

    (3)
    1. GARLIC-GINGER AS POTENTIAL BIO-PRESERVATIVE IN FERMENTED MAIZE AND SORGHUM PASTES [FS]

      Abstract: Garlic and ginger are natural spices with potentials as biopreservatives and allied health benefits. Fermented pastes either from maize or sorghum have a shelf life of fewer than 10 days except when refrigerated. In this study, garlic and ginger were added separately and in combinations to the fermented pastes prepared from maize and sorghum grains with a view to extending its shelf life resulted in 7 treatments. During storage for 4 weeks at ambient and refrigeration temperatures, the microbial load was enumerated and isolates identified using conventional methods. Physicochemical properties and shelf-life of the paste were also evaluated. Prominent in the fermented pastes during storage were 8 species of lactic acid bacteria and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces rouxii). Garlic inhibited the growth of Candida utilis, Candida mycoderma, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Rhodotorula glutinis in paste during storage. Bio-preserved paste using 4% garlic with 2% ginger had the best preservative effect on total viable counts (8.29-11.30 CFU/g), lactic acid bacteria (8.3-9.70 CFU/g) and yeast (4.69-9.45 CFU/g) counts. The study established that fermented pastes produced from either maize or sorghum can be effectively bio preserved using garlic, ginger, and garlic-ginger at 2 or 4 % for 4 weeks without spoilage at ambient temperature (27± 2oC); thus, extending its shelf life.

      Keywords: Fermented paste, Biopreservatives, Garlic, Ginger, Maize, Sorghum, Shelf life

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    2. EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF ACHA AND SOYBEAN ON ΑLPHA-AMYLASE ACTIVITY, SUGARS AND TOTAL FREE AMINO ACID DURING PRODUCTION OF MAIZE MASA [FS]

      Abstract: Food insecurity and malnutrition are the major problems facing developing countries. The aim of this research was to determine alpha-amylase activity, total reducing sugar, individual sugar and total sugar contents of masa at six hour interval during fermentation. In this study, different ratios of acha was substituted for maize in the production of soybean fortified masa to reduce its sugar content and increase the amino acid content. The result showed that α-amylase activity, total reducing sugar, total sugar and total free amino acid were within the range of 4.63 - 9.30 E.U., 13.66 - 37.58 mg glucose/g., 133.25 - 391.56 mg glucose/g and 3.92 - 12.99 mg glycine/g, respectively. Alpha-amylase activity and total reducing sugar increased with increase in maize and were highest in masa produced from 100 % maize. Sugars identified during fermentation of masa were glucose, galactose, maltose and raffinose. Substitution of maize with acha and soybean reduced the sugar contents and α-amylase activity of masa while total free amino acid increased with increase in fortification with soybean. Masa produced from 60% maize, 20% acha and 20% soybean had the highest free amino acid and lowest sugar content.

      Keywords: Fortification, α-amylase, sugar, free amino acid, masa, acha

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    3. DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA DURING FERMENTATION OF LIMABEAN INTO DADDAWA [MB]

      Abstract: The diversity and succession of bacteria during the natural fermentation of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) to produce daddawa (a fermented condiment) was studied using molecular method (16SrRNA gene analysis) with a view to develop a framework for production of daddawa of consistence quality with starter culture of Bacillus species. Lima bean was fermented for 72 h, during which isolation of bacteria and extraction of DNA were carried out. The extracted DNA of the bacterial isolates was tested for quality using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of the 16SrRNA gene analysis were matched with the existing similar sequences in data base. Twenty six (26) presumptive isolates of Bacillus obtained at 24 h interval during the natural fermentation process were identified. The result of the ratio of absorbances of the extracted DNA at 260 and 280 nm showed that 73% of the isolates had pure DNA while the result of the gel electrophoresis showed well defined bands of the amplicons for the isolates. The BLAST result identified the isolates as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. cereus and B. anthrasis with B. subtilis been the most predominant. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis and B. pumilus occurred through-out the fermentation process. The study established the identity of the important Bacillus species involved in fermentation of lima bean into daddawa using molecular technique. These major Bacillus species could further be tested and developed as potential starters for improved production of daddawa from lima bean.

      Keywords: Limabean, daddawa, Fermentation, Bacillus, 16SrRNA gene analysis

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  • Olabisi Peter Abioye

    (1)
    1. BIOREMEDIATION OF DIESEL CONTAMINATED SOIL USING BACTERIAL COCKTAIL AND ORGANIC NUTRIENTS [MB]

      Abstract: Bioremediation is a process of contaminant degradation in the environment using microorganisms. Bioremediation of diesel contaminated soil was studied using bacterial cocktail and organic nutrients from cow dung and poultry droppings at interval of 21 days for a total period of 84 days. Two hundred grams (200g) of soil were weighed into clay pots polluted with 10% (w/w) diesel oil and left undisturbed for 48 hours in an open field. After 48 hours, the clay pots were inoculated with bacterial cocktail (two bacteria isolates from diesel contaminated soil), 10% (w/w) of cow dung (CD), 10% (w/w) of poultry droppings (PD) and 5% (w/w) of sodium azide (NaN3). The two bacterial isolates were identified as Micrococcus luteus trpE16 and Bacillus subtilis DNK UT 02 after screening for hydrocarbon utilization using standard methods. The counts of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (THB) in the amended soil ranged from 20.2×107 and 63.5×107 cfu/g while unamended soil had the least count of THB ranging between 8.4×107 and 19.0× 107 cfu/g. Soil bioremediated with bacterial cocktail (BC) + 10% (CD+PD) recorded highest total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation of 48.76%, 56.32%, 72.89% and 96.80% at the end of days 21, 42, 63 and 84 respectively while autoclaved soil with 5% NaN3 recorded the least (10.03%, 13.38%, 14.02% and 18.42%) respectively. First order kinetic model showed that soil bioremediated with BC with 10% (CD+PD) recorded highest biodegradation rate constant of 0.2096 day-1 and half-life of 3.31 days. Statistical analysis indicated that the results obtained were significantly (P < 0.05) different during the 84 days of this study. Amendment of diesel contaminated soil with bacterial cocktail and organic wastes caused changes in the soil physiochemical properties and accelerated the rate of biodegradation in the soil. However, poultry droppings and cow dung can serve as a potential and viable biostimulant for enhanced biodegradation of diesel in soil.

      Keywords: Bioremediation, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, organic compound

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  • Fatma M. Abo-El-Hasan

    (1)
    1. AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM Mill.) USING A SYNTHETIC Cry1Ab GENE FOR ENHANCED RESISTANCE AGAINST TUTA ABSOLUTA (Meyrick) [MB]

      Abstract: The effect of different plant hormones on in vitro regeneration of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) two cultivars Castle Rock and Super strain B, obtained from hypocotyls and cotyledons of cultured in vitro seedlings was examined. The optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators were the MS medium containing 3 mg L-1 of zeatin and 0.1 mg L-1 of NAA of cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of Super strain B cultivar. While, the best regeneration medium was the MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 ZEA, 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 0.1 mg L-1 IAA of cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of Castle Rock cultivar. Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation system has been expanded of tomato cultivar Super strain B. Transformation efficiency of hypocotyl explants was studied with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 harboring binary vector pICBV19, containing gus and bar genes. Transformed tomato shoots were obtained from hypocotyls explants on MS medium contained with 3 mg L-1 ZEA and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA. The gene expression of gus and bar genes was tested in the putatively transformed tomato plantlets through GUS histochemical and leaf painting assays. The plasmid pBI121 containing an insect resistance gene (cry1Ab) and kanamycin gene (nptII) as a plant selectable marker were introduced into these explants. Putatively transformed plantlets were examined by PCR and southern blot analysis. The expression of cry1Ab gene was tested through insect bioassay. For insect bioassay, experiments were conducted to determine the mortality percentage of Cry1Ab toxin protein against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). The results indicated that Cry1Ab toxin protein expressed in transformed tomato plants showed 100% instars larval mortality was obtained after feeding for 4–5 days.

      Keywords: Transformation, transgenic, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cry1Ab gene, insect bioassay

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  • Amal Abo-Kamar

    (2)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PARTIALLY PURIFIED PLANTARCIN SR18 PRODUCED BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM SR18 [MB]

      Abstract: The bacteriocin bound to the cells and that secreted into the culture filtrate of Lactobacillus plantarum SR18 were precipitated by 75% ammomium sulphate, dialysed and further purified by Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Bacteriocins were purified from proteins bound to the cell of L. plantarum SR18 (plantarcin SR18 a) and culture filtrate proteins (plantarcin SR18 b), respectively. The SDS-PAGE of partially purified Plantarcin SR18a showed a molecular weight of 3.5 KDa. While, plantarcin SR18 b had a molecular weight of 10.3 KDa. The antibacterial activity of the tested plantarcin SR18 preparations suffered no measurable loss after 45 min at 80ºC. Whereas, At 100ºC, significant decrease in the activity of bacteriocin preparations (60- 80 %) took place by the end of 45 min. At pH ranged from 5-8, the activity of the plantarcin SR18 preparations suffered no measurable loss. Dissociating agents significantly affected the bacteriocin activity. Thus, tween 80 and mercaptoethanol increased the activity of bacteriocin preparations to 1.2-1.4 fold. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) increased the activity of the tested bacteriocin preparations by about 20%.The lowest residual activity (60%) was recorded after treatment with Triton X100 for 45 min. Protease completely inhibited the activities of all forms of plantarcin SR18 after 45 min at 37ºC.

      Keywords: Plantarcin, molecular weight, stability, dissociating agents, protease

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    2. PRODUCTION OF PLANTARCIN BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM SR18 [MB]

      Abstract: Out of 86 lactobacilli previously screened in our laboratory, Lactobacillus plantarum SR18 isolated from yoghurt revealed the largest detected inhibition zone against the selected indicator Streptococcus salivarius 5. The obtained electrophoretic patterns revealed that L. plantarum SR18 was free from plasmids. Exposure of 6 h growing L. plantarum culture to T-8M, 3B ultraviolet B lamp (8w, 220v & 312 nm) for 2 h and subsequent growth for further 24 h resulted in an increase of cell-bound bacteriocin titer reached 2 fold at 12 h. Whereas bacteriocin secreted in the culture filtrate was not affected by UV irradiation. Plantarcin SR18 production was maximal (12800 AU/ml) between 12 and 18 h by incubation of the culture at 37°C and pH 5-7 in candle jar (CO2). The bacteriocin bound to the cells and that secreted into the culture filtrate of L. plantarum SR18 were precipitated by 75% ammomium sulphate, dialysed and further purified by Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The specific activities (AU/mg protein) were increased by a factor of about 5.3 and 2.35 for plantarcins purified from proteins bound to the cell of L. plantarum SR18 (plantarcin SR18 a) and that secreted into the culture filtrate (plantarcin SR18 b), respectively. Gel filtration of plantarcin SR18a resulted in moderate antibacterial activity (3200 AU/ml) and very high activity (25600 AU/ml) of plantarcin SR18b.

      Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacteriocin, plasmid, UV induction

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  • Said K. Abolghait

    (1)
    1. MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF Enterococcus spp. ISOLATED ON ENTEROCOCCUS SELECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL (ESD) MEDIA FROM MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND SEAFOOD IN LIBYA [MB]

      Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Enterococcus spp. in meat, meat products and seafood. A hundred and four samples were randomly collected from different geographic localities in Libya. The samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for enumeration and isolation of Enterococcus spp. by conventional cultural and molecular identification using PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA techniques. Out of 104 samples, 73 (70.2%) isolates were found to be enterococci based on their cultural characteristics on ESD medium. However, out of 36 samples subjected to molecular identification, only six isolates were confirmed to be Enterococcus spp. using PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA technique. All enterococci strains tested for their antibiotic sensitivity profiles showed high percentage of multi-resistance phenotype. These results can be used for further studies on enterococci as an emerging food borne pathogen and its role in human infection in Libya and would suggest that meat, meat products and seafood might play a role in the spreading of enterococci through the food chain with antimicrobial resistance characteristics.

      Keywords: 16S rDNA, antibiogram, enterococci, food, Libya

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  • Khaled Mohamed Aboshanab

    (1)
    1. COST-EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF THE BIO-PLASTIC POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRATE USING ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATE P39 [BT]

      Abstract: Being biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) drew the attention of scientists to substitute synthetic plastics in our daily lives. However, its industrial production is hampered by its high cost. In this study, an extensive screening program was done to isolate bacteria with high PHB productivity from agricultural fields and develop a cost-effective PHB production. A promising bacterial isolate Acinetobacter baumannii P39 was recovered and identified using 16S ribosomal gene sequencing. It produced 24% PHB per dry weight after 48 h. Several experiments were conducted to optimize the composition of the culture medium and environmental factors for the selected isolate. Results revealed that 60% aeration, 28°C incubation temperature and initial pH 7.5 showed the highest productivity. Besides, 0.7% corn oil and 0.1 g/L peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Substituting glucose with corn oil led to a 23% reduction in total input cost and an estimate price for 1kg PHB is 20.5 L.E. Strain improvement by UV mutation succeeded in improving PHB production by two fold in the selected mutant P39M2. Finally, this study valorizes usage of Acinetobacter isolate in PHB production in addition to solving the critical problem of high cost of production.

      Keywords: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate- bioplastic- Acinetobacter baumannii, biodegradable- biocompatible

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  • Hamada Abou-Bakr

    (1)
    1. OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR TANNASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER VAN TIEGHEM USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY [MB]

      Abstract: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the production of tannase by a newly isolate of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem using rotatable central composite design (RCCD). This statistical optimization process was carried out involving four of quantitative growth parameters (variables), namely tannic acid concentration, nitrogen source concentration, initial pH of the medium and inoculum size. A mathematical model expressing the production process of tannase by submerged fermentation (SmF) technique was generated statistically in the form of a second order polynomial equation. The model indicated the presence of significant linear, quadratic and interaction effects of the studied variables on tannase production by the fungal isolate. The results showed maximum tannase production (580 U/50 ml medium) at 2% tannic acid, 4 g/l sodium nitrate, pH 4 and inoculum size of 5×107 spores/50 ml medium, which was also verified by experimental data.

      Keywords: Tannase optimization, response surface methodology, rotatable central composite design, Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem, fungal tannin acyl hydrolase

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  • M. I. Abou-Dobara

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO BIOSYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF BIOLOGICALLY REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE/AG NANOCOMPOSITE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE [MB]

      Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious problems that continues to challenge the public health threats and agriculture sectors. The study highlighted one-step method for reduced graphene oxide/Ag nanocomposite (rGO/AgNC) biosynthesis using the supernatant of Escherichia coli D8 (MF062579) strain at room temperature and sunlight. The rGO/AgNC was characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed those the rGO-annealed AgNPs showed absorption peak at 430 nm and have been obtained with an average particle size of 8-17±9.1 nm. The MIC value of rGO/AgNC (6.25 μg/mL) showed in vitro antimicrobial inhibition against pathogenic bacterial strains such as Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli ATCC25922; 79%, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC33495; 87%) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923; 91% and Bacillus cereus ATCC6633; 53%) as well as Candida albicans ATCC10231; 60% as pathogenic yeast.

      Keywords: Reduced graphene oxide, silver, nanocomposite, biosynthesis, antimicrobial resistance

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  • Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara

    (1)
    1. EXTRACELLULAR BIOSYNTHESIS, OPTIMIZATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF ESCHERICHIA COLI D8 SILVER NANOPARTICLES [MB]

      Abstract: This study highlights the optimization of extracellular biosynthesis and antimicrobial efficiency of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the crude metabolite of Escherichia coli D8 (MF06257) strain. The bacterial strain had been isolated from a sewage water stream located in Damietta City, Egypt. The optimum conditions for AgNPs production were at temperature 35°C, pH 7 and 1.5mM silver nitrate. The AgNPs biosynthesis was detected in culture filtrate within 1-2 minutes at room temperature (25±2°C) and sunlight. The characterization of AgNPs was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy (maximum absorbance at 429 nm), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern (crystal planes were 110, 111, 200, 211, 220, and 311), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (AgNPs were spherical in shape ranging from 6 to 17 nm), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (the bands of symmetric and asymmetric amines were assigned at 3421.1 and 2962.13 cm-1, the stretching vibration band of aromatic and aliphatic (C-N) exist at 1392.35 and 1122.37 cm-1 bands), Zeta potential analyser (AgNPs had a negative charge value; -33.6 mV) and size distribution by volume (the presence of capping agent enveloping the AgNPs with a mean size of 136.0-294.3 nm). Nitrate reductase (NR) was assayed as an important partner in the optimized production (the rate of NR reached to 2.18 U/ml). The study demonstrated that AgNPs are potent inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was studied by TEM. TEM micrographs showed an inhibition of S. aureus cell multiplication. In case of F. oxysporum, a reduction in the size of treated cells, formation of a mucilage matrix connecting the hyphal cells together, the appearance of a big vacuole, lipid droplets an a severe leakage of cytoplasmic contents were detected. AgNPs exhibited MIC values of 6.25μg/ml and 50 μg/ml against S. aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. In addition, AgNPs showed synergy effects by their combination with fluconazole that increased fold areas especially against A. niger, A. flavus and F. oxysporum.

      Keywords: Escherichia coli, silver, nanoparticles, optimization, antimicrobial

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  • Akram Al Aboudi

    (1)
    1. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM CAMELS DIFFER IN COAGULASE PRODUCTION, GENOTYPE AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE GENE PROFILES [MB]

      Abstract: Accurate and rapid typing of S. aureus is crucial to the control of its infections and minimizing its leakage to the food chain. The primary purpose of this research was to isolate S. aureus from camels’ meat and nasal swabs and to characterize the isolates for coagulase production and the presence of methicillin gene using PCR-RFLP of coagulase gene. A total of 264 camel’s meat and nasal swabs were collected from abattoirs or meat markets and were used in the study. Ninety two percent of samples showed typical colonies of S. aureus on Baird-Parker agar with a mean count 2.5 × 104 ± 1.8 × 104 CFU g-1. Upon confirmation of the isolates using S. aureus specific thermonuclease gene (nuc) PCR primers, only 64 isolates contained the specific product and thus were confirmed as S. aureus. However, when tested for the presence of coagulase gene, only 48 of them were positive while the other 16 were coagulase negative. Coagulase gene-RFLP revealed 19 distinct patterns when the gene was digested with Alu I and Cfo I. The typing revealed that the 48 classified isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 14 genotypes at a 44.4% similarity level. When the coagulase positive isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance (mec A) gene, 37 of the isolates were positive while the other 11 isolates were negative. The high heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates might be due to cross contamination between camel carcasses in slaughter houses and from handlers and their utensils.

      Keywords: Coagulase gene, Staphylococcus aureus molecular typing camel, MRSA

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  • Abdou Karimou Aboudou

    (1)
    1. IMPACT OF BREAK IN COLD CHAIN ON THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITIES OF ATLANTIC MACKEREL (SCOMBER SCOMBRUS) AND HORSE MACKEREL (TRACHURUS TRACHURUS) IN SOUTH BENIN [FS]

      Abstract: Horse mackerel and Atlantic mackerel are species often imported and sold in Benin in frozen form. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the break in cold chain on the technological and organoleptic qualities of these fish in south Benin. Thus, it was carried out from June to December 2016 in the Department of Atlantic and Littoral. For the study, fish samples (120 Atlantic mackerel and 120 Horse mackerel) were taken for laboratory analyzes. It appears that the weight of the whole fish, the weight of the eviscerated fish and the weight of the remains were significantly higher for the breaks of 6 hours than for the breaks of 3 hours and 12 hours. The fillet weight of fish at 6 hours (140.4g) of cold break was significantly higher than that at 3 hours (112g) of cold break. No influence of break in cold chain was observed on the yield, fillet yield, water content and pH. Whatever the break duration, the different weights recorded were significantly higher in Horse mackerel than in Atlantic mackerel. The various weights recorded in Atlantic mackerel with 3 and 12 hours of break were higher than those recorded with 6 hours of break. The red index was higher for the 6 hours of break than for the 12 hours of break (P<0.05). The break duration had significantly influenced the freshness state of skin, eye, back muscle, abdominal wall, spine and organ color (P<0.001). The break in the cold chain alters the technological and organoleptic quality of fish.

      Keywords: Chain; break; cold; quality; processing; Technology

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  • Hasan Aboul-Atta

    (1)
    1. DETECTION OF MATERNAL COLONIZATION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS BY PCR TARGETING Cfb AND ScpB GENES [BT]

      Abstract: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Molecular based tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can detect GBS within hours and can be used intrapartum allowing for selective intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) in women carrying GBS. The aim of this work was to evaluate PCR as a rapid screening method for detection of maternal colonization of GBS compared to culture. Vaginal/rectal swabs were collected from 120 pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation and cultured on CNA medium. GBS was identified by gram staining and catalase, hippurate and CAMP tests and confirmed by latex agglutination for GBS antigens. PCR was done using two assays; one targeting the cfb gene and the other targeting the scpB gene. Results revealed thatGBS colonization was detected in 15%, 23.3% and 21.7% of pregnant women by culture, cfb PCR assay and scpB PCR assay respectively. cfb PCR assay showed 100% sensitivity and 90.2% specificity whereas scpB PCR assay showed 94.4% sensitivity and 91.2% specificity. PCR could detect GBS genome at a concentration of as low as 10-2 for cfb PCR and 10-3 for scpB PCR. In conclusion, PCR is a rapid, specific and sensitive tool for detection of maternal colonization of GBS. PCR assay targeting scpB gene is more sensitive than that targeting cfb gene.

      Keywords: Group B Streptococcus, polymerase chain reaction, pregnancy

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  • Houssam Abouloifa

    (2)
    1. TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM TRADITIONAL FERMENTING GREEN OLIVE [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate some technological properties and potential probiotic of 14 Lactobacillus strains isolated from brines of natural fermenting Moroccan Picholine green olive. The brine samples, collected from industrial environments, were analyzed for their Physico-chemical and microbiological properties. The Lactobacillus strains were characterized for their technological and physiological properties. The results obtained showed that the olive brines have an average pH of 4.32, an acidity of 0.61% and chloride contents of 6.42%. LAB and yeasts are the most dominant microorganisms in olive brine samples. The selected Lactobacillus (14 strains) showed low resistance to pH 2 and high resistance to bile salts (up to 2%), with values ranges from 1.98%-4.70% and 63.12%-86.48%, respectively. All the Lactobacillus strains displayed high levels of acidification and can produce β-glucosidase, protease, and cellulase in large amounts. The diacetyl production is detected in five Lactobacillus strains.

      Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus, Probiotic, Fermentation, Olives

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    2. IN VITRO BIODEGRADATION OF OLEUROPEIN BY LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM FSO175 IN STRESS CONDITIONS (pH, NaCl AND GLUCOSE) [MB]

      Abstract: The objective of this work is to study the oleuropein (OLP) biodegradation by a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum FSO175 under conditions (pH 4.5, NaCl 5% and glucose 1%), during 7 days of incubation at 30 °C, in modified MRS broth containing OLP as carbon source. The results obtained, by HPLC analyses, showed that the biodegradation of OLP by L. plantarum FSO175, is accompanied with increase of hydroxytyrosol (HT) content and acidity values. The yields of OLP degradation and HT accumulation are depending on carbon sources, stress conditions and time of incubation. So that, the drastic reduction in OLP biodegradation, obtained at pH 6.7 (trial B), decreased significantly (p <0.05) in presence of NaCl 5% (trial D) and with glucose 1% (trial C). Indeed, the OLP biodegradation rate was maximal at pH 4.5 (trial E) and was higher even with NaCl 5% (trial F). In contrast, in presence of combined stress conditions (glucose 1%, pH 4.5 and NaCl 5%: trial G), the biodegradation of OLP decreased significantly (p <0.05). The effectiveness of the strain L. plantarum FSO175 in OLP biodegradation leading to variable yields of HT production, revealed its promising perspectives as starter culture, under controlled stress conditions of pH 4.5 and NaCl 5%, allowing the production of green table olives rich of HT, the main antioxidant highly desired in foods.

      Keywords: Biodegradation, Hydroxytyrosol, L. plantarum, Oleuropein, Stress conditions

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  • Mohammad Mohammad Aboulwafa

    (1)
    1. COST-EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF THE BIO-PLASTIC POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRATE USING ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATE P39 [BT]

      Abstract: Being biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) drew the attention of scientists to substitute synthetic plastics in our daily lives. However, its industrial production is hampered by its high cost. In this study, an extensive screening program was done to isolate bacteria with high PHB productivity from agricultural fields and develop a cost-effective PHB production. A promising bacterial isolate Acinetobacter baumannii P39 was recovered and identified using 16S ribosomal gene sequencing. It produced 24% PHB per dry weight after 48 h. Several experiments were conducted to optimize the composition of the culture medium and environmental factors for the selected isolate. Results revealed that 60% aeration, 28°C incubation temperature and initial pH 7.5 showed the highest productivity. Besides, 0.7% corn oil and 0.1 g/L peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Substituting glucose with corn oil led to a 23% reduction in total input cost and an estimate price for 1kg PHB is 20.5 L.E. Strain improvement by UV mutation succeeded in improving PHB production by two fold in the selected mutant P39M2. Finally, this study valorizes usage of Acinetobacter isolate in PHB production in addition to solving the critical problem of high cost of production.

      Keywords: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate- bioplastic- Acinetobacter baumannii, biodegradable- biocompatible

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  • Amith Abraham

    (1)
    1. MICROBIAL CONSORTIA FORMULATION FOR THE EFFECTIVE BIODEGRADATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE, XYLENE AND PHENOL [MB]

      Abstract: Monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and phenol (BTXP) represent an important class of environmental contaminants because of their recognized toxicity to different organisms. Development of microbial consortia was attempted for the biodegradation of the mixture of these compounds. Alcaligenes sp d2, a phenol degrading microorganism reported earlier, was found to degrade all the compounds individually and also as a mixture. Three more novel bacterial isolates, Enterobacter aerogenes, Raoultella sp and Bacillus megaterium, were selected by soil enrichment technique and identified by 16S rDNA analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis4 based on Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean to infer the phylogeny across the data. The isolates could grow in Mineral Salt media supplemented individually with a maximum concentration of 1.36 mM Benzene, 1.09 mM Toluene, 0.923 mM Xylene and 1.22 mM Phenol as the sole carbon source. Degradation studies were conducted in 100 ml Mineral Salt media containing the mixture of all the four compounds. The ether extracted cell-free medium was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The primary formulation of the microbial consortia for the degradation of the mixture of BTXP was done using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data. This is the first report on the biodegradation potential of Bacillus megaterium SBS3on both phenol and benzene. Hence this strain can be considered as a novel isolate with immense degradation potential. The consortium of Alcaligenes sp d2, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus megaterium, and Raoultella sp formulated through this attempt could effectively degrade the mixture of BTXP and application of this consortium can result in the development of strategies for the bioremediation of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene and Phenol.

      Keywords: Biodegradation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Microbial consortium, Mineral Salt media

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  • Yuri de Jesus Lopes de Abreu

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION OF BACTERIOCIN EC2 AND ITS INTERFERENCE IN THE GROWTH OF SALMONELLA TYPHI IN A MILK MATRIX [MB]

      Abstract: Bacterial interference can occur through various mechanisms, including the production of peroxides, acids, ammonia, bacteriolytic enzymes or bacteriocins. The strain Escherichia coli EC2 produces the antimicrobial substance (AMS) EC2, able to inhibit different strains of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from food, as E. coli and Salmonella sp. The activity of AMS EC2 was lost after treatment with proteolytic enzymes, indicating the presence of an active proteinaceous compound, suggesting that it is a bacteriocin. The substance, renamed bacteriocin EC2, has its better production when the producer strain is grown on Casoy medium, at 37ºC and pH 6.0, without NaCl addition, but it is also able to be produced in milk. When co-cultivated in UHT milk with the producer strain E. coli EC2, the growth of the indicator strain Salmonella Typhi is totally inhibited within the first 4 hours of incubation, suggesting a potential application of bacteriocin EC2 in the control of Salmonella sp. e.g. in foods.

      Keywords: Escherichia coli EC2, bacteriocin EC2, Salmonella Typhi, bacterial interference, milk

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  • Ferial Mohamed Abu-Salem

    (1)
    1. ENCAPSULATION OF POMEGRANATE SEED OIL USING W/O/W NANO-EMULSION TECHNIQUE FOLLOWED BY SPRAY DRYING AND ITS APPLICATION IN JELLY FORM [FS]

      Abstract: Punicic acid, which is an ω-5 polyunsaturated fatty acid representing the main component of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) with pharmaceutical and food usages, is susceptible to oxidation. Also, its water insoluble properties allow only few fractions to be absorbed. Therefore, the protection of this oil as well as bioavailability and good abortion properties are the aim of our work. Formation of water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion from pomegranate seed oil followed by spray-drying resulted in its transformation to nano-encapsulated oil powder whose nano-capsules had a narrow size distribution and small diameters in addition to zeta potential of about −22.9 mV. Thus, the oil-loaded system was assumed to be stable. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement has confirmed the presence of surface pores which allow higher air permeability of powder, consequently a higher solubility and release was predicted. Addition of the obtained nano-encapsulated oil to jelly had a good sensory attribute and acceptability. In conclusion, pomegranate seed oil can be consumed as nano-capsules in jelly form with better water-soluble properties and it was predicted to have good absorption with expected great bioavailability.

      Keywords: pomegranate seed oil, punicic acid ω-5, W/O/W nano emulsion, encapsulated oil, jelly form

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  • Christian I. Abuajah

    (1)
    1. STEEP-LIQUOR TREATMENTS, GERMINATIVE ENERGY AND APPARENT DEGREE OF ATTENUATION OF THREE SORGHUM VARIETIES DURING MALTING AND BREWING [BT]

      Abstract: The influence of steep-liquor treated with hydrogen peroxide, indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid on the germinative energy and apparent degree of attenuation of three sorghum varieties (SKV8, SKV4 and ICSV400) during malting and brewing was studied using standard methods. Samples steeped in the treated steep-liquors had 3.22 to 7.00 % improved germinative energy, which were significantly (p<0.05) different, more than the controls. Worts of the treated samples also showed 37.43 to 40.3 % improved apparent degree of attenuation, which were significantly (p<0.05) different, more than the controls during the five-day fermentation period. The results were also significantly (p<0.05) different, from the controls. Steep-liquor treatments however, influenced both the GE and ADA of the three sorghum varieties significantly (P<0.05) different along varietal lines. Thus, variety KSV8 steeped in H2O2 had the highest GE of 99.0 ± 0.10% while variety ICSV400 steeped in GA3 had the lowest GE of 94.0 ± 0.16%. Similarly, wort samples from variety KSV8 steeped in H2O2 had the highest ADA of 70.0 ± 1.25% while those of KSV4 steeped in GA3 had the lowest ADA of 31.7 ± 0.53%.

      Keywords: Attenuation, brewing, fermentation, malting, modification, sorghum

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  • Ruth T. S. Ofongo – Abule

    (1)
    1. PERFORMANCE AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE GUT OF BROILER BIRDS AFTER ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION [MB]

      Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of feed additives (antibiotic or enzyme) on performance and bacteria population in the ileum of one day – old broiler chicks (ANAAC 2000) randomly distributed to three treatments having eight replicates and ten birds per replicate. Completely randomized design was used and experiment lasted for 35 days.
      Maize–soybean meal diet without antibiotic administration or enzyme supplementation served as control and was the same diet for all treatments. Antibiotic (Dicoxin plus ®) was administered to birds fed diet 2 and enzyme (Roxazyme G 2G ®) was supplemented to diet 3.Bacterial specific primers for rRNA gene sequences were used to amplify bacterial genes from samples and sequenced. Bacteria were identified from the gene sequences using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) against the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
      Enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.01) improved final Live body weight and weight gain compared to control or administration of antibiotic. The FCR was significantly enhanced (P<0.01) by enzyme and antibiotic supplementation. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Clostridia were identified in digesta sampled. Partial rRNA sequences identical to Clostridia were the lowest (1) in control and enzyme treatment. A value of 4 was recorded in antibiotic treatment. Lactobacillus acidophilus was numerically high in control (8) and enzyme treatment (5) compared to antibiotic administration (1). Partial rRNA sequences identical to Escherichia coli sequences was however high (48) in birds administered antibiotic compared to control (8) and enzyme treatment (9). Results indicated greater improvement in weight gain, FCR and Lactobacillus in broilers fed enzyme supplemented diet. Feed additives may affect the biodiversity of gut bacteria in poultry birds.

      Keywords: antibiotics, broilers, enzyme supplementation, molecular identification, performance

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  • Hussein H. Abulreesh

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. IN FOOD AND DAIRY PRODUCTS: A FOODSTUFF SAFETY ASSESSMENT [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of the current work was to study the diversity of Staphylococcus spp. in different types of food products that are available to consumers, to assess its safety from a public health standpoint. A total of twenty food samples (raw milk, white cheese, raw minced meat, beef salami and salted fish) were purchased from the markets. Detection of Staphylococci was performed by selective plating on mannitol salt agar and Staphylococcus medium 110. Identification of presumptive isolates was achieved by phenotypical traits; API Staph System and 16S rRNA sequencing. Raw milk was found to have more diverse species of coagulase-negative staphylococci as well as MRSA. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species detected in cheese, beef salami and salted fish are the species that are usually involved in the ripening or fermentation process. In conclusion, we found low safety hazards associated with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from foodstuffs, the only exception is the ready-to-drink raw milk and raw minced meat which was found to be in low microbiological quality and its consumption must be avoided.

      Keywords: Food, Dairy, Safety assessment, Staphylococcus, PCR, 16S rRNA

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  • Mrityunjoy Acharjee

    (1)
    1. MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MAJOR SEA FISH AVAILABLE IN LOCAL MARKETS OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH [MB]

      Abstract: Present study attempted to determine the prevalence of pathogenic microflora along the two major sea fish samples: Rupchanda (Pampus chinensis) and Surmai (Scomberomorus guttatus), collected from local market in Dhaka city. Most of the fishes collected were found to be contaminated with a huge number of pathogens within a range of 2.0×102-1.9×109 cfu.mL-1 or cfu.G-1. The study of antibiogram showed a number of isolates to be drug-resistant. The investigation also endeavored to evaluate the efficiency of gamma (γ) irradiation on the pathogenic reduction besides the traditional means. The pathogenic load was found to be reduced by an irradiation dosage of 3 kilo Gray (kGy).

      Keywords: Sea fish, pathogens, antibiotic resistance, irradiation, microbiological quality

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  • Mahesh Acharya

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF BEE POLLEN AND PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, ORGANS, AND THIGH MEAT pH OF BROILER COBB 500 [FS]

      Abstract: Slightly more than one third of the global meat consumed comes from chickens. Various studies have been carried out on the use of bee pollen or probiotics in broiler feed; however, very limited studies have been carried out about their combined effect on broiler production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of feeding by pollen and probiotics on broiler chicken Cobb 500. The effect of different concentrations of commercial bee pollen and probiotics was evaluated on growth performance, organs, and thigh meat pH of 45 days old chickens. The rate of body weight gain on day 21, 33, and 39 were significantly different among treatment and control groups and on day 33 d, all the experimental groups showed significant increase in weight gain as compared to control. T3 treatment had highest weight gain (380 g) on day 45. Some of the organs such as lung, digestive system, and intestine length were also significantly affected by the application of bee pollen and probiotics. The broilers fed with bee pollen and probiotics were found to have increased but more stable pH of thigh meat as compared to that of control at 24 hours of low temperature (-20°C) storage. At 24 h, T2 treatment showed highest pH value(6.52) for thigh meat Results of the present study indicated that the meat quality of broiler could be improved with the use of bee pollen and probiotics as they could increase and keep the pH stable during storage.

      Keywords: Bee pollen, broiler Cobb 500, meat pH, probiotic, weight gain

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  • El Hassan Achbani

    (3)
    1. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, pH AND ESSENTIAL OILS ON THE MYCELIAL GROWTH OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI Kühn (CANTHARELLALES: CERATOBASIDIACEAE) ISOLATES [MB]

      Abstract: This research aimed to study diversity among a collection of Rhizoctonia solani strains, isolated from many crops in Morocco, based on radial mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at different pH and temperature levels. The in vitro antifungal efficacy of essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic and medicinal plants of Thymus vulgaris, Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eucalyptus sp., Salvia sp., Cistus ladanifer and Lavandula stoechas was also evaluated by measuring the mycelial growth of this plant pathogenic fungus after placing active mycelial plugs of each strain on Petri dishes using a disc diffusion method of EOs. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each EO was also determined. The growth rates observed under different temperatures and pH levels varied among isolates and did not show similar responses for the same levels of the two growth parameters. However, the maximum mycelial growth of the majority of isolates was reached between 20 and 30°C as well as at pH 7. Among the EOs tested, the results revealed that EO of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum compactum were very effective on controlling R. solani strain RS1 with growth inhibition rate of 75,9% and 60,6%, respectively. The MIC of these EOs was at 0.03%. According to the gas chromatography analysis, Carvacrol (61.8%) and thymol (47.8%) are the major constituents of O. compactum and T. vulgaris EOs, respectively, suggesting that these natural compounds have important potential to control R. solani and could be useful for developing effective organic fungicides.

      Keywords: Rhizoctonia solani, Antifungal activity, Essential oil, Temperature, pH

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    2. POTENTIAL EFFECT OF ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OLIVE KNOT DISEASE CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS SAVASTANOI PV. SAVASTANOI [MB]

      Abstract: Olive knot disease caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (PSS) is considered as the main bacterial disease of olive tree in Morocco. However, sole prophylactic measures are available. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of eighteen antagonistic bacteria, as an alternative approach, to control in vitro and in planta the pathogens strains previously isolated from olive trees in Morocco. In vitro experiments revealed that many bacterial strains such as Rahnella aquatilis, Enterobacter ludwiqii, Paenibacillus brasiliensis, and Bacillus subtilis selected from collection of Regional Center of Agronomic Research, were efficient on solid media against pathogen strains. Their inhibition zones ranged from 8 to 23 mm with a higher inhibition rates found by B. subtilis strains. Enzymatic activities of antagonistic strains were assessed (cellulase, protease and amylase) as well as some plant growth promotion traits (phosphorus solubilisation and indole acetic acid production) for performance screening. B. subtilis 2515-1 was selected for pots experiment using olive trees (cv. Arbequina). This bacterium significantly reduced number and weight of knots against two pathogens strains (PSS 2064-8 and PSS 2102-4). The most reduction rates of weight and knot number were respectively 95.60% and 50%. This study suggested an alternative approach to assess the efficiency of selected bacterium in field conditions.

      Keywords: Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, olive knot disease, biological control, antagonistic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis

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    3. ECOLOGY OF PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS 2066-7 STRAIN: A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BACTERIA ONION DISEASES [MB]

      Abstract: The growth response of the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans 2066-7 to change in water activity (aw), temperature, and pH was determined in vitro in basic medium. The minimum temperature at which 2066-7 was able to grow was 7°C, and the growth of 2066-7 did not change at varying pH levels (4–10.34). The best growth was obtained at a water activity of 0.98 in all media modified with the four solutes (glucose, glycerol, NaCl and polyethylene glycol). The solute used to reduce water activity had a great influence on bacterial growth, especially at unfavorable conditions (low temperature). This study has defined the range of environmental conditions (aw, pH, and temperature) over which the bacteria may be developed for biological control of plant diseases.

      Keywords: Pantoea agglomerans, ecology, water activity and plant diseases

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  • S. Achio

    (1)
    1. COMPARISON OF COMPOST MATURITY, MICROBIAL SURVIVAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS IN TWO COMPOSTING SYSTEMS [BT]

      Abstract: Data collected on germination index, temperature, moisture content, pH, total viable count, total coliform count and total fungi count were determined during composting in HV and FA systems at VREL Farms for a period of thirteen weeks and analysed to ascertain the effects of temperature, moisture and pH on compost maturity and microbial survival. There were no significant differences in germination index, pH and moisture content values for both systems as ANOVA results at α = 5% yielded p-values of 0.17, 0.98 and 0.13 respectively. Moisture content and pH values ranged between 40%-70% and 7.20 - 8.30 respectively. Temperature values recorded however were significantly different (p-value = 1.2 x 10-5, α = 5%) in both systems and affected the microbial distribution during the process. The temperature recorded in HV and FA systems ranged between 45.19 ºC – 65.44 ºC and 29.00 ºC – 50.83ºC respectively. Germination Index values were >150% in different systems at the end of week 12. Listeria spp., known to be zoonotic, and Staphylococcus spp. survived in compost processed in FA system; and Penicillium spp. in both systems.

      Keywords: viable count, coliform count, fungi count, passive aerated systems, active aerated systems

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  • Darja Kocjan Ačko

    (1)
    1. NEW INSIGHTS INTO STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION OF PLANT FOOD MATERIALS [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of this paper is to review principles and potential application of micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE), synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) hyphenated with pulsed laser ablation (LA) for analysing plants and plant materials to elucidate feature of constituensts of nutritional value. These are required in order to develop novel high-quality functional and other food products in view of the variability of properties of plant tissues and products.

      Keywords: micro-PIXE, micro-XRF, SEM, transmission electron microscopy, laser ablation, food composition, plant structures

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  • Parise Adadi

    (1)
    1. APPLICATION OF SURFACE RESPONSE METHODOLOGY FOR AN ENZYME-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOIDS [BT]

      Abstract: The primary sources of carotenoids are plants and microorganisms (yeast, bacteria), though they can be synthesized chemically. Due to their potent antioxidant properties, carotenoids exert a significant role at the molecular level in the suppression of various cancers and other oncological diseases. The present research aimed to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction of carotenoids from carrot by response surface methodology. The Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization of extraction conditions from fresh carrot. The response (yield) was quantified using a spectrophotometric method. The highest yield from the experimental result was 393.4 µg/mL followed by 335.4 µg/mL whereas 198.0 µg/mL represents the least. The predicted highest yield (407.4 µg/mL) was more than the experimental yield (393.4 µg/mL). The model was significant (p=0.0261). However, the lack of fit for the ANOVA was not significant (p=0.3534).

      Keywords: β-carotene, saponification, DPPH, Fructozym® MA, dicaffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid

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  • Malay Kumar Adak

    (1)
    1. AMELIORATION WITH TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLE FOR REGULATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) [BT]

      Abstract: In the present experiment, Zea mays L. was evaluated for its C4 modality through oxidative stress responses. Moreover, under variable concentrations (0, 50, 100µM) of hydrogen peroxide, the impacts were variable and modulated with titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2-NP). Plants scored with elevated concentrations of H2O2 and superoxide (O2.-) maximum by 1.31 & 1.52-fold respectively over 0µM H2O2. TiO2-NP recovered those maximums with 8.69 & 7.89% as compared to control plants. The effects of H2O2 were moderated with malondialdehyde and carbonyl content by peak values 7.45 & 5.91% under TiO2-NP treatment respectively. A depletion in proline content recorded under H2O2 stress but recovered through highest 1.23-fold with TiO2-NP application. TiO2-NP recorded NADP-ME activities up-regulated in concentration gradient of H2O2. Oxidative exposure was also documented by in-vivo detection of H2O2 and O2.- by 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and nitroblue tetrazolium staining. For the anti-oxidative cascades superoxide dismutase activity had induced by 1.42-fold under H2O2 when pre-treated with TiO2-NP. However, glutathione reductase activity was differentially modulated under H2O2 through interaction with TiO2-NP. Activity of guaiacol peroxidase was significantly up-regulated by 1.07-fold when TiO2-NP applied. The inductions of oxidative stress recorded more evident when a distinct polymorphism for GPX protein resolved variations in band intensities, but not in number. Activity of catalase experience a down-regulated trend all through the H2O2 exposure and had significant sensitivity to TiO2-NP. The results depict the nature and reactivity of C4 modules under oxidative stress that would be the selection pressures and that might be modulated with TiO2-NP application.

      Keywords: TiO2-nanoparticle, Oxidative stress, Anti-oxidant enzymes, Malic enzyme, Maize

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  • Maria Adamkovicova

    (1)
    1. A POSITIVE DOSE-RESPONSE OF QUERCETIN ON COMPACT BONE MICROSTRUCTURE OF MALE RABBITS [BT]

      Abstract: Quercetin is one of the most widely distributed flavonoids in plants which should have a broad range of significant health promoting properties. Its effect on bone microstructure of males has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, our study was aimed to determine the impact of quercetin on femoral bone microstructure in 5-month-old male rabbits. Nine rabbits were intramuscularly injected with following doses of quercetin: 10 μg/kg body weight (bw) (E1 group; n=3), 100 μg/kg bw (E2 group; n=3) and 1000 μg/kg bw (E3 group; n=3) for 90 days, 3 times per week. Three rabbits without quercetin administration served as a control group. An accelerated bone resorption at the endosteal surface and intensive periosteal bone apposition were observed in all rabbits administered quercetin. However, the most evident changes such as a thicker layer of primary vascular longitudinal bone tissue under periosteum and a lower density of secondary osteons were identified in males from the E3 group. Morphometrical evaluations of the compact bone showed significantly decreased sizes of primary osteons’ vascular canals and secondary osteons in rabbits exposed to the highest dose of quercetin. Sizes of secondary osteons were also lower in males from the E2 group. Our results demonstrate that quercetin has a positive dose-response on compact bone microstructure in male rabbits.

      Keywords: bone microstructure, histology, quercetin, rabbit

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  • Mária Adamkovičová

    (2)
    1. THE INVESTIGATION OF CO-ADMINISTRATION TO CADMIUM, DIAZINON AND SELENIUM ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULT MALE RATS [BT]

      Abstract: In this study, differences in growth characteristics (body weight, femoral weight and femoral length) of adult male rats after single cadmium (Cd), as well as, simultaneous exposure to Cd and diazinon (DZN), and after DZN, Cd and selenium (Se) co-administration were investigated. One-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each. In the first group (A), rats received a drinking water containing 30 mg of CdCl2/l for 90 days. In the second group (B), males were orally dosed with combination of40 mg of DZN/l and 30 mg of CdCl2/l in drinking water for 90 days. In the third group C, rats were administered by 40 mg of DZN/l in combination with 5 mg of Na2SeO3/l and 30 mg of CdCl2/l in drinking water for the same treatment period. The fourth group of males without additive toxicants, served as a control group (D). The statistical analysis of obtained data showed a beneficial effect of Cd sole dose on femoral weight in adult male rats. Significant changes in femoral weight were observed between rats from the groups A and B, and A and C. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in body weight and femoral length between all experimental (A, B, C) and control (D) groups. Considerable differences were identified only for femoral length among the groups A and C, and the groups B and C. Our results suggest a protective influence of Cd against Se-induced reduction in body weight and femoral length in rats simultaneously exposed to DZN, Se and Cd in their drinking water. However, positive influence of Cd on rat´s femoral weight is likely suppressed by the toxicity of DZN and/or DZN in combination with Se.

      Keywords: rats, femoral bone, diazinon, selenium, cadmium

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    2. CADMIUM AND DIAZINON-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE RAT TESTIS STRUCTURE AFTER A PERORAL ADMINISTRATION IN DRIKING WATER [BT]

      Abstract: The present study was carried out to elucidate the effects of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and a nonselective organophosphorus insecticide diazinon (DZN) administration on the testis structures in adult male rats in subchronic toxicity experiments. A total of 40 Wistar 4 weeks old rats were randomized into 4 groups of 10 animals each and dosed with cadmium (Cd) 30 mg/l (group A), diazinon (DZN) 40 mg/l (group B), and in combination of Cd and DZN (30 and 40 mg/l, respectively, group C) per os in drinking water for 90 days. Testicular histology using a light microscopy and morphometry using PC morphometric software M.I.S. Quick Photo were evaluated. The morphometric data supported histological observations at tubular and interstitial level. Reduced seminiferous epithelium (P<0.001) in Cd group showed desquamation of germ cells, cellular degeneration and necrosis. Increase in epithelial vacuoles and dilated blood vessels relative volume (P<0.001) were observed in all experimental groups. Cd and DZN and their combination exerted changes in the reproductive parameters which could be subsequently negatively related to male fertility. These data provide a novel insight into the reproductive toxicology of Cd-DZN in male rats. However, results did not indicate synergistic or additional effect of simultaneous administration of both toxicants.

      Keywords: testis, histology, morphometry, rat, cadmium, diazinon, fertility

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  • Leonard Adamu

    (1)
    1. MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL MOTORCYCLE HELMETS IN LAGOS METROPOLIS [MB]

      Abstract: Microorganisms associated with commercial motorcycle helmets were investigated in the commercial city of Lagos, Nigeria. 300 motorcycle helmets were randomly collected from different commercial motor cyclists in two densely populated areas of Lagos: Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH) and Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) main gates respectively. Two sterile swabs moistened with sterile water were rotated over the inner surface of each helmet and cultured on MacConkey Agar and Nutrient Agar for bacterial growth and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for fungi growth. The plates for bacteria growth were incubated aerobically at 37 ºC for 48 h, while plates for fungi at 28 ºC for 2 weeks. Biochemical tests were used to identify bacteria; while, cultural characteristics were used for fungi identification. The microorganisms consistently common to the samples investigated in the two locations were similar and included (with respective frequency of occurrence for both location): Staphylococcus aureus (80%; 7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (75%; 12%), Staphylococcus epidermis (60%; 8%), Enterobacter aerogenes (52%; 27%), Escherichia coli (40%; 13%), Bacillus spp (37%; 10%), Aspergillus spp (82%; 7%), Candida spp (55%; 22%), Rhizopus spp (40%; 27%), and Penicilium spp (35%; 12%). The motorcycle helmets collected at YABATECH had higher microbial colonization than LUTH irrespective of the isolates. This trend was similar for bacterial and fungi. Results showed that helmets could serve as vehicles for transmission of pathogens. Good hygiene practice (GHP) and regular cleaning of motor cycle helmets with sterilants is strongly advocated in order to reduce the incidence of microbial transmission and its associated infection.

      Keywords: motorcycle helmet, hygiene, pathogenic organisms, fungi, bacteria

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  • Adebayo

    (1)
    1. OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SPECIES); A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD [FS]

      Abstract: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market. It is widely cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Many people admire the mushroom due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional values, and some medicinal properties. Pleurotus are generally rich in proteins with essential amino acids, physiologically important polysaccharides and essential fatty acids, dietary fibers, important minerals, and some vitamins. The presence of some bioactive substances, majorly polysaccharide-protein complex in the genus Pleurotus has been reported to confer some pharmacological potential such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and anti-allergic activities. The high nutritional value and potential medicinal uses suggest that the oyster mushrooms are pharmacologically important as functional foods.

      Keywords: Oyster mushroom, nutritional, medicinal, polysaccharide

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  • Adewole Adebayo

    (1)
    1. BACTERIOLOGICAL AND MINERAL STUDIES OF ROAD SIDE SOIL SAMPLES IN ADO-EKITI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The bacteriological and heavy metal analyses of road side soil samples in Ado-Ekiti metropolis, Nigeria were investigated. Bacterial population of the soil samples were analyzed using serial dilution procedure and pour plate method for the isolation of organisms. Biochemical tests like catalase, citrate were used to identify the isolated organisms. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry method was used to analyze the heavy metal contents in the soil samples. The mean total bacterial count ranged between 1.60 x 102 CFU.g-1 and 14.5 x 103 CFU.g-1; while the mean total coliform count ranged between 0.3 x102 CFU.g-1 and 2.0 x 102 CFU.g-1. There was significant difference at 0.05 level between the mean total bacteria and total coliform counts of the soil samples at 40meters distance to the major road. There were significant difference within the group of total bacteria and coliform counts at 0.05 level. Staphylococcus spp have the highest frequency of occurrence of 41.5% while Proteus spp have the least frequency of occurrence of 1%. The heavy metal contents of the road side soil samples ranged as follows: zinc (8.45 - 325.22 mg.kg-1), lead (0.25 - 174.21 mg.kg-1), copper (1.56 - 40.33 mg.kg-1), cobalt (0.37 - 140.33 mg.kg-1), and mercury (0.01 - 4.52 mg.kg-1). Conclusively, heavy metals contents had negative effect on the organisms in the soil and also on the environment.

      Keywords: Bacteriological, Roadside soil, Total bacterial, Coliform, Ado-Ekiti

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  • E. A. Adebayo

    (1)
    1. ANTIOXIDANT AND NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF SOME PLEUROTUS SPECIES [FS]

      Abstract: The nutrient compositions (dry matter, moisture content, ash content, fat content, crude fibre, total carbohydrate and crude protein), antioxidant and yielding potential of Pleurotus pulmonarius (LAU 09), P. cornucopiae (NE 02), P. sapidus (NE 07) and P. ostreatus (LAU 10) were evaluated. The highest percentage spawn productivity (28.33%) was obtained in NE 02, while the lowest value of 23.33% obtained in NE 07. The highest total weight of fresh mushroom (580g), highest biological efficiency (59.10±12.41%) and production rate (1.85±0.65%) were obtained in LAU 09. The phytochemical screening of the mushroom extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phlobatannins, flavonoids and anthraquinones. The antioxidant activity of all evaluated mushroom extracts gave a positive result with free radical scavenging potentials found to be in the order of NE 02 > NE 07 > LAU 09 > LAU 10 considering all used in vitro methods. The highest percentage protein of 34 ±3.06% was produced in NE 02, while other strains gave satisfactory yields in terms of nutritional and mineral compositions. The results obtained from this study showed the nutritional and antioxidant potential of mushroom species.

      Keywords: Mushroom, yield, antioxidant, proximate, phytochemical

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  • Elijah Adegoke Adebayo

    (1)
    1. FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ABILITY, MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus species) [BT]

      Abstract: Due to the importance of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species) as a source of food and medicine to man, they have been cultivated both on large and small scales or collected in the wild. The present study evaluated the different antioxidant activities, mechanisms of action and various health implications on human of Oyster mushrooms. Since a single study is not effective in determining the antioxidant property of mushroom, several in vitro assays were reviewed including scavenging activities of DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl and ABTS as well as Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities among others. In vivo assays like enzymatic (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and non-enzymatic (Ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and Glutathione (GSH)); using mice, rats and porcine brain were also reviewed. Oyster mushrooms extract scavenged free radicals and prevented oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo, and can influence their activities as natural immune boosters and thereby affect human health positively. The review has revealed oyster mushrooms as functional foods enriched with antioxidants and a good potential to oppose the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, preventing oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals.

      Keywords: Oyster mushrooms; antioxidant property; human health; biomedical activities; medicinal mushroom

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  • Bukola Adebayo-Tayo

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTINASES FROM MANGO PEELS BY Aspergillus tamarii [MB]

      Abstract: Pectinases are a group of enzymes that are able to breakdown or transform pectin. Sources of pectinase comprise a wide variety of bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus sp. In this study pectinases (polygalacturonase and pectin lyase) were produced from mango peels by Aspergillus tamarii in solid state fermentation and a fraction of the crude enzyme solution obtained by ultracentrifugation was used for partial characterization assay. The maximum polygalacturonase production was 141.0095 U/g at day 3, 6 and 9 of incubation while the maximum pectin lyase production was 5670.50 U/g obtained at day 6. The optimum temperature and pH for polygalacturonase activity was between 40 – 70oC and 5.0 respectively while that of pectin lyase was 60oC and 7.5 respectively. The polygalacturonase produced was stable between pH 3.6 – 10.0 and at a temperature range of 30 – 70oC while the pectin lyase was stable between pH 7.0 – 8.5 and at 40oC. Na+, Mn+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ caused a significant increase in the activity of polygalacturonase whereas Fe2+ and Mg2+ caused a significant decrease in its activity (P≤0.05). The activity of pectin lyase was significantly increased by Fe2+, Mn+ and Zn2+ but significantly decreased by Cu2+, Mg2+ and Na+ (P≤0.05). Mango peel is a cheap, available and valuable substrate for pectinase production which could be useful for industrial applications especially in the food industry for processing fruit juices.

      Keywords: Pectinase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, solid state fermentation, mango peels

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  • Wasiu Olalekan Adebimpe

    (1)
    1. MICROBIAL LOAD AND MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FEACES AND BODY SURFACES OF COCKROACHES IN AN URBAN AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: This study investigates the microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from the faeces and body surfaces of cockroaches in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. The cockroaches collected from residential areas and hospital vicinities were screened for microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern using standard protocols. A total of twenty- three microorganisms namely Klebsiella aerogenes, Bacillius cereus, Proteus spp, Staphyloccocus aureus, S. saprophyticus, Enteroccocus faecalis, Staphylococus epididermis, E. coli, Listeria monoctogene, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Psuedomonas species, Seretia mensence, Candida albicans, Candida spp., Aspergilius spp., A. flavus, A. fumigates, Mucor species and Penicilium species were isolated. The microbial load of the microorganisms was significantly higher in the isolates from hospital as compared with the residential area (p<0.05) with the exception of Canidida species, Mucor and Penicillium which had higher or equal microbial load at the residential areas. All the pathogenic bacteria isolated had multiple resistance to antibiotics most importantly, Ampicillin, Augumentin, Amoxicillin and Septrin (30μg). Efforts geared towards controlling the insects will be indispensable in curbing the wide spread of multi-drug resistant pathogens in the study area.

      Keywords: cockroaches, microbial load, antimicrobial, multi-drug resistance, Nigeria

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  • K. D. Adedayo

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON THE SPOILAGE FUNGI OF SOME SELECTED EDIBLE FRUITS IN SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The influence of electromagnetic field wave on the survival of spoilage fungi associated with some edible fruits consumed in southwestern, Nigeria was studied using cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), pineapple (Ananas comosus), carrot (Daucus carota), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), apple (Malus domestica) and African star apple (Chrysophyllum africanum). The spoilage fungi used include the genera of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Articulospora, Mucor, Staphylotrichum, Bisbyopeltis, Fusarium, Rhizopus and a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was a general decrease in fungal growth as shown in the number of spores produced with increase in exposure time of isolates to electromagnetic field except in Articulospora inflata, Penicillium italicum and Mucor mucedo where there was stimulatory effect as there was increase in the fungal spores compared to the control. A decrease was also observed in growth of the fungal isolates with increase in the intensity of the electromagnetic field at voltage of 7 V to 10 V and from 10 V to 13 V. The highest percentage reduction was recorded by Bisbyopeltis phoebesii at intensity of voltage 13V after 60 minutes of exposure. Exposure of the fruits to electromagnetic field wave did not alter the nutrient components of the fruits as observed in the proximate and mineral contents of the treated and untreated fruits. The result of the study revealed that electromagnetic field wave has great potential for use in the control of fruits spoilage and food preservation.

      Keywords: Berry, electromagnetic field, spoilage, fungi, control

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  • Mojisola Olanike Adegunwa

    (1)
    1. EFFECTS OF ADDITION OF DIFFERENT SPICES ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF TIGER-NUT MILK (KUNUN-AYA) DURING STORAGE [FS]

      Abstract: Kunun-aya is a traditional fermented non-alcoholic tiger-nut beverage widely consumed in the Northern parts of Nigeria especially during dry season. Kunun-aya was prepared from tiger-nut, coconut, date and spices such as cinnamon, cloves, coriander, ginger, rosemary and black pepper were added separately. The samples were stored at 4°C for 5 days and the effects of added spices on physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of the samples were evaluated. The results of the pH (4.25–5.95) and titratable acidity (2.95–12.17) showed that all the samples were acidic throughout the storage period. Brix values ranged from 0.05–2.85% during the storage period. The moisture, protein, ash, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents of kunun-aya ranged from 85.35–95.22%, 1.53–4.06%, 0.14–0.64%, 0.31–0.85%, 0.23–1.84% and 0.69–10.85%, respectively prior to storage and ranged from 79.50–98.24%, 0.27–2.56%, 0.04–2.25%, 0.24–0.42%, 0.09–3.74% and 1.05–17.34%, respectively after storage. The bacterial count of kunun-aya ranged from (1.1–5.4, 2.0–6.9, 3.6–9.8)×104 CFU/ml and fungal count from (1.0–6.4, 1.3–7.4, 5.2–9.5)×104 CFU/ml on days 1, 3 and 5, respectively. The phytochemical screening of the spices revealed that ginger contained alkaloid, glycoside, saponin, steroid, flavonoid and terpenoid but not tannin while other spices contained one or two of these phytochemicals. There was significant difference between the sensory attributes of the treated kunun-aya and the control samples with the control sample having the highest score ratings. Addition of spices had varying effects on the quality attributes of kunun-aya and could extend its shelf life for 5 days under refrigerated conditions.

      Keywords: Physicochemical, Sensory property, Microbial load, Tiger-nut, Spice, Storage

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  • Adeoye Adejoba

    (1)
    1. IN VIVO ANTI-PLASMODIAL SCREENING OF Nicotiana tabacum AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEPATIC AND RENAL FUNCTION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE [BT]

      Abstract: Malaria remains one of the leading public health diseases in developing countries and efforts to keep the infection at bay have suffered a lot of setbacks compounded by the increasing cases of resistance and cross resistance to firstline antimalaria drugs. In this study, we investigated the anti-plasmodial efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum on Plasmodium berghei infected swiss albino mice and its effects on liver and kidney function. The comparison of changes in parasite load of the infected mice before and after treatment showed that the parasitemia level reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the mice treated with both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. tabacum, while there was a significant (p< 0.05) increase in parasitemia level in the untreated mice. The activities of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate transaminase(AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and creatinine varied marginally in the treated groups but the values were statistically comparable with control group (untreated) (P>0.05). However, the concentration of urea was statistically higher in treated groups than the control (p<0.05). Our results therefore demonstrate the anti-plasmodial potential of N. tobacum and its relative safety for human consumption at the tested doses.

      Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, anti-plasmodial effects, plasmodium beighei, biochemical marker

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  • Adekunle Odunayo Adejuwon

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS ON ACTIVITY OF α-AMYLASE FROM A TROPICAL STRAIN ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS LINK [MB]

      Abstract: An important integral part of the physiology of the fungal cell is the nature of the cascade of extracellular enzymes produced by fungi. A tropical strain Aspergillus flavus Link obtained from deteriorated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits grew in a growth nutrient medium composed of MgSO4.7H20, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, FeSO4.7H2O, potassium nitrate and starch at 30oC. Extracellular proteins produced by the isolate in the medium expressed α-amylase activity. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 35oC and at pH 6.0. It possessed an apparent Km of 7.1 mg/ml for the hydrolysis of starch. The enzyme was stimulated by Na+ and Ca2+ but inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol. It lost 64.1% of its activity within 20 min of heating at 80oC. Of the nitrogenous compounds potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and casein, casein as nitrogen source in the defined growth medium with starch as carbon source supported most activity of α-amylase by the fungal isolate. Observations during the partial purification and characterization of the enzyme are herein reported.

      Keywords: α-Amylase, Aspergillus flavus Link, tropical strain, tomato

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  • Claribel Orubima,Monsuru Adeleke

    (1)
    1. IN VIVO ANTI-PLASMODIAL SCREENING OF Nicotiana tabacum AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEPATIC AND RENAL FUNCTION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE [BT]

      Abstract: Malaria remains one of the leading public health diseases in developing countries and efforts to keep the infection at bay have suffered a lot of setbacks compounded by the increasing cases of resistance and cross resistance to firstline antimalaria drugs. In this study, we investigated the anti-plasmodial efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum on Plasmodium berghei infected swiss albino mice and its effects on liver and kidney function. The comparison of changes in parasite load of the infected mice before and after treatment showed that the parasitemia level reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the mice treated with both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. tabacum, while there was a significant (p< 0.05) increase in parasitemia level in the untreated mice. The activities of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate transaminase(AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and creatinine varied marginally in the treated groups but the values were statistically comparable with control group (untreated) (P>0.05). However, the concentration of urea was statistically higher in treated groups than the control (p<0.05). Our results therefore demonstrate the anti-plasmodial potential of N. tobacum and its relative safety for human consumption at the tested doses.

      Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, anti-plasmodial effects, plasmodium beighei, biochemical marker

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  • Monsuru Adebayo Adeleke

    (1)
    1. MICROBIAL LOAD AND MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FEACES AND BODY SURFACES OF COCKROACHES IN AN URBAN AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: This study investigates the microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from the faeces and body surfaces of cockroaches in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. The cockroaches collected from residential areas and hospital vicinities were screened for microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern using standard protocols. A total of twenty- three microorganisms namely Klebsiella aerogenes, Bacillius cereus, Proteus spp, Staphyloccocus aureus, S. saprophyticus, Enteroccocus faecalis, Staphylococus epididermis, E. coli, Listeria monoctogene, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Psuedomonas species, Seretia mensence, Candida albicans, Candida spp., Aspergilius spp., A. flavus, A. fumigates, Mucor species and Penicilium species were isolated. The microbial load of the microorganisms was significantly higher in the isolates from hospital as compared with the residential area (p<0.05) with the exception of Canidida species, Mucor and Penicillium which had higher or equal microbial load at the residential areas. All the pathogenic bacteria isolated had multiple resistance to antibiotics most importantly, Ampicillin, Augumentin, Amoxicillin and Septrin (30μg). Efforts geared towards controlling the insects will be indispensable in curbing the wide spread of multi-drug resistant pathogens in the study area.

      Keywords: cockroaches, microbial load, antimicrobial, multi-drug resistance, Nigeria

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  • Hezekiah Adekanmi Adeniran

    (2)
    1. EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF ACHA AND SOYBEAN ON ΑLPHA-AMYLASE ACTIVITY, SUGARS AND TOTAL FREE AMINO ACID DURING PRODUCTION OF MAIZE MASA [FS]

      Abstract: Food insecurity and malnutrition are the major problems facing developing countries. The aim of this research was to determine alpha-amylase activity, total reducing sugar, individual sugar and total sugar contents of masa at six hour interval during fermentation. In this study, different ratios of acha was substituted for maize in the production of soybean fortified masa to reduce its sugar content and increase the amino acid content. The result showed that α-amylase activity, total reducing sugar, total sugar and total free amino acid were within the range of 4.63 - 9.30 E.U., 13.66 - 37.58 mg glucose/g., 133.25 - 391.56 mg glucose/g and 3.92 - 12.99 mg glycine/g, respectively. Alpha-amylase activity and total reducing sugar increased with increase in maize and were highest in masa produced from 100 % maize. Sugars identified during fermentation of masa were glucose, galactose, maltose and raffinose. Substitution of maize with acha and soybean reduced the sugar contents and α-amylase activity of masa while total free amino acid increased with increase in fortification with soybean. Masa produced from 60% maize, 20% acha and 20% soybean had the highest free amino acid and lowest sugar content.

      Keywords: Fortification, α-amylase, sugar, free amino acid, masa, acha

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    2. DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA DURING FERMENTATION OF LIMABEAN INTO DADDAWA [MB]

      Abstract: The diversity and succession of bacteria during the natural fermentation of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) to produce daddawa (a fermented condiment) was studied using molecular method (16SrRNA gene analysis) with a view to develop a framework for production of daddawa of consistence quality with starter culture of Bacillus species. Lima bean was fermented for 72 h, during which isolation of bacteria and extraction of DNA were carried out. The extracted DNA of the bacterial isolates was tested for quality using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of the 16SrRNA gene analysis were matched with the existing similar sequences in data base. Twenty six (26) presumptive isolates of Bacillus obtained at 24 h interval during the natural fermentation process were identified. The result of the ratio of absorbances of the extracted DNA at 260 and 280 nm showed that 73% of the isolates had pure DNA while the result of the gel electrophoresis showed well defined bands of the amplicons for the isolates. The BLAST result identified the isolates as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. cereus and B. anthrasis with B. subtilis been the most predominant. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis and B. pumilus occurred through-out the fermentation process. The study established the identity of the important Bacillus species involved in fermentation of lima bean into daddawa using molecular technique. These major Bacillus species could further be tested and developed as potential starters for improved production of daddawa from lima bean.

      Keywords: Limabean, daddawa, Fermentation, Bacillus, 16SrRNA gene analysis

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  • Abideen I. Adeogun

    (1)
    1. KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM PARAMETERS OF BIOSORPTION AND BIOACCUMULATION OF LEAD IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY TRICHODERMA LONGIBRACHIATUM [BT]

      Abstract: Biosorption and bioaccumulation of Lead ions (Pb(II)) by Trichoderma longibrachiatum were investigated in a batch system. The effects of some important parameters such as pH, initial metal concentration, temperature and inoculum concerntration on biosorption capacity were also studied. The maximum biosorption capacity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum was at 25 ppm of lead, showed 100 % removal at pH 7 and 25 oC after fifteen days. Biosorption equilibrium was established in 150 minutes. The process fitted well into pseudo second order kinetic model and was best explained by Langmuir isotherm.

      Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Equilibrium, Kinetic and Langmuir isotherm

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  • Kifouli Adéoti

    (2)
    1. NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM) PRODUCED IN BENIN [FS]

      Abstract: The high prices of animal foods and limited income earned in developing countries have resulted in their dependency on cereal-based preparations as staple food. Cereals such as maize, sorghum or pearl millet are often used in the production of various traditional foods and beverages in many African countries including Benin. In the republic of Benin, the nutritive value of cereals such as maize and sorghum is well documented. However, the nutritional value of pearl millet varieties produced in Benin remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional value of 22 varieties of pearl millet produced in Benin. After samples collection, the pearl millet grains were milled into fine powder and their compositions in six minerals (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+) and proximate (ash, dry matter, starch, protein, total and reducing sugars) were determined using standard analytical AOAC methods. Next, we assessed the relationship between these variables using the Pearson Correlation Analysis (PCA). We found that protein, total and reducing sugars levels varied widely (ranged from 1.86 to 93.4 mg/g, 178.64 to 652.54 mg/g and 16.62 to 174.22 mg/g, respectively). Additionally, we found a highly significant correlation (P<0.001) between levels of starch and amylose. Mineral levels also varied widely, with some millet cultivars being particularly enriched in iron and magnesium (levels ranged from 13.85 to 2766.31 mg/kg, and from 340.27 to 4769.9 mg/kg, respectively). Four groups of pearl millet can be distinguished based on data from the PCA: iron-rich millets (group G1), carbohydrate-rich millets (group G2), and two less nutritious millets (groups G3 and G4). This study opens new avenues for millet fortification and provides opportunity to increase farmers’ awareness in selecting pearl millet varieties for reducing malnutrition.

      Keywords: Pearl millet, nutritional value, physicochemical composition, food security, Benin

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    2. THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS OF CASSAVA RETTING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PECTINOLYTIC ENZYMES [MB]

      Abstract: Pectinolytic enzymes are used in the food industry for the extraction, clarification and filtration of fruit juice and wine. Depending on their mode of action, these enzymes are classified into two major groups, namely: esterases (methylesterase) and depolymerases (polygalacturonase and lyase). Among the methods for their preparation, fermentation is the most used, and its application depends upon knowledge of the strain’s requirements; many parameters are taken into consideration most of which relate to the strain used. Knowledge and control of these parameters are required for optimal production of these enzymes. Many microorganisms (Aspergillus niger; Kluyveromyces marxianus; Trichoderma viride BITRS-1001; Bacillus licheniformis; Saccharomyces pastorianus etc.) have already been studied and we suggested that there is a possibility of producing these enzymes using the microorganisms employed for the retting of cassava. This review provides a wealth of knowledge on the production of pectinolytic enzymes, using different substrates and microorganisms.

      Keywords: Pectinolytic enzymes, cassava retting, fermentation, microorganisms

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  • Adeolu Aderemi

    (1)
    1. OPTIMIZATION OF CELL DISRUPTION IN RAPHIDOCELIS SUBCAPITATA AND CHLORELLA VULGARIS FOR BIOMARKER EVALUATION [BT]

      Abstract: Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris are bioassay microalgae with rigid cellulosic cell wall which can hinder the release of intracellular proteins often studied as toxicity biomarkers. Since cell disruption is necessary for recovering intracellular biomolecules in these organisms, this study investigated the efficiency of ultrasonication bath; ultrasonication probe; vortexer; and bead mill in disintegrating the microalgae for anti-oxidative enzyme extraction. The extent of cell disruption was evaluated and quantified using bright field microscopy. Disrupted algae appeared as ghosts. The greatest disintegration of the microalgae (83-99.6 %) was achieved using bead mill with 0.42-0.6 mm glass beads while the other methods induced little or no disruption. The degree of cell disruption using bead mill increased with exposure time, beads-solution ratio and agitation speed while larger beads caused less disruption. Findings revealed that bead milling, with specific parameters optimized, is one of the most effective methods of disintegrating the robust algal cells.

      Keywords: Microalgae; cell disruption; ghost cells; ultrasonication; bead beating; biomarker

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  • Taiwo Aderinola

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE QUALITY AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF KUNUN-ZAKI SUPPLEMENTED WITH GROUNDNUT [FS]

      Abstract: The quality parameters of kunu-zaki supplemented with groundnut was investigated in this study. Millet, groundnut, ginger, dry red pepper and sugar were used for the production. After production, some samples were pasteurized at 700C for 30 minutes and stored at refrigerated (oC) and ambient conditions (oC). A fresh control sample was also prepared at interval for comparison. Analyses were carried out to determine the chemical composition, microbiological and sensory qualities of product during storage over a period of twenty seven (27) days. Results showed that addition of groundnut improved chemical composition of the fresh samples. It could be attributed to the crude protein and the fat content in the added groundnut. The results were: moisture, 75.7%; crude protein, 13.06%; fat, 7.35%; ash, 0.39% and carbohydrate, 3.5%. The pH values for the fresh samples were: 3.31 (pasteurized refrigerated); 3.31 (pasteurized unrefrigerated); 3.57 (unpasteurized refrigerated); 3.64 (unpasteurized unrefrigerated) and 3.93 for the Fresh sample. The results of the mineral element (mg/100g) were: Ca, 152; Na, 0.19; Mg, 4.76; K, 2.74 and P, 123.22. There was no detection of the presence of the indicator organism – E coli. Results of the sensory evaluation of the product carried out using a five-man panel showed that there were no differences in the appearance, taste and flavor for the first day. However, the pasteurized refrigerated sample with the addition of sodium benzoate was better on the overall acceptability.

      Keywords: Kunun-zaki, groundnut, sodium benzoate, pasteurization, shelf life

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  • Taiwo A. Aderinola

    (1)
    1. QUALITY AND MICRIOBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF AFRICAN YAM BEAN YOGHURT SUPPLEMENTED WITH COW MILK [MB]

      Abstract: The utilization of African yam bean for the production of yoghurt substituted with cow milk was studied. African yam bean milk was extracted from dehulled seed, pasteurized and fermented with Yoghurmet® in ratios with reconstituted cow milk powder in the ratios 50:50, 70:30, 90:10, 100:0 and 0:100 (African yam bean milk:Cow milk). Sample 0:100 which was 100% cow milk yoghurt served as the control. The samples were stored for 14 days at 4oC and 3 days at room temperature. The results of the proximate composition of the fresh samples in percentages are; Moisture: 82.76, 81.62, 83.62, 86.53 and 85.42. Total solids: 17.25, 18.47, 16.35, 13.47and14.57. Protein: 5.93, 4.27, 5.87, 5.57 and 5.14. Ash: 0.94, 0.83, 0.91, 0.90 and 0.87. Fat: 1.07, 2.53, 1.18, 1.45 and 1.75. Carbohydrate: 9.09, 10.73, 8.33, 5.53 and 6.78 for the samples 100:0, 0:100, 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50 respectively. The moisture, total solids, fat and carbohydrate contents differed significantly (p≤0.05) in all the samples. The protein content of 100:0 and 90:0 did not differ significantly but differs in other samples. 0:100 differ significantly from other samples in ash content. There was no fiber in the samples. The total viable microbial count was highest in 70:30 (1×107cfu/ml) for refrigerated storage samples while 50:50 (9.5×106cfu/ml) had the highest count in room temperature storage samples. There were no yeasts/moulds enumerated in the refrigerated storage samples while yeast/moulds appeared in 100:0 (3×106cfu/ml) and 70:30 (1×106cfu/ml) on the 3rd day of room temperature storage. The titratable acidity of all the samples increased gradually throughout the storage period while their pH decreased. The specific gravity of the samples also decreased gradually throughout the storage period. The anti-nutritional composition of the samples containing African yam bean was also determined. The sensory properties showed that samples stored at refrigeration temperature maintained good quality up to 14 days of storage and that sample 50:50 was most preferred.

      Keywords: Watermelon, orange, juice, blends

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  • Babatunde Aderiye

    (1)
    1. INCIDENCE AND SURVIVAL OF LIPOLYTIC ORGANISMS MONITORED FOR TWELVE MONTHS IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER AND RECEIVING STREAM [MB]

      Abstract: The incidence and survival of lipolytic organisms in domestic wastewater and receiving stream were monitored over 12 months. The average total bacterial count in the wastewater samples reduced in April and November by 24.2% and 41.6% respectively. There was also a reduction of 42.3% and 60.1% in the load in the receiving stream in August and July. Subsequently, at 5m downstream from the entry of the wastewater the microbial load reduced in March (19.2%) and June (19.2%). However, the occurrence of coliforms was more affected in the months of May (53%) to July (87.2%). At 5m and 10m downstream the coliform population reduced by 27.9% and 30.1% respectively. Of the twelve (12) bacterial isolates obtained at the exit of the wastewater into the receiving stream, only four (4) were found to possess lipolytic activity. These include the species of Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. There was no significant difference in the amount of nutrients found in the domestic wastewater and receiving stream during the months. This paper also discusses the implication of disposing large amounts of wastewater effluents into the receiving water and the need to remedy and minimize the overall impact of such pollution on the environment.

      Keywords: Lipolytic organisms, coliform, wastewater, receiving stream

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  • Jadesola Aderiye

    (1)
    1. CHANGES IN THE MICROFLORA AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF DOMESTIC OIL-RICH WASTEWATER [MB]

      Abstract: Aerobic and anaerobic changes in the microflora and chemical components of domestic oil-rich wastewater were investigated. Enumeration of total bacterial and coliform counts was determined using spreading method of isolation. Enumeration and characterization of fatty acids were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. The microbial load was at its peak on the third day of storage, while the coliforms rose to about 50% and 60% of the total load during aerobic and anaerobic conditions respectively. Anaerobiosis did not affect the total coliform load drastically (47%) on the 12th day of degradation. Among the fatty acids elucidated from fresh dietary oil were lauric (0.99%), myristic (1.00%), palmitic (44.3%). Percentage concentration of fatty acids of extracted oil from aerobic cultured wastewater was as follows: lauric (ND - 5.70%); myristic (ND - 39.5%), palmitic (0.11% - 0.79%), stearic (0.012% - 0.32%), oleic (19.0% - 48.0%) and linoleic (ND - 49.0%), while anaerobic culture produced lauric (ND - 7.3%), myristic (ND - 50.4%), palmitic (0.23% - 0.68%), stearic (0.034% - 0.74%), oleic (13.0% - 52.0%) and linoleic (16.0% - 58.0%) at different storage times. The changes in titratable acidity, mineral and proximate contents with their effects were discussed.

      Keywords: Aerobic, anaerobiosis, microflora, fatty acid, wastewater

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  • Titilayo O. Adesetan

    (1)
    1. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Bacillus cereus ISOLATES FROM SOME RETAILED FOODS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: Food borne disease caused by Bacillus cereus has been a major health issue because of its ability to cause two syndromes: diarrhoeal and emetic which sometimes lead to death. Six hundred (600) samples of some retailed foods: cooked rice, jollof rice, fried rice, meat pie, smoked fish: African chad, Titus, blue whiting, fried meat, smoked hide, carrot, runner beans, cabbage and raw green pea were collected from the eight main markets in Ogun State. Serial dilutions of the samples were carried out and cultured on Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin Agar (MYP) using the spread plate technique. B. cereus was confirmed with standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the Kirby – Bauer disc diffusion method with nine antibiotics. The mean microbial load in the retailed food was in the range of 1.00 x 104 – 8.92 x 104cfu/g. All the isolates were gram positive rods, catalase and citrate positive. Most of the isolates were motile (97.7%). Two hundred and twenty one (221) isolates were confirmed as B. cereus with biochemical tests. They were 100% sensitive to gentamicin and 100% resistant to penicillin and ampicillin which are β – lactam antibiotics. All the isolates showed resistance to more than two antibiotics. This study has clearly revealed the presence of B. cereus in some retailed foods sold in Ogun State, Nigeria in which all the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, extreme caution should be taken when handling foods to avoid contamination by B. cereus and prevent any future food-borne outbreak by B. cereus.

      Keywords: Antibiotics, Bacillus cereus, biochemical tests, Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin Agar (MYP), retailed foods

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  • Isaac Adesina

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF TWO EDIBLE MUSHROOMS (Termitomyces robustus and Lentinus squarrosulus) [MB]

      Abstract: The methanol extracts of two edible mushrooms; Termitomyces robustus (ewe) and Lentinus squarrosulus (erirokiro) were screened for phytochemicals of medicinal importance and the chemical profile investigated using standard analytical methods with the aim of assessing their health promoting properties. Both mushrooms tested positive to flavonoids, saponin, tannin and terpenoid but negative to steroid, anthraquinone and phlobatannin. The results of proximate compositions in % were; moisture contents (7.22 ± 0.07; 11.03 ± 0.21), crude protein (31.34 ± 0.01; 42.77 ± 0.57), ash (7.07 ± 0.04; 10.45 ± 0.43), crude fibre (4.07 ± 0.18; 9.48 ± 0.04), crude fat (3.71 ± 0.16; 6.76 ± 0.22), carbohydrate by difference (24.90 ±0.11; 41.27 ± 0.19), calorific value in kcal (331.55±3.41; 342.35±3.09), and total dietary fibre (10.21 ± 0.00; 11.68 ± 0.00). The anti-nutrient factors in mg/g were; tannin (3.25 ± 0.80; 7.40 ± 0.14) oxalate (1.53 ± 0.00; 1.71 ± 0.07), and phytate (1.48 ± 0.06; 1.94 ± 0.05). Mineral elements, vitamins, essential and non-essential amino acids in substantial quantities were detected in the mushrooms. The phenolic compounds identified and quantified were gallic acid, catechin,chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin and kaempferol.The mushrooms exhibited various antifungi and antimicrobial activities. The two mushrooms possessed good nutritional and chemical qualities and could be sources of many different nutraceuticals.

      Keywords: Phytochemicals, proximate, flavonoids, Polyphenols, Termitomycesrobustus, Lentinussquarrosulus

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  • Charles Adetunji

    (1)
    1. EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF EXTRACELLULAR LACCASE FROM WILD, MUTANTS AND HYBRID STRAINS OF TWO WHITE-ROT FUNGUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN DECOLOURIZATION AND LIGNINOLYSIS [BT]

      Abstract: Extracellular laccases were extracted from a 5-day old submerge cultures of the wild, mutants and hybrid of Lentinus subnudus. Mutants were generated by exposure of the wild strain of L. subnudus to ultraviolet radiation (ג = 280 nm) at specific time intervals while the hybrid was produced by cross-breeding L. subnudus with L. edodes. The crude enzyme was fractionated with 80% ammonium sulphate and further purified on DEAE column. The laccase has a molecular weight of about 45 KDa. Purification yield on DEAE column gave the highest purification yield of 23.25% in SWT and least in SHT (5.29%). Its potentials in decolourization of 2, 6-dichlorophenol-indophenol dye at different pH conditions were investigated. Five out of the six fungal strains tested gave significant (P<0.05) percentage decolourization (≥43.94%) at pH 8. The fungus was further studied for their ability in degrading wheat and paddy straws. The solid substrate fermentation was inoculated with two pieces (0.6cm diameter) mycelial agar blocks of each of the fungal strains, supplemented with 30mg/100g sucrose, 24mg/100g KNO3 and 60mg/100g CaCO3. The periodic reduction in weight of the solid substrate medium and enzymatic activity of laccase for each of the fungal strains was assessed. Therefore, the ability of the wild, mutants and hybrid of L subnudus strains to produce laccase enzyme shows their significant potential in textile industry, especially in decolourization of dye and bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes.

      Keywords: Lentinus subnudus, laccase, decolourization, degradation

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  • Adetuyi

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CNESTIS FERRUGINEA DC (CONNARACEAE) EXTRACTS [MB]

      Abstract: To evaluate the health relevance of decoctions, infusions and concoction of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, antibacterial efficacy of crude aqueous, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Cnestis ferruginea leaf, stem bark and roots were assayed against nine clinical bacterial isolates namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Shigalla dysenteriae, Campylobacter jejunum, a -hemolytic group A streptococcus, and Salmonella enterica ser.Typhi by agar well diffusion method. The leaf extracts had higher inhibitory effects at various degrees than the stem bark and root extracts. Chemical methods were used to determine the quality and quantity of phytochemical components where alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, phenol and cardinolides were found present. The antioxidant activities of the extracts of the plant tested were determined by a spectrophotometric method using the stable free radical DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Considerable antioxidant activities were found in the plant extracts. C. ferruginea contains bioactive principles necessary for bacteria inhibition and therefore, the powder could be used as preservative, beverage and source of novel drug(s).

      Keywords: Cnestis ferruginea DC (Connaraceae) extract, antibacterial, phytochemical, antioxidant properties, Nigeria

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  • Foluso Adetuyi

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF DEFATTED OKRA SEED (Abelmoschus esculentus) FLOUR ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND Zn BIOAVAILABILITY OF PLANTAIN (Musa paradisiacal Linn) FLOUR [FS]

      Abstract: In Nigeria it is advised that nursing mothers should give their baby plantain flour paste “amala ogede” with ‘ewedu’ Corchorus olitorius soup during the process of weaning their baby. The over matured okra that cannot be cut with kitchen knife are thrown away in Nigeria, this lead to postharvest loss of okra. The seed in this okra could be utilised by processing into okra seed flour for the fortification of plantain flour. Since the okra seed flour is rich in oil and the oil contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids which cause some toxicity concerns therefore this work is to evaluate the chemical composition, the functional properties and Zn bioavailability of plantain flour mixed with defatted okra seed flour.
      The nutrient content increased significantly (P≤0.05), protein; 3.88 – 11.38 %, fibre; 3.03 – 16.30 % and ash; 2.72 – 5.77 % while the fat and carbohydrate content reduced significantly (P≤0.05) as the percentage of defatted okra seed flour increased. The bulk density of the plantain flour decreased significantly (P≤0.05) from 0.795 g/cm3 to 0.769 g/cm3 as the percentage of okra seed flour increased while the least gelation concentration increased significantly (P≤0.05) (10 to 20). The calculated [Ca][Phytate]/[Zn] molar ratio for the plantain flour mixed with defatted okra seed flour (0.02 – 0.04 mol/kg) were below the critical level. The increase in the least gelation concentration coupled with increase in the protein content of the resultant flour from the blend means more of the protein will be available in the food made from the plantain flour mixed with defatted okra seed flour.

      Keywords: plantain flour, defatted okra seed flour, nutrients, functional property, Zn bioavailability

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  • Isaac O. Adewale

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOSTABLE, CRUDE CELLULASE FROM ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE IP8 ISOLATED FROM PLANT LEAF LITTERS OF LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA Linn. [MB]

      Abstract: Cellulases have wide applications and biotechnological potentials for various industries. A bacterium producing an extracellular, thermostable cellulase was isolated from plant leaf litters of Lagerstroemia indica Linn, inside a botanical garden. According to morphological, biochemical and physiological characterization, it was tentatively identified as Enterobacter sp. Molecular characterization, using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to confirm the identity of the bacterium as Enterobacter cloacae IP8. Effects of some cultural factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH and temperature, on cellulase production from the bacterium, were investigated. Some physicochemical properties of the crude cellulase from E. cloacae IP8 were determined to evaluate its potentials for industrial applications. The maximum yield of cellulase (10.78 U/mL) was at 28 h of incubation using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (1.5%, w/v), peptone (2.0%, w/v), inoculum size (1.0%, v/v), pH and temperature of 7.0 and 45 oC, respectively, and agitation speed 150 rpm. The crude cellulase exhibited optimum activity at 60 oC, retaining 75.0% of its maximal activity at 70 oC. It had optimum pH of 7.0, retaining 58.0% of its original activity at acidic pH 5.0. Metal ions Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ remarkably enhanced activity of the cellulase while K+ and EDTA inhibited activity of the cellulase from E. cloacae IP8. The characteristics of the cellulase from E. cloacae IP8 revealed the enzyme as being thermostable and an acidic to neutral metalloenzyme. Therefore, the enzyme from this strain could be applied in industrial applications such as lignocellulosic biomass conversion into fuel and other value added products.

      Keywords: Enterobacter cloacae; Cellulase; Production; Characterization; Thermostable; Physicochemical

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  • Omowunmi Adewale

    (1)
    1. IN VIVO ANTI-PLASMODIAL SCREENING OF Nicotiana tabacum AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEPATIC AND RENAL FUNCTION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE [BT]

      Abstract: Malaria remains one of the leading public health diseases in developing countries and efforts to keep the infection at bay have suffered a lot of setbacks compounded by the increasing cases of resistance and cross resistance to firstline antimalaria drugs. In this study, we investigated the anti-plasmodial efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum on Plasmodium berghei infected swiss albino mice and its effects on liver and kidney function. The comparison of changes in parasite load of the infected mice before and after treatment showed that the parasitemia level reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the mice treated with both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of N. tabacum, while there was a significant (p< 0.05) increase in parasitemia level in the untreated mice. The activities of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate transaminase(AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and creatinine varied marginally in the treated groups but the values were statistically comparable with control group (untreated) (P>0.05). However, the concentration of urea was statistically higher in treated groups than the control (p<0.05). Our results therefore demonstrate the anti-plasmodial potential of N. tobacum and its relative safety for human consumption at the tested doses.

      Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, anti-plasmodial effects, plasmodium beighei, biochemical marker

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  • Emmanuel Adeyeye

    (1)
    1. CHANGES IN THE MICROFLORA AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF DOMESTIC OIL-RICH WASTEWATER [MB]

      Abstract: Aerobic and anaerobic changes in the microflora and chemical components of domestic oil-rich wastewater were investigated. Enumeration of total bacterial and coliform counts was determined using spreading method of isolation. Enumeration and characterization of fatty acids were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. The microbial load was at its peak on the third day of storage, while the coliforms rose to about 50% and 60% of the total load during aerobic and anaerobic conditions respectively. Anaerobiosis did not affect the total coliform load drastically (47%) on the 12th day of degradation. Among the fatty acids elucidated from fresh dietary oil were lauric (0.99%), myristic (1.00%), palmitic (44.3%). Percentage concentration of fatty acids of extracted oil from aerobic cultured wastewater was as follows: lauric (ND - 5.70%); myristic (ND - 39.5%), palmitic (0.11% - 0.79%), stearic (0.012% - 0.32%), oleic (19.0% - 48.0%) and linoleic (ND - 49.0%), while anaerobic culture produced lauric (ND - 7.3%), myristic (ND - 50.4%), palmitic (0.23% - 0.68%), stearic (0.034% - 0.74%), oleic (13.0% - 52.0%) and linoleic (16.0% - 58.0%) at different storage times. The changes in titratable acidity, mineral and proximate contents with their effects were discussed.

      Keywords: Aerobic, anaerobiosis, microflora, fatty acid, wastewater

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  • Arjun Adhikari

    (2)
    1. GIBBERELLIN PRODUCING RHIZOBACTERIA Pseudomonas koreensis MU2 ENHANCE GROWTH OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa) AND CHINESE CABBAGE (Brassica rapa, chinensis) [MB]

      Abstract: Microbial biofertilizers are considered environmentally safe tool for the healthy production of a plant. Massive application of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture has resulted detrimental effect on nature and human health. In the current study, we isolated several strains of rhizoshpheric bacteria through screening from the diversed agricultural soil of Daegu, South Korea. The growth promoting ability of the isolated strains was checked on gibberellin-deficient rice dwarf mutant Waito-C, lettuce var. cheongchima and chinese cabbage var. wangmat. The strain having the higher ability to promote the Waito-c growth was selected and further investigation was done. The selected isolate was identified as Pseudomonas koreensis MU2 through 16s rDNA gene sequence analysis. The cultural filtrate analysis revealed that the isolate could produce endogenous phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA1 and GA3) and organic acids, such as citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid. Pot experiment revealed that the inoculation of Pseudomonas koreensis MU2 significantly increased shoot length, root length, fresh biomass, and dry biomass of chinese cabbage and lettuce. These results suggest that the Pseudomonas koreensis MU2 might be the possible candidate for bio-fertilizer as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plant.

      Keywords: Chinese cabbage, gibberellin, lettuce, organic acid, Pseudomonas koreensis MU2

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    2. EFFECT OF BEE POLLEN AND PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, ORGANS, AND THIGH MEAT pH OF BROILER COBB 500 [FS]

      Abstract: Slightly more than one third of the global meat consumed comes from chickens. Various studies have been carried out on the use of bee pollen or probiotics in broiler feed; however, very limited studies have been carried out about their combined effect on broiler production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of feeding by pollen and probiotics on broiler chicken Cobb 500. The effect of different concentrations of commercial bee pollen and probiotics was evaluated on growth performance, organs, and thigh meat pH of 45 days old chickens. The rate of body weight gain on day 21, 33, and 39 were significantly different among treatment and control groups and on day 33 d, all the experimental groups showed significant increase in weight gain as compared to control. T3 treatment had highest weight gain (380 g) on day 45. Some of the organs such as lung, digestive system, and intestine length were also significantly affected by the application of bee pollen and probiotics. The broilers fed with bee pollen and probiotics were found to have increased but more stable pH of thigh meat as compared to that of control at 24 hours of low temperature (-20°C) storage. At 24 h, T2 treatment showed highest pH value(6.52) for thigh meat Results of the present study indicated that the meat quality of broiler could be improved with the use of bee pollen and probiotics as they could increase and keep the pH stable during storage.

      Keywords: Bee pollen, broiler Cobb 500, meat pH, probiotic, weight gain

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  • Bhaskar Mani Adhikari

    (1)
    1. STUDY ON FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED CHILLI VARIETIES GROWN IN KATHMANDU, NEPAL [FS]

      Abstract: The present work was undertaken to study the functional properties (oleoresin, pungency, antioxidant activity, phenolic content, ascorbic acid content and natural pigments) of six chilli varieties found in Kathmandu, Nepal. The yield of oleoresin was found to be higher in ethyl acetate than acetone. Habanero showed the highest pungency (420,000 SHU) while Bell pepper showed lowest pungency (0 SHU). The antioxidant activity was higher in Habanero (IC50 = 206.43 µg/mL) due to high phenolic content 128.6 mg of GA/g and low in Indian pepper (IC50 = 578.16 µg/mL) due to lower phenolic content 74.92 mg of GA/g. The ascorbic acid contents were ranged from 38.59±4.53 to 107.52±18.65 mg/100g and maximum was observed in Pimento. Among six varieties, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were found to be maximum in Jire.

      Keywords: Chilli, pungency, antioxidant activities, ascorbic acid, natural pigments

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  • Bishnu Adhikari

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF BEE POLLEN AND PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, ORGANS, AND THIGH MEAT pH OF BROILER COBB 500 [FS]

      Abstract: Slightly more than one third of the global meat consumed comes from chickens. Various studies have been carried out on the use of bee pollen or probiotics in broiler feed; however, very limited studies have been carried out about their combined effect on broiler production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of feeding by pollen and probiotics on broiler chicken Cobb 500. The effect of different concentrations of commercial bee pollen and probiotics was evaluated on growth performance, organs, and thigh meat pH of 45 days old chickens. The rate of body weight gain on day 21, 33, and 39 were significantly different among treatment and control groups and on day 33 d, all the experimental groups showed significant increase in weight gain as compared to control. T3 treatment had highest weight gain (380 g) on day 45. Some of the organs such as lung, digestive system, and intestine length were also significantly affected by the application of bee pollen and probiotics. The broilers fed with bee pollen and probiotics were found to have increased but more stable pH of thigh meat as compared to that of control at 24 hours of low temperature (-20°C) storage. At 24 h, T2 treatment showed highest pH value(6.52) for thigh meat Results of the present study indicated that the meat quality of broiler could be improved with the use of bee pollen and probiotics as they could increase and keep the pH stable during storage.

      Keywords: Bee pollen, broiler Cobb 500, meat pH, probiotic, weight gain

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  • Hriush Adhikari

    (1)
    1. POLYPHASIC ANALYSIS OF TWO THERMOTOLERANT, AND EXOZYMES PRODUCING GEOBACILLUS SPECIES FROM HOT SPRING OF NEPAL [MB]

      Abstract: Background and Aim: Nepal’s geothermal areas are considered as uncharted place for microbiological and biotechnological researchers since not many researches has been conducted on these areas. The main aim of this study was to isolate thermophilic bacteria from hostspring of Nepal. Methods: From one of the hottest natural thermal spring of Nepal, Bhurung Tatopani, 20 different bacteria were isolated and Characterized by both culture dependent and independent approaches. Results: Morphological and biochemical tests along with polyphasic analysis of these thermal isolates confirmed that two of these species belongs to Geobacillus sp. The isolates THG1 and THG2 were found to be gram variable and rod shaped with smooth colony. They were found to be osmotolerant up to 2% NaCl and thermotolerant with optimum temperature of 72°C. They showed significant production of various industrially important enzymes like amylase, lipase, protease and cellulase. 16S rRNA amplification was also performed and sequenced which revealed that the isolate THG1 has 99% similarity with Geobacillus kaustophilus and THG2 has 99% similarity with Geobacillus thermoleovorans. THG1 and THG2 16S rRNA sequences are deposited in genebank with accession id KP764939 and KP764940. For the further confirmation and deeper analysis, fatty acid analysis (FAME) was also performed and their fatty acid composition profile was also created. Conclusion: From the Bhurung hotspring two unique Geobacillus species were isolated.

      Keywords: Bhurung Tatopani, Geobacillus, FAME, Thermotolerant

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  • Veena Kumara Adi

    (1)
    1. SPICE BASED TREATMENT TO INCREASE THE SHELF LIFE OF PANNER – CLOVE A PROMISING SPICE [FS]

      Abstract: Panner is the important nutritious and whole some indigenous diary product which occupy a prominent place among traditional milk product and carry a lot of market potential. However, like any other milk products, panner too is perishable in nature having a very short shelf life. Little information is available on panner regarding the microbiology aspects during storage, which is the main cause of its spoilage. This study was carried out to identify the potential of spices as natural preservative agents to increase shelf life of panner. Of the 12 spices tested we found that clove (and clove oil) effective in enhancing the shelf life of panner. Further, the clove oil was found to be a better antagonistic agent compared to clove aqueous infusion. The in vitro antibacterial activity of clove oil was tested against the microorganism contaminating and spoiling panner by Agar-well diffusion assay. There was a direct correlation between the amounts of clove in the Agar well to that of zone of inhibition. The effective and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of clove oil was found to be 0.01%. The clove oil treated panner could extend the shelf life to 40 days. However, except for hardening (observed after 20th day) the panner sample were free of contamination. Supported by the sensory valuation studies, we opine that clove oil could be an effective bio-preservative spice in increasing the shelf life of panner.

      Keywords: Spices, clove oil, panner, shelf life

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  • Abiodun Adibi

    (1)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION AND ISOLATION OF PEPTIDE METABOLITES OF AN ANTIFUNGAL BACTERIAL ISOLATE IDENTIFIED AS BACILLUS AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS SUBSPECIES PLANTARUM STRAIN FZB42 [MB]

      Abstract: Some bacteria produce antimicrobial chemicals in their immediate environments. These antimicrobial agents are enzymes, polypeptides or non-protein organic compounds. In this study, a bacterial isolate that produces antifungal chemical(s) was isolated from an over incubated nutrient agar plate that was exposed to air. The bacterium is aerobic, Gram positive bacilli; capsule and endospore producing. It ferments glucose and sucrose but not lactose, galactose, mannitol and sorbitol; it is citrate, indole, methyl red and Voges Prauskauer negative. Using agar gel diffusion technique, the cell-free culture supernatant resulting from centrifugation of a six day bacterial culture showed antifungal activity against filamentous fungi but not yeasts. Heating the cell-free supernatant in 90 ˚C water bath and digestion with different proteases had no negative impact on the antifungal activity. A segment of 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial isolate was amplified. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon was used to identify the bacterium as being very similar to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum strain FZB42. Five bacterial peptides were isolated and identified from cell free supernatant of the bacterial culture using a suite of techniques, including flash chromatography, HPLC, NMR and mass spectrometry. One of the five peptides has been previously reported in literature to possess antifungal activity.

      Keywords: Antifungal; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; peptide metabolites; preparative HPLC

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  • Olayinka Quadri Adio

    (2)
    1. SCREENING, OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE OF Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 [MB]

      Abstract: This study focused on screening, production and characterization of strains of microorganisms isolated from groundnut cake wastes capable of producing lipolytic enzyme. Over one hundred isolates were screened on Bromocresol green medium to detect the presence of lipase producing organisms by a colour change of the medium from green to yellow around the colonies at pH 3.8 – 5.6. Two of the isolates with NCBI Accession number ACJE01000015.1 and NT-166520.1 were identified as Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 and A.niger CBS 513.88 respectively based on the nucleotide sequence of the domain of DNA gene. Other lipase producers include A. niger (B-05, B-17, B-33), A. oryzae (G -47, G- 51), and yeast, Candida sp. (H-06, H-11). Lipase activities of A. niger ATCC 1015 were evaluated at temperature (25 – 60 °C), pH 5 - 9 and enzyme loading (10 -35 %, v/v) for optimization.The effect of inducers on lipase production was also carried out by using coconut oil, physic nut oil, groundnut oil and olive oil.A. niger ATCC 1015 gave the largest halo on the medium with 102.4 U/g activity. Zones of hydrolysis also increased with time and ranged from 3 mm to 10 mm at 30 ºC for 96 h. The ability of cells to maintain sharp contrast between green medium and its clear zone without prior replication permits direct visualization and isolation of positive strains.
      Optimum production of the enzyme (specific activity 216.7 Umg-1)was attained at temperature 45°C, pH 7, and enzyme loading (25% v/v) with physic nut oil (2%) inducer. Hence A. niger ATCC 1015 strain can be commercially exploited as a potential lipase producing strain for industrial application.

      Keywords: Bromocresol green medium; solid state fermentation; optimization; Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015

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    2. PRODUCTION OF LIPASES IN SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION BY Aspergillus niger F7-02 WITH AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES [MB]

      Abstract: In this study mould strains screened and molecularly identified as Aspergillus niger F7-02 was used to produced extracellular lipase in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) process. Different agricultural residues were combined in different ratios as carbon, nitrogen and elemental sources in the solid culture medium. The optimization of the culture medium was carried out for such parameters as incubation time (24 h - 96 h), inoculum concentration (0.5 – 3.0%, w/v), initial moisture content (40 – 70%, w/v), and initial pH (6 – 8) for maximum yield. The maximum lipase activity of 76.7 U/ml was obtained with a medium containing rice bran (RB), palm kernel cake (PKC), groundnut cake (GNC) and starch (S) at the ratio of 5:5:3:1 (%w/w) with optimum conditions of 60% moisture, 1% inoculum and a pH of 7.0 with an incubation temperature of 30 oC and incubation time of 72 h.

      Keywords: Agricultural waste, Aspergillus niger F7-02, lipase, optimization, solid state fermentation

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  • Ravindra Adivarekar

    (1)
    1. BIOSCOURING OF WOOL USING PROTEASE FROM BACILLUS SUBTILIS ISOLATED FROM ABATTOIR WASTE [MB]

      Abstract: Bioscouring refers to the enzymatic removal of impurities from fibres/fabrics, which endows it with improved hydrophilicity for further wet processes. Enzymatic scouring preserves the fibre’s structure and strength, avoids high energy consumption and severe pollution problems that are associated with conventional alkaline treatments. In the present study, protease enzyme was extracted from Bacillus subtilis which was isolated from abattoir (slaughter house) waste. Different medium parameters were optimized for maximal enzyme production. The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis bag method. Partially purified protease enzyme was used in the bioscouring of wool fibres. Different parameters such as pH, temperature, time, enzyme concentration were optimized to achieve an efficient scouring. Comparison of enzymatic process for wool fibre with conventional alkaline soap process in terms of weight loss, whiteness index, tensile strength and FTIR studies confirmed that bioscouring could be as effective as the conventional process.

      Keywords: Bioscouring, Protease, Bacillus subtilis, Abattoir waste, Wettability, Alkali solubility, Whiteness index

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  • Euloge S. Adjou

    (2)
    1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MENTHA PIPERITA L. LEAVES ON THE QUALITY OF MANGO PUREE DURING STORAGE [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oil (EO) from fresh leaves of Mentha piperita L. on the conservation of mango puree during storage. The results of physicochemical characterization of mango puree underlined its high nutritional potential, with carbohydrates, carotenoids and vitamin C contents of 9.5±0.4%, 20.05±0.03 mg/100g and 21.03±0.05 mg/100g respectively. Microbiological analyses revealed that Aspergillus and Mucor were the most common genera of fungi identified from mango puree in Benin by using a taxonomic schemes primarily based on morphological characters of mycelium and conidia. The isolated fungi include Aspergillus parasiticus, A. versicolor and Mucor spp. Antifungal assay, performed by the agar diffusion assay, indicated that essential oil exhibited high antifungal activity against the growth of fungi. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil was found to be 2.0 μL.mL-1for A. parasiticus and A. versicolor; and 1.0 μL.mL-1 for Mucor spp. The Minimal Fungicide Concentration (MFC)was recorded to be 2.5 μL.mL-1 for A. parasiticus and A. versicolor; and 1.5 μL.mL-1 for Mucor spp. Chemical analysis by GC/MS of the oil led to the identification of 15 components, characterized by menthol (46.7%), neomenthol (8.28%) and 1.8-cinéole (6.49%) as major components. Results obtained during the evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics of the mango puree stored by adding EO, indicated a significant decrease in the pH, carotenoids and vitamin C contents. However, with EO concentration of 2.5 μL.mL-1, the pH of stored mango puree was 6.4±0.7 after 15 days of preservation, with a high carotenoids and vitamin C contents of 19.02±0.07 mg/100g and 21.01±0.03 mg/100g. The EO of Mentha piperita L., with high antimicrobial property, offers a novel approach to the management of fruits derivate products during storage.

      Keywords: Mentha piperita L., essential oil, mango puree, conservation, Benin

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    2. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE MYCOFLORA AND PROCESSING EFFECTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGEA L. VAR. TS 32-1) [FS]

      Abstract: The microbiological and nutritional characterization of peanut (Arachis hypogea L var. TS 32-1) was investigated. Bacteria and fungi were isolated from this product. The fungal isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm and Fusarium poae. The respective mean moisture content and total acidity in samples were 8.19 ± 0.01% and 1.2 ± 0.02%. Nutritional analysis showed that peanut (Arachis hypogea L var. TS 32-1) has interesting nutritional potential. Carbohydrate content (7.84 ± 0.3%), protein content (33.88 ± 0.1%), fat (47.48 ± 0.01%) and the presence of minerals such as calcium (0.25 ± 0.05g/kg), potassium (5.21 ± 0.02g/kg) and magnesium (1.92 ± 0.03%) allowed its application as supplement in infant feeding in rural areas. Anti-nutritional factors such as oxalate and phytate were also detected in samples. This nutritional potential is significantly affect by thermal processes which can reduce essentially protein and carbohydrate contents and also anti-nutritional factor levels. However, values were lower than established toxic level. Finally, more attention should be made to its microbial quality in order to preserve children’s health.

      Keywords: Peanut, proximate analysis, processing effects, anti-nutritional factor

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  • Mohamed Adly

    (1)
    1. THE GENETIC VARIATION ASSESSMENT OF IN VITRO IRRADIATED TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) BY SCoT AND ISSR MARKERS [BT]

      Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are considered major and important globally vegetable crops and in Egypt in particular. Tissue culture techniques have encouraged the utilization of mutation methods in crop improvement. The mutation induction in vegetative crops through tissue culture may be the optimal method to improve these crops. Induced genetic variation in tomato plantlets by using gamma radiation and identified these changes through SCoT and ISSR markers. Egyptian tomato cultivar Idkawy explant was cultured onto MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg-l BAP. The resulted plantlets were irradiated with γ radiation doses (50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 Gy). The survival, growth rate, and mean of shoot length were decreased with increasing gamma radiation dose. The irradiated plantlets survival percentages were ranged from 78.75% to (50 Gy) and 18.75% to (250 Gy), whereas, the shoot length decreased by a rate of 2.71 cm for the dose (50 Gy) and 1.2 cm for dose (250 Gy). Genetic diversity was evaluated by SCoT and ISSR markers using ten primers for each. It was noticed that the polymorphism percentage mean of SCoT marker (60.53%) is higher than the ISSR marker (39.6). The PIC values average for both markers SCoT and ISSR were 0.429 and 0.347, as well, MI values were 0.345 and 0.156, respectively. On the other hand, the effective no. of alleles (Ne), Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (I) parameters, it was found that the dose 100 Gy caused the highest genetic variation compared with other doses using SCoT marker, however, in ISSR marker was dose of 150 Gy the highest dose for induced genetic variation. The obtained results demonstrate that SCoT marker was more accurate and efficient than ISSR marker for distinguishing and genetic variation analysis of irradiated tomato plantlets. The relationships within treatments were assessed through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on SCoT and ISSR analysis.

      Keywords: DNA polymorphism, genetic variation, ISSR, radiation, SCoT, tissue culture, tomato

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  • Benjamin Ado

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTINASES FROM MANGO PEELS BY Aspergillus tamarii [MB]

      Abstract: Pectinases are a group of enzymes that are able to breakdown or transform pectin. Sources of pectinase comprise a wide variety of bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus sp. In this study pectinases (polygalacturonase and pectin lyase) were produced from mango peels by Aspergillus tamarii in solid state fermentation and a fraction of the crude enzyme solution obtained by ultracentrifugation was used for partial characterization assay. The maximum polygalacturonase production was 141.0095 U/g at day 3, 6 and 9 of incubation while the maximum pectin lyase production was 5670.50 U/g obtained at day 6. The optimum temperature and pH for polygalacturonase activity was between 40 – 70oC and 5.0 respectively while that of pectin lyase was 60oC and 7.5 respectively. The polygalacturonase produced was stable between pH 3.6 – 10.0 and at a temperature range of 30 – 70oC while the pectin lyase was stable between pH 7.0 – 8.5 and at 40oC. Na+, Mn+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ caused a significant increase in the activity of polygalacturonase whereas Fe2+ and Mg2+ caused a significant decrease in its activity (P≤0.05). The activity of pectin lyase was significantly increased by Fe2+, Mn+ and Zn2+ but significantly decreased by Cu2+, Mg2+ and Na+ (P≤0.05). Mango peel is a cheap, available and valuable substrate for pectinase production which could be useful for industrial applications especially in the food industry for processing fruit juices.

      Keywords: Pectinase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, solid state fermentation, mango peels

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  • Benjamin Vandelun Ado

    (1)
    1. OPTIMIZATION OF TOTAL SOLUBLE PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY Trametes sp. isolate B7 AND ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF SYNTHETIC DYES [BT]

      Abstract: Filamentous fungi as a source of bioproteins for biotechnological applications are preferred over bacteria and yeasts due to their excellent yield and total volume of production. Fungal laccases are useful because of high redox potentials and low substrate specificity to xenobiotics. However, challenges for large-scale utilizations are low enzyme yield and high cost of production. Saw-dust of Terminalia superba abounds locally and was utilized as alternative substrate for production using various optimization processes. Trametes sp. isolate B7 was isolated and identified using molecular techniques. Optimum pH and temperature for total soluble protein (TSP) and laccase activity were pH 5.0 (3.6 mg/mL, 2356 U/mL) and 25oC (2.3 mg/mL, 2395 U/mL), respectively. Enhanced production of TSA occurred in Cu2+ (2.70 mg/L) and Ca2+ (2.50 mg/L) at 3 mM. Laccase activity was recorded at 1 - 2 mM Cu2+ (2379 U/mL) and 3 - 4 mM Ca2+ (2385 U/mL). Productions of TSP and laccase activity were higher using ammonium sulphate and ammonium chloride respectively. Glucose induced the best TSP and laccase activity of 3.6 mg/mL and 2395 U/mL respectively. TSP and laccase activity were best on day 14 (3.6 mg/mL) and day 18 (2395 U/mL) respectively. Percentage degradation of synthetic dyes using crude laccase 1000 U/mL (and 2000 U/mL) were: Remazol Brilliant Blue Royal 100% (77%), Phenol red 28% (36%), Congo red 75% (64%), and Malachite green 62% (28%) respectively. The ability of laccase to degrade Phenol red and other synthetic dyes without using enzyme mediators made it a valuable tool for biotechnological applications.

      Keywords: Trametes sp., Total soluble protein, Laccase activity, Optimization, Synthetic dyes, Enzymatic degradation

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  • M. P. Adon

    (1)
    1. PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION OF A SHALLOW AFRICAN TROPICAL RESERVOIR (ADZOPÉ, CÔTE D’IVOIRE) [MB]

      Abstract: Phytoplankton of the Adzopé reservoir was investigated from May 2008 to February 2009. Samples were taken seasonally from 4 sampling stations. A total of 212 taxa belonging to 6 divisions have been identified, including Chlorophyta (35.38 % of taxa), Euglenophyta (29.25 %), Bacillariophyta (18.40 %), Cyanoprocaryota (10.85 %), Xanthophyta (5.19 %) and Pyrrhophyta (2.36 %). The greatest species richness was found in the central zone at S3 (205 taxa) and the smallest was recorded in the upper zone at station S1 (165 taxa). In the remaining stations were collected 173 (S2) and 195 (S4) taxa. At all the stations, the phytoplankton community was typically dominated by the pelagic-benthic species of Bacillariophyta (17 taxa) and pelagic species of Euglenophyta (43 taxa) and Chlorophyta (41 taxa). Spatio-temporal patterns of phytoplankton groups showed that Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta were permanent groups whatever the stations and seasons except stations S1 and S2 in long rainy season, where Chlorophyta accounted for 9.1 and 12.5 % of sporadic taxa respectively.

      Keywords: phytoplankton, shallow reservoir, species richness, West Africa

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  • Thomas Apusiga Adongo

    (1)
    1. THE EFFECTS OF DRIED FAECAL SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL WASTE CO-COMPOST ON MICROBIAL LOAD AND YIELD OF CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) AND LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa) [FS]

      Abstract: Municipal waste management has been of major concern to many developing countries and is presently one of the subjects under discussion due to rapid industrialization and population growth. Most of these municipal wastes have the potential of being recycled and use in crop production. They are gradually becoming a problem in Ghana instead of being used for purposes to benefit human kind. In this study, dried faecal sludge and municipal waste co-compost was used as an organic fertilizer to cultivate cabbage and lettuce to assess its effects on their microbial load and yield. The yields of vegetables increased significantly with the application of recommended doses of the co-compost. The analysis of microbial load on the vegetables also showed significantly low microbial load on vegetables cultivated on co-compost plots followed by the chemical fertilizer and control. The presences of faecal coliforms such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. were confirmed in all. The performance of vegetable cultivated on plots treated with the co-compost makes it a good source of plant nutrients to be recommended to farmers. This could also serve as prudent strategy for managing municipal waste and faecal sludge to avoid impact of unscientific disposal on public health and quality of life.

      Keywords: cabbage, co-compost, lettuce, microbial load, municipal waste management

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  • Kolesárová Adriana

    (1)
    1. INTERNAL MILIEAU OF DAIRY COWS AT THE BEGINNING OF LACTATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COMPOSITION OF RAW MILK [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate selected blood biochemical parameters and milk composition of dairy cows at the beginning of lactation and to observe the correlations between blood and milk parameters. In total, 15 Holstein cows at the beginning of lactation were chosen. Blood and milk samples were collected. Energetic (glucose - GLU, d-beta-hydroxybutyrate - D-BHB, triglycerides - TG), nitrogenous (total proteins - TP, UREA), hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase - AST, alanine aminotransferase - ALT, gamma-glutamyltransferase - GGT, alkaline phosphatase - ALP, bilirubin - BILI, cholesterol - CHOL) and mineral (sodium - Na, potassium - K, chlorides - Cl-, calcium – Ca, phosphorus – P, magnesium - Mg) profiles were determined in the blood serum. Levels of lactose, fat, proteins and minerals (sodium - Na, potassium – K, calcium – Ca, phosphorus – P, magnesium - Mg) were determined in milk. Most of the parameters outside physiological limits were found among mineral and hepatic profile. Levels of calcium, phosphorus and sodium were decreased in comparison to reference values. Average concentration of urea was also lower. On the other hand, increase of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were observed. Levels of lactose (4.82 g.100g-1), fat (4.21 g.100g-1), protein (3.14 g.100g-1) and calcium (4.82 g.l-1) in milk complied with Slovak national standard (STN 57 0529). In our study, ratio of fat to protein lower than 0.75 was observed in 13 % of cows (risk of ketosis) and higher than 1.4 in 40 % (NEB). Strong negative correlation between serum cholesterol and milk fat (-0.716; P<0.01) and middle strong negative correlation between cholesterol and milk protein (-0.397; P<0.01) were observed.
      ALT affected negatively amount of phosphorus in milk (-0.417; P<0.001), which complied with demineralization of the organism and following restriction of liver detoxification activity. On the other hand, strong positive correlation was observed between serum ALT and milk sodium (0.738; P<0.05), what points to close relationship between hepatic enzymes and mineral composition of raw milk.

      Keywords: Dairy cows, metabolic test, milk quality, beginning of lactation

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  • Pavelková Adriana

    (1)
    1. ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACID CONTENT OF RAW MIANALYSIS OF FATTY ACID CONTENT OF RAW MILK [FS]

      Abstract: In this work was analysedquality of raw cow’s milkof dairy cows which was fed with winter food ration of feed. Milk was observed in terms of the composition of milk fat and fatty acids during the months of August, October, December and February. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat was 63.22 % and it was found the highest proportion of palmitic acid 34.85%myristic acid accounted for 11.44 % and 10.86 % stearic acid. Linoleic acid, which is given special attention in view of the favourable effect on cholesterol, consisted of 3.48 % milk fat. The average proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat was 36.76 % of which 32.77 % were monounsaturated and polyunsaturated 4.0 %. A high proportion of milk fat formed monounsaturated oleic acid 30.92 %. The proportion of linoleic acid in milk fat was 3.48 % and 0.31 % linoleic acid.

      Keywords: raw cow milk, fat, fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids

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  • Adefoyeke O. Aduramigba-Modupe

    (1)
    1. FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE OF TOMATO: SCREENING FOR RESISTANCE AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF BOTANICALS FOR CONTROL; THE NIGERIA CASE [MB]

      Abstract: Fusarium wilt disease of tomato is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and is a limiting factor to tomato production in Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to screen tomato varieties commonly cultivated in Nigeria to determine their host resistance status to F. oxysporum, identify fungi species associated with tomato plants showing Fusarium wilt symptoms and the in-vitro evaluation of aqueous and methanol extracts of four botanicals for bioactivity. Symptomatic sample plants were collected from three farms in tomato producing communities of Nigeria. Isolation was done by direct plating method on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Fungi isolates were identified by cultural and microscopic characteristics. Extracts were prepared and evaluated for bioactivity by agar dilution method. The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design replicated three times. Data were analyzed by descriptive and statistical analysis. Significantly different means were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% level of significance. Of the nine varieties evaluated, only Tomato Shanty+N showed moderate resistance to F. oxysporum, while others were susceptible. Fungi isolated from symptomatic plants were Colletotrichum spp, Curvularia lunata, Sclerotia rolfsii, Rhizopus spp, Pestalocia macrotrica, Aspergillus spp, and Fusarium oxysporum. Extracts showed bioactivity against F. oxysporum at different concentrations. Methanol as solvent in preparing of Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory properties against F. oxysporum at low concentration. This was followed by Morinda lucida and Tagetes erecta at 37.5% and 25% concentration respectively. Tomato shanty+N and low concentration methanol extracts of Azadirachta indica leaf (12.5%) are therefore recommended.

      Keywords: Fusariun oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Solanum lycopersicum, Plant extracts, Bioactivity, in-vitro, Pathogenicity

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  • Frederick Adzitey

    (1)
    1. GENOTYPING OF SALMONELLA STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DUCKS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS IN PENANG, MALAYSIA USING REPETITIVE EXTRAGENIC PALINDROMIC (REP) [MB]

      Abstract: Salmonella are important foodborne pathogens of worldwide concern. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of 107 Salmonella strains isolated from ducks, their rearing and processing environments in Penang, Malaysia using repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR). REP-PCR of the Salmonella strains produced DNA bands of different sizes for differentiation purposes. The DNA band sizes ranged from 105-7692 bp for S. Typhimurium, 116-7033 bp for S. Hadar, 127-7399 bp for S. Enteritidis, 140-7497 bp for S. Braenderup and 123-5857 bp for S. Albany. Cluster analysis at a coefficient of 0.85 grouped the Salmonella strains into various clusters and singletons. S. Typhimurium were grouped into 4 clusters and 26 singletons at a discriminatory index (D-value) of 0.98, S. Hadar were grouped into 3 clusters and 13 singletons at a D-value of 0.914, S. Enteritidis were grouped into 3 clusters and 9 singletons at a D-value of 0.971, S. Braenderup were grouped into 2 clusters and 11 singletons at a D-value of 0.981, and S. Albany were grouped into 3 clusters and 7 singletons at a D-value of 0.978. With the exception of S. Hadar strains which were grouped into two major groups (genotypes) by REP-PCR, the rest were grouped into three major genotypes. REP-PCR successfully typed all the Salmonella strains and proved to be a useful typing tool for determining the genetic diversity of the duck Salmonella strains. Determining the genetic diversity among Salmonella strains, other foodborne pathogens and their sources of isolation is important to trace their primary or potential sources and the sources of human infection.

      Keywords: Ducks, genetic diversity, REP-PCR, Salmonella strains

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  • Armelle Lyvane Ntsame Affane

    (1)
    1. METABOLITE PROFILES AND ACCEPTABILITY BY CLUSTERS OF DIFFERENT KEFIR TYPES FOR SOUTH AFRICAN CONSUMERS [FS]

      Abstract: Kefir is an alternative fermented dairy product for low income South African consumers. However, it was shown that mass culturing of kefir grains leads to a loss of positive sensory attributes. Thus, this paper evaluates the chemical composition and the sensory acceptability for South African consumers of four variants of kefir (traditional kefir, mass-cultured kefir, Candi-kefir and Lacto-kefir).
      Results showed that all variants of kefir contained key flavour compounds: acetaldehyde (7 – 45 mg.L-1), ethanol (186 – 1774 mg.L-1), diacetyl (5 – 12 mg.L-1), ethyl acetate (1,2 – 30 mg.L-1) and acetic acid (892 – 4 490 mg.L-1); with acidity (TA: 0,85 – 0,96%; pH: 4,13 – 4,25) comparable with ranges reported in literature.
      Based on the liking of flavour of the variants of kefir, three clusters of consumers (N=85) were identified using Ward’s clustering. Cluster I was negatively sensitive to acidic products as indicated by the low scores (<5,30) given for liking of flavour. For Cluster II consumers, the main driver of liking of flavour was ethanol (r = 0,963; p < 0.05), therefore giving the best score (7,5) to traditional kefir the most ‘yeasty’ variant. For cluster III, acidity was a significant driver of liking (r = 0,999; p < 0.05). Thus, less acidic kefir products obtained better consumer liking scores ranging between 7,09 and 7,63.
      The results of this study add to the understanding of sensory attributes which drive consumer preference for kefir. This important information can be used by the South African dairy industry to strengthen the current market through the appropriate production of kefir.

      Keywords: Kefir, consumer preference, acidity, flavour compounds, diacetyl to acetaldehyde ratio

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  • John P. Affiku

    (1)
    1. PROXIMATE STUDY, MINERAL AND ANTI-NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES HARVESTED FROM LAFIA, NIGERIA: POTENTIAL BENEFITS IN POULTRY NUTRITION AND HEALTH [FS]

      Abstract: The leaves of Moringa oleifera were harvested from Lafia in Nasarawa State of Nigeria during the rainy season in June 2011 for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of high crude protein (17.01% ±0.1) and carbohydrate (63.11% ±0.09). The leaves also contained appreciable amounts of crude fibre (7.09% ±0.11), ash (7.93% ± 0.12), crude fat (2.11% ±0.11) and fatty acid (1.69% ±0.09). The total ash content showed it contained minerals, Ca (1.91% ±0.08), K (0.97% ±0.01), Na (192.95±4.4), Fe (107.48±8.2), Mn (81.65±2.31), Zn (60.06±0.3) and P (30.15±0.5) parts per million (ppm). Magnesium (0.38% ±0.01) and copper (6.10±0.19) were the least. The results of phytochemical analysis and anti-nutrients showed presence of tannins (21.19% ±0.25), phytates (2.57% ±0.13), trypsin inhibitors (3.0% ±0.04), saponins (1.60% ±0.05), oxalates (0.45% ±0.01) and cyanide content ((0.1% ±0.01). The presence of these essential nutrients and minerals implies Moringa oleifera leaves from Lafia, Nasarawa State could be utilized as a source of feed supplement to improve growth performance and health status of poultry. The benefits of essential nutrients and minerals in maintaining good health were also highlighted in this study.

      Keywords: Moringa oleifera, leaf extract, nutrients, anti-nutrients, chickens

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  • Jide Anthony Afolayan

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOXICITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS OF SENSEVIERIA AETHIOPICA (THUNB) AGAINST BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH OTITIS [MB]

      Abstract: Otitis is highly prevalent infection caused mainly by bacteria and frequently prone to secondary infections. It may lead to other permanent dysfunctions in children and multidrug-resistance has been reported among implicated bacterial pathogens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidants and antibacterial potential of acetone and methanolic extracts of Sansevieria aethiopica (Thunb.) leaf against bacterial pathogens responsible for otitis. The phytochemical analyses of the extracts were determined using standard assay methods and the antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferric reducing power. Brine shrimp lethality test was used to determine the cytotoxicity effect of the extract while macrobroth dilution method was used for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts. The phenolic contents of the extracts were 57.13 and 19.06 mg tannic acid/g in acetone and methanolic extracts respectively. Flavonols and proathocyanidin recorded the least values in methanolic and acetone extracts respectively. The extracts have good antioxidant properties although lower than the standard chemicals used as controls. The extracts expressed antibacterial effects on both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria however, their activity was more pronounced on Gram negative organisms. Although, slightly toxic, the extracts have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on the selected bacteria associated with otitis, especially Gram negative.

      Keywords: Otitis, Sensevieria aethiopica, antioxidant, phytochemicals, antibacterial

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  • Sadia Afrin

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, ANTIMICROBIAL AND PRELIMINARY CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF CYNOMETRA RAMIFLORA- A MANGROVE PLANT [BT]

      Abstract: A mangrove medicinal plant Cynometra ramiflora (Family: Leguminosae) was selected to investigate the bioactivities namely antioxidant, antimicrobial and preliminary cytotoxic activity using methanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves and stems, respectively. In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the methanolic stem extract was found to be 31.62 µg.mL-1. Reducing power of the same extract demonstrated consistent increase in a concentration-dependent manner and was comparable with quercetin while ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay revealed potential total antioxidant capacity (84.0 mM Fe (II)/g of extract). In addition, the presence of total phenolics (96.2 mg GAE/g of extract), total flavonoids (166.4 mg QE/g of extract) and tannins content (80.4 mg GAE/g of extract) were determined in the methanolic stem extract. The chloroformic stem extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against a number of bacterial strains while the MIC values of extracts were in the range from 62.5 to 500µg.mL-1. The methanolic stem and leaf extracts demonstrated strong lethality in preliminary cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp nauplii where the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values were 1.596 and 4.613 µg.mL-1 respectively. It can be therefore concluded that the methanolic extracts of C. ramiflora possess potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and strong preliminary cytotoxic activity and could be further exploited for prospective scientific exploration towards bioactive principles.

      Keywords: Cynometra ramiflora, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic

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  • Kazi Farhana Afroz

    (1)
    1. EFFECTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF LACTOBACILLUS PARACASEI SSP. PARACASEI-1 BY 16S-23S rRNA INTERGENIC SPACER REGION SEQUENCING [MB]

      Abstract: Fermentation profiling is a common tool to identify Lactobacillus paracasei from other related members of Lactobacillus genus. Because of the proximate biochemical characteristics, identification based on the fermentation pattern within L. casei group (L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rahmnosus) has considerable limitation. On the other hand, members of L. casei group are genetically very closely related and sequencing of signature region is the most reliable and rapid method of differentiation. In this study, instead of sequencing entire 16S or 23S ribosomal RNA gene, we have sequenced 16s-23s rRNA intergenic spacer region and compared them across the members of L. casei group. We also compiled thirteen signature sequences within 16s-23s ISR rRNA gene of L. casei group members. Our isolated strain (L. paracasei ssp. paracasei-1) resembled 100% and 99% similarity when compared with 16s-23s rRNA intergenic spacer region of L. paracasei and L. casei respectively. Our study summarizes that sequencing of short 16s-23s rRNA intergenic spacer region carries great significance in identification of closely related probiotic bacteria such as the members of L. casei group. The findings of this research could be very much helpful for food and pharmaceutical industries who are dealing with probiotic bacteria.

      Keywords: Identification, L. paracasei ssp. paracasei-1, 16s-23s rRNA, signature sequence, probiotic

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  • Shohana Afroze

    (1)
    1. DEVELOPMENT OF FIBER AND MINERAL ENRICHED COOKIES BY UTILIZATION OF BANANA AND BANANA PEEL FLOUR [FS]

      Abstract: An experimental study was designed to formulate ready to eat cookies by incorporating banana and banana peel flour which is normally unused in Bangladesh but contains excellent amount of nutrients especially dietary fiber, essential vitamins and minerals. Cookies were prepared by replacing 5 % (sample-1), 10 % (sample-2) and 15% (sample-3) of wheat flour with banana and banana peel flour. The proximate analysis and sensory parameters of those cookies were compared with control cookies where no banana and banana peel flour were added and designated as normal cookies (0% substitution). Functional properties were also evaluated and a significant difference found (P<0.05) in WHC, OHC, swelling capacity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability and flour dispersibility in banana peel flour when compared to wheat flour. On proximate analysis of cookies, significant variation (P<0.05) was also observed in protein, ash, fiber and carbohydrate content of banana and banana peel flour cookies in a comparison to normal cookies. The increasing the substitution of banana and banana peel flour in cookies increased the ash and crude fiber content remarkably. About 15% substitution of banana and banana peel flour in cookies increased 93.25% crude ash (mineral) and 197.56% crude fiber than normal cookies. Energy values of the cookies were also evaluated and ranged between 480 Kcal and 513 Kcal per 100 g, with sample-3 cookies having the lowest value. In conclusion, the addition of both banana and banana peel flour in cookies by replacing 10% wheat flour were more acceptable with all quality characteristics.

      Keywords: Banana, cookies, dietary fiber, functional properties, sensory evaluation

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  • V.E. Agabekov

    (1)
    1. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BASED DISINFECTANT BIOXIL [MB]

      Abstract: Antifungal activity of the Bioxil containing hydrogen peroxide as an active agent has been studied. The mentioned species act as indicators of microbiological quality of fruit juices and hygienic condition of juice processing industry. Inhibition activity of the mentioned disinfection agent has been studied in vitro against different yeast strains: Rhodotorula rubra J-120 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae J-200 and their mix culture. For the evaluation of antifungal efficacy of the Bioxil suspension and surface tests were used. Relation between antifungal activity of Bioxil, its concentrations, yeast species and contact times was established. Bioxil containing 1% and 3% of H2O2 has shown unequal inhibition activity against different yeast strains. Influence of washing and disinfection steps on the level of contamination of conveyor and working surfaces by yeasts and has been investigated. In the processing conditions, after treatment of conveyors and working surfaces, without preliminary washing, lower inhibition activity of the Bioxil has been occurred.

      Keywords: Yeast, hydrogen peroxide, antifungal activity, Bioxil

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  • Amir Agabou

    (1)
    1. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF AIRBORNE BACTERIA IN THE MUNICIPAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE OF CONSTANTINE - ALGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The spatial distribution of airborne bacterial contamination (with Total aerobic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Coliforms, Staphylococci and Streptococci) was studied within the municipal abattoir of Constantine (North-East of Algeria).
      Open plate air samples were collected at twenty sampling locations weekly during two months. At the same chosen locations, temperature and humidity of the air were measured. The spatial distribution of bacterial contamination was studied using a Geographic Information System.
      The viscera processing section recorded the highest bacterial concentration and poor correlations had been recorded between bacterial counts and the environmental conditions within the abattoir. The high air bacterial loads recorded all over the slaughterhouse were consequence of the execution of all processing operations within the same section (for both bovine and ovine carcasses) associated to the absence of structural barriers, spatial separation between processing operations and uncontrolled airflow.
      This study highlights the poor hygienic level of the municipal slaughterhouse of Constantine. The implementation of serious measures is needed to reduce the risk of contamination and proliferation of pathogens in meat during slaughtering processes.

      Keywords: Airborne contamination, spatial distribution, slaughterhouse, North-East of Algeria

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  • Happy Agarwal

    (1)
    1. ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) THROUGH CONVENTIONAL HEATING AND MICROWAVE IRRADIATION APPROACH [BT]

      Abstract: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is an eco- friendly approach which eliminates the need for using physical and chemical techniques. Nanoparticle use in medical field specially anti-diabetes and anti-cancer application has remained in recent studies owing to its large surface area to volume ratio, which imparts them the capability to interact with any kind of membrane and enzymes in a better manner. This paper presents the optimized synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using lemongrass and visualizing its in-vitro anti-diabetic potential. This study involves the comparative analysis of Conventionally heated (CH) and Microwave irradiated (MI) technique for the synthesis of Ag NPs from lemongrass for the first time. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction assay (XRD) with average size range of 75 nm, the size, and shape of the nanoparticles were confirmed as spherical shaped using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated aggregate formation of size range 138 nm with mean average size of individual nanoparticle as 80 nm, elements present in the nanoparticles confirmed using elemental dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and the functional groups of plant extract responsible for nanoparticles synthesis have been confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Surface morphology and the dispersity were observed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The anti-diabetic potential of nanoparticle synthesized was studied using amylase activity inhibition Assay and glucose diffusion-inhibitory Assay.

      Keywords: Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Microwave irradiated, lemongrass, Anti-diabetic

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  • Kusum Agarwal

    (1)
    1. APOPTIC ACTIVITY OF CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS VP3 GENE CLONED IN REPLICASE BASED EUKARYOTIC VECTOR [BT]

      Abstract: CAV is one of the smallest avian viruses; it is 23–25 nm in size, icosahedral in shape and non-enveloped, having a 2.3 kb, circular, single-stranded, negative sense DNA genome. The genome encodes three viral proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3, that are transcribed from a single major transcript of 2.0 kb. The apoptosis inducing potential of CAV-VP3 (apoptin) was studied in HeLa cell line. The study confirmed that VP3 induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, which was confirmed by demonstrating the characteristics changes of apoptosis which include nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation by DNA laddering assay, plasma membrane alteration by annexin-V binding assay and Caspase 3. The objective of our work was to study the apoptic activity of apoptin in HeLa cell line.

      Keywords: VP3 gene, apoptin, apoptosis, replicase vector, antitumor

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  • Toyin Olayemi Agbabiaka

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL METHODS OF PROCESSING FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF TWO LOCAL CHEESES IN ILORIN, NIGERIA [FS]

      Abstract: Nigerian locally produced cheese from milk, commonly known as wara is highly nutritious and highly prone to attack by spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Moist heat treatment and salting alone are the common methods used for processing. This study assessed the efficacy of these local processing methods in preserving the physicochemical properties and microbiological quality of wara. Samples were purchased from open markets in Ilorin; processed by boiling in water and with addition of salt; and stored at room temperature (28±2oC) to mimic the local method. The samples were observed at 24 hrs interval for a period of 96 hrs, for changes in pH, color, odor and texture. Microbiological analysis was done following standard methods. The pH of most of the samples increased while the color, odor and texture deteriorated within 48 hrs of storage. The cheese samples were preserved most by boiling with salt. Many spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms were isolated. The bacterial isolates were Lactobaccillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus feacalis, Aerobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella, Aerococcus, Micrococcus and Streptococcus spp.; while the fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Candida tropicalis, Rhizopus arrhizus, Penicillium and Mucor spp. Some of the microorganisms were eliminated during treatments, others survived while some contaminated the samples during storage. Though boiling of wara with salt was shown to improve its keeping quality compared to other methods studied, further treatments such as frying, drying, and roasting; as well as storage at low temperature may significantly increase the shelf life.

      Keywords: Wara, boiling, salting, bacteria, fungi

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  • Sarah A. Aggag

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF SOME DEFENSIN GENES AGAINST ToMV IN DIFFERENT TOMATO CULTIVARS USING PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN GENES [BT]

      Abstract: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is considered as one of the most important commercially grown vegetables which cultivated through the whole year. From several issues that may face the tomato breeders worldwide are susceptible to many viruses which cause yield losses and reduction in product quality. The goal of this work is to detect and determine some of the defense genes against viral infection diseases in different tomato cultivars infected with tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) by using two molecular techniques: differential display polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using pathogen related proteins (PRs) to identify and measure expression of pathogen related genes of ToMV. The obtained results have shown differentially expressed banding patterns due to viral infection and variable gene intensities were observed. There were 4 different bands selected randomly, purified and sequenced, the sequence analysis those bands revealed three up-regulated genes (putative permease gene; pathogenesis-related genes transcriptional activator PTI6 gene and linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase 3-1, chloroplast gene), and one down-regulated gene is endochitinase gene. We concluded that the role of the pathogenesis related genes either induced or suppressed during interaction between tomato plant and ToMV but also, the endogluconase (PR1) and chitin binding protein (PR4) expression increased during pathogen infection by ToMV, while the expression of chitinase (PR3) decreased/inhibited during infection by ToMV.

      Keywords: DD-PCR, Pathogenesis related proteins, Real-Time PCR, Sequencing, ToMV

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  • Neeraj Kumar Aggarwal

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA AGAINST THE MICROBES ISOLATED FROM FRUIT JUICES [MB]

      Abstract: The present work has been conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Terminalia chebula against microorganisms associated with juices. Methanol, ethanol, acetone, and aqueous ( hot and cold) extracts from fruits of T. chebula were tested for their antimicrobial activity through agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined through the macrodilution broth method against Bacillus cereus, Serratia sp. and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Their total phenolic content and total tannin content were also evaluated. Organic and cold aqueous extracts displayed activity against all three tested microbes. There were highly positive relationship between antimicrobial activities and phenolic and tannin content of the tested extracts against each microorganism. Methanolic extract was found to be best against all tested microbes with lowest MIC of 0.78 mg/ml and MBC of 1.56 mg/ml and showed better antimicrobial activity than sodium benzoate. Therefore, methanolic extract of T. chebula has a biopreservative potential in fruit juices.

      Keywords: Terminalia chebula, preservative, MIC, MBC

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  • Z. A. Aghamaliyev

    (1)
    1. SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY THE AZERBAIJANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATES ASPERGILLUS NIGER [MB]

      Abstract: The synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms is environmentally safe method. The silver nanoparticles produced by fungi is complex material having different size, shape and other properties depending on the producer. İt is necessary to study new microbial strains to synthesize silver nanoparticles with important properties. The synthesis of different stable silver nanoparticles by the mold fungi was investigated in this work. To achieve this goal different strains (isolates) of Aspergillus niger were used. The most intensive formation of nanoparticles was observed in strains Aspergillus niger BDU-A4, BDU-K8, BDU-UB1 and BDU-UB5.While examining nanoparticles the following analysis methods were used: UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Electron microscopic examination showed that the shape, size and nature of nanoparticles’ clusters were dependent on fungal strains. The shape of nanoparticles is usually circular but it may be oval like in case of nanoclusters consisting of a few spherical nanoparticles. Their size varies from 20 to 100 nm.The formation of free ellipsoidal shape nanoparticles was observed at strain of Aspergillus niger BDU-K8, that varies in the range 62,9 - 68,4 nm.

      Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Aspergillus niger, synthesis, SEM, X-Ray Spectroscopy

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  • Greń Agnieszka

    (1)
    1. CONCENTRATION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS IN RAW AND ULTRA HEAT TREATED COW MILK [FS]

      Abstract: The potential presence of toxic metals in food is being recognized as a priority by standards organizations and constitutes an analytical challenge. The toxic metal content of milk and dairy products is due to several factors: environmental conditions, the manufacturing process and the possible contamination during several steps of the manufacturing processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate samples of raw milk with fat contents 3.8% obtained at randomly from animal farms in around Nitra, western Slovakia region and ultra – heat treated cow milk (UHT) with fat contents 1.5% commercially available from local market in Nitra. Samples of milk were analysed for metal contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). UHT milk showed higher levels of cadmium, nickel and iron. Higher levels of zinc, copper were detected in raw milk. Significant differences in the concentration of copper between raw and UHT cow milk were found.

      Keywords: metals, raw milk, ultra – heat treated cow milk

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  • Csaba Ágoston

    (1)
    1. EXAMINATION OF ENERGY RECOVERY OF BREWERS' SPENT GRAIN II. - BIOLOGICAL PROCESS [FS]

      Abstract: Production rate of technologies applied in the food industry can only be economical if energy consumption is specifically reduced simultaneously with increasing the capacities and/or utilization of alternative energy sources gains higher ratio during production.
      A high proportion of waste forms is produced in food processing technologies. Fiscal and environmental cost of waste handling i.e. transportation, recovery and disposal is often significant.
      Brewing industry’s most important by-product is the brewers' spent grains (BSG) formed during mashing. Utilization of this product is theoretically solved, it is most frequently sold as animal fodder, however utilization in the energy sector can and should be considered and has promising possibilities. Seeking economic and environmental benefits, this paper analyses the possibilities of energy recovery from brewers’ spent grains through aerobic digestion and anaerobic fermentation.

      Keywords: Brewers' spent grains (BSG), energy recovery, aerobic digestion, fermentation

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  • Renu Agrawal

    (1)
    1. ANTI – SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ACTIVITY BY PROBIOTIC LACTIC ACID BACTERIA (PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS); AN IN VITRO STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: Shigellosis caused by Shigella is prevalent throughout the world with approximately 164.7 million cases, of which 163.2 million are in developing countries as per the World Health Organization report. In the current study the effect of a known Probiotic Lactic acid Bacteria (PLB) Pediococcus pentosaceus, a previously reported strain of PLB from our laboratory on gastroenteric pathogen – Shigella dysenteriae was studied and its mode of action was established. In agar diffusion tests PLB lysate showed larger inhibition zones of S. dysenteriae than a known Shigella susceptible antibiotic ampicillin which shows a better potentiality of PLB lysate over standard antibiotic. Further the effect of PLB lysate on Shigella dysenteriae lysis was confirmed by electrophoretic and microscopic study. PLB lysate at 250 μg/mL protein concentration inhibited ~70% of Shigella dysenteriae growth in vitro. A significant protection was observed against the cellular damage caused by Shigella dysenteriae lysate. Red blood cells and buccal cells protection against the lysis induced by Shigella dysenteriae lysate substantiated the cytoprotective role of PLB, thus PLB can be an effective natural agent against Shigella mediated infection.

      Keywords: Shigellosis, anti-Shigella activity, Probiotic Lactic acid Bacteria (PLB), Cellular damage and protection

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  • Ruchi Agrawal

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION OF AN EXTRACELLULAR CELLOBIASE IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION [MB]

      Abstract: The bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass has attracted wide interest globally in last decade. One of the main reasons for the high cost of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is the expensive enzymes involved in enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (cellulase). The utilization of agro-industrial waste as a potential substrate for producing enzymes may serve a dual purpose of reducing the environmental pollution along with producing a high value commercial product. Twelve different agro-industrial wastes were evaluated for extracellular cellobiose or β-glucosidase production by a mutant of Bacillus subtilis on solid state fermentations (SSF). The Citrus sinensis peel waste was found to be the most suitable substrate with highest BGL titre (35 U/gds). Optimum incubation time, inoculum size, moisture content and volume of buffer for enzyme extraction were 72 h, 40 % v/w, 10 mL and 20 mL respectively.

      Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, solid state fermentation, cellobiase, Citrus sinensis, mutant, biofuels

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  • Rupal Agrawal

    (1)
    1. ROOT ASSOCIATED BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES FROM POACEAE PLANTS: IDENTIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION [BT]

      Abstract: Diazotrophic endophytic bacteria contribute to the plant growth using various plant growth promoting traits as well as by inducing the plant defence mechanism upon pathogen attack. Aim of the present study was to isolate true diazotrophic endophytic bacteria from the total diazotrophic bacterial community of wheat and pearl-millet plants. Further, these isolates were evaluated for their potential of plant growth promotion by in vitro and in vivo experiments. We isolated total three diazotrophic endophytic bacteria based on their growth after repetitive subculturing on nitrogen free medium. Molecular characterization of all three isolates showed affiliation to the genera Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas. In vitro analysis of plant growth promoting traits showed positive result for indole acetic acid (IAA) production, cellulase and protease activity. The IAA production is found between the ranges of 98 to 113 µg ml-1. All the endophytic bacterial isolates showed the PCR amplification of NifH gene and ammonia production. Diazotrophic endophytic bacterial isolates (PR1, JB3 and JB6) were tested for their capacity to promote the plant growth using pot experiment. All the diazotrophic endophytic bacteria differ in their plant growth promotion ability as analyzed by various plant growth parameter compared to the untreated control plants. In Pot experiment, PR1 and JB6 showed a significant difference in dry weight of root, whereas JB3 and JB6 showed the significant differences in shoot length and total nitrogen content (p≤0.05) compared to the untreated plants.

      Keywords: Endophyte; Diazotrophs; Plant Growth Promotion; Heavy Metal Tolerance; Saline tolerance; Pot method

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  • Cristóbal N. Aguilar

    (2)
    1. PECTIN – CANDELILLA WAX: AN ALTERNATIVE MIXTURE FOR EDIBLE FILMS [FS]

      Abstract: Edible films and coatings have received special attention in recent years due to the advantages that represent their use as edible packaging over synthetics materials. This contributes in high degree to reduce the environmental pollution with non-biodegradable materials. By functioning as barriers, such edible films and coatings can improve the recycling and/or substitute some synthetic packaging materials. New packaging materials have been developed and characterized by some scientists from natural sources (biomaterials); however, it is necessary the manufacture tailor-made to every food. The main objective of this review is to provide basic and applied information and benefits that can be generate the use of two products with low cost (candelilla wax and pectin), but with great importance in the food industry and that can be used to manufacture edible films and coatings.

      Keywords: Pectin, candelilla wax, glycerol, edible films, foods

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    2. IMPROVEMENT OF SHELF LIFE QUALITY OF GREEN BELL PEPPERS USING EDIBLE COATING FORMULATIONS [FS]

      Abstract: In Latin-America, there are countries with high production levels of green bell peppers, which requires of new strategies of conservation for their international trade. Traditional techniques of preservations do not guarantee to prolong the shelf life of these kinds of fruits, for this reason, in the present study, the Influence of different edible coating formulations on shelf-life quality of green bell peppers was studied. Three different biopolymers (pectin, arabic, and xanthan gums) were evaluated in mixtures with candelilla wax as hydrophobic phase, jojoba oil as plasticizer and a crude extract of polyphenols as source of bioactive compounds. Green bell peppers were immersion-treated and then stored at room temperature. Response variables were: weight loss, color, appearance, pH, total soluble solids and firmness changes which were kinetically determined. All peppers treated with edible-coating showed a significant difference (Tukey, p≤0.05) in weight loss compared to control treatment (without edible coating), while a lower level of deterioration was observed in fruits treated with edible coating formulated with arabic gum, but appearance remained similar among fruits treated with different edible coatings. Use of mixtures of biopolymers, candelilla wax, jojoba oil and polyphenols to develop edible and functionalized coatings significantly extended shelf life of green bell pepper.

      Keywords: Candelilla wax, jojoba oil, polyphenols, tarbush, biopolymers

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  • Dionicio Aguirre-Treviño

    (1)
    1. REVISITING MOLECULAR CLONING TO SOLVE GENOME SEQUENCING PROJECT CONFLICTS [BT]

      Abstract: In our laboratory, DNA sequencing by Sanger method is used as the “gold standard” for clinical diagnostics, microbe identification (bacteria and yeast, mainly) and genome characterization. In this research, we used it to characterize a conflicting locus in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sequencing project. When sequenced, the resulting electropherogram of the analyzed locus showed a pattern indicating either sample contamination or allele variation. Molecular cloning was chosen as the most straight-forward strategy to solve the dilemma. The initial characterization of recombinant plasmids by restriction enzyme digestion confirmed the presence of two genomic sequences. Their Sanger sequencing revealed two alleles distinguishable by a total of 29 nucleotide differences (25 of which were SNPs). NCBI BLAST revealed that the conflicting locus covered an intergenic region and a coding sequence for a putative permease protein. The present study shows the utility of the classical molecular cloning technique to solve problems of modern genome projects.

      Keywords: Allele segregation, molecular cloning, Sanger sequencing, troubleshooting

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  • Didin Wahyu Agustina

    (1)
    1. NONI (Morinda citrifolia L.) FRUIT EXTRACT POTENTIALLY MAINTAIN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HOMEOSTASIS OF BALB/C MICE FROM DMBA AND CIGARETTE SMOKES EXPOSURE [BT]

      Abstract: Noni fruit is hereditary used as herbal medicine of various diseases that can arise due to exposure of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and cigarette smoke (DMBA-CS). This research aimed to assess the noni fruit extract (NFE) potential to maintaining the immune system from DMBA-CS exposure. The study with a completely random design was using male BALB/c mice (7-8 weeks old). NFE prepared with aqueous solvent and administered for five weeks (5x/week) with a dose of 30, 90, or 810 mg/kg of body weight (BW) per oral. After five weeks, NFE administration stopped, and mice were exposed with DMBA (20 mg/kg BW per oral) and CS for five minutes in five weeks (2x/week for each). This study also used a healthy group and a group that exposed to DMBA-CS without NFE administration. During the ten weeks of treatment, the body weight was measured. After the whole treatment, liver, kidney, lung, and spleen were isolated and weighed. Splenocyte cells were isolated for Flowcytometry. Data was analyzed in parametric by using One-Way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey-HSD (p-value < 0.05). The results showed the NFE helped the mice to maintain the weight when exposed to DMBA-CS. NFE was prevented the weight loss of the liver but not for spleen, whereas in the kidney and lung did not occur significant weight change in all groups. NFE at certain dosages modulated the expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1b. This study indicated that NFE potentially maintains the immune system homeostasis from DMBA-CS exposure.

      Keywords: body weight, DMBA, cigarette smoke, immune system, noni fruit, organ weight

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  • Mustofa Ahda

    (1)
    1. AUTHENTICITY ANALYSIS OF BEEF MEATBALL ADULTERATION WITH WILD BOAR USING FTIR SPECTROSCOPY COMBINED WITH CHEMOMETRICS [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of this research to detect and analyze the wild boar in beef meatball using FTIR combined with chemometric. Then, the specific of FTIR region for detecting wild boar in beef meatball in the commercial product. The wild boar meatball was made with different a concentration range between 0-100%. The wild boar meatball was analyzed using FTIR. The FTIR spectrum was processed using chemometrics method like Part Least Square (PLS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PLS look for the highest of determination coefficient and smaller of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) or Root Mean Square Error of Cross-Validation (RMSECV). PCA analysis will distinguish the wild boar meatball and beef meatball product. The result of this research showed that the FTIR spectrum of wild boar and beef in meatball have different characteristics. The result from FTIR spectrum processing showed that specific spectrum of wild boar at wavenumber 999 - 1481 cm-1 combined with 1650 - 1793 cm-1 which is processed at 1st derivative. The PLS resulted from the calibration method has the determination coefficient (R2) value is 0.9991 and RMSEC of 1.028%. While the validation methods resulted are R2 and RMSECV which are 0.9999 and 0.300% respectively. This research showed the meatball from wild boar can be distinguished from beef and the commercial meatballs are not made from them.

      Keywords: FTIR spectrum, halal authentication, wild boar, beef meatball

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  • Jayesh J. Ahire

    (1)
    1. CHOLESTEROL BIOTRANSFORMATION TO CHOLESTA-4, 6-DIEN-3-OL AND EFFECT OF ASSIMILATION ON ADHESION PROPERTIES OF LACTOBACILLUS HELVETICUS CD6 [MB]

      Abstract: Cholesterol biotransformation by Lactobacillus helveticus CD6 was observed in minimal medium supplemented with 3 mM cholesterol when grown for 120 h at 37 °C. Its gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed production of cholesta-4, 6-dien-3-ol and cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta) with 12 U ∕mg cholesterol oxidase-like enzyme activity. The cholesterol assimilation was evaluated at varied concentrations of bile salt in MRS medium. The cell survival and cholesterol assimilation was found to be adversely affected in presence of bile salt. Microscopic studies revealed changed cell morphology when grown with cholesterol. The cell adhesion properties like autoaggregation, microbial adhesion to solvents where found to be affected by cholesterol. The 7.49 % cell adhesion to ethyl acetate indicates the decrease in electron accepting properties of cell surface, while 9 % decrease in xylene adhesion and 13 % decrease in autoaggregation was observed which would be helpful in cholesterol lowering when supplemented in the form of probiotic preparation.

      Keywords: Cholesta-4, 6-dien-3-ol, Cholesterol, Cholesterol oxidase-like enzyme, Lactobacillus helveticus

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  • Abrar Ahmad

    (1)
    1. DESULFURIZATION OF BENZOTHIOPHENE BY AN ISOLATED GORDONIA SP. IITR100 [MB]

      Abstract: Different recalcitrant aliphatic and aromatic sulfur compounds e.g. Dibenzothiophene, Benzothiophene, and Di-methyl Dibenzothiophene etc. have been remaining in the petrol and diesel, even after hydrodesulfurization, a chemical method of sulfur impurities removal. These sulfur impurities are required to be removed before it is being transported as fuel. So many microbes have been reported in the last decade showing potential for removing the sulfur impurities by using various pathways at ambient temperature, especially 4S pathways. In this study, we describe desulfurization of a model compound Benzothiophene by a Gordonia sp. IITR100 using microbial cell culture and analytical techniques e.g. spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry using column-5. Gordonia sp. IITR100 can grow on Benzothiophene as well as Dibenzothiophene us shown by spectrophotometrical analysis as evident by increased turbidity in aqueous culture. Benzothiophene was metabolized to o-hydroxystyrene as the final product analogous to ‘4S’ pathway as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra analysis revealed. Gordonia sp. IITR100 have already been shown desulfurization with heavy organosulfur compounds like Thianthrene, and Benzonahpthothiophene to o-hydroxyphenyl phenylsulfone and 2-phenyl-naphthalene-1-ol respectively. The Gordonia sp. IITR100 have shown potential for Desulfurization of heavy and calcitarant sulfur-compounds suggests its potential (broad substrates range) for use in various tough organosulfur fractions in petroleum. Thus, this bacterial strain could be utilized for commercial purpose of biodesulfurization.

      Keywords: Biodesulfurization, Benzothiophene, Gordonia sp. IITR100, Broad Substrate range

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  • Ajaz Ahmad

    (1)
    1. STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF AERVA LANATA FOR CITRININ AND FUNGAL BIOMASS REDUCTION IN SUBMERGED FERMENTATION BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY [MB]

      Abstract: Citrinin, a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus. Generally found in stored grains and after their harvest. The objective of the present investigation was to study the antimicrobial activity (anti-fungal) of aqueous leaf extract of Aerva lanata and to optimize its conditions for the maximum inhibition of citrinin and fungal biomass by Aspergillus niger. Optimization of culture conditions was carried out using Box-Behnken method of response surface methodology. Extent of inhibition of citrinin was carried out using HPLC and reduction in fungal biomass was carried out using dry cell weight after comparing with controls. Optimized culture conditions as per the point prediction tool were found to be 11.27 mg/L for concentration of Aerva lanata extract, nine and half days of incubation period and temperature of 25.5 °C resulted in maximum inhibition of citrinin. These optimized values of tested parameters were and compared with control citrinin production (243.28 mg/L) and dry cell weight production (362.28mg).An average of 87.77±1.21% inhibition of citrinin and 80.02±1.42% of dry cell weight was obtained in an optimized medium at 9.5th d of fermentation with 97.82 % and 96.21% validity, respectively.

      Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Aerva lanata, citrinin, fungal biomass, Box-Behnken design

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  • Asmat Ahmad

    (1)
    1. PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERISATION OF AN ANTIFUNGAL BACTERIOCIN FROM Bacillus sp. Sh10 ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE CARPET CLAM (Paphia textile) [MB]

      Abstract: This study was conducted to purify and characterize an anti- C. albicans bacteriocin produced by Bacillus sp. Sh10 isolated from marine carpet clam, Paphia textile. Extracellularly produced bacteriocin was purified by 80 % ammonium sulfate precipitation and size exclusive gel chromatography using superdex-200 column chromatographyThe purification steps resulted in 3.68-fold increase in specific activity and recovery of 20.66 % of total activity. The purity rate and molecular mass of 11 KDa of this compound were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Profile analysis of this bacteriocin by electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) showed 43% protein sequence coverage with a putative uncharacterized protein from Bacillus cereus strain B4264.

      Keywords: Marine bacteria, antifungal bacteriocin, Candida albicans, Bacillus sp., purification

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  • Farah Ahmad

    (1)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION OF PAENIBACILLUS DURUS (PNF16) A NEW ISOLATE AND ITS SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION WITH OTHER ISOLATED RHIZOBACTERIA IN PROMOTING GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA [MB]

      Abstract: Application of PGPR in crop production and protection is well known and can also contribute in reducing use of agrochemicals. However, the performance of PGPR is influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. Isolating new efficient PGPR strain well adapted to local soil agroclimatic conditions is expected to perform with more consistency. In this study five selected rhizobacteria isolated previously were first tested in vitro for plant growth promoting (PGP) characteristics. One of the isolate PNF16 was identified as Paenibacillus durus by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. PNF16 alone and in combination with other rhizobacteria (Azotobacter (AZT3), Achromobacter (PNF11), Bacillus (Bc1), Pseudomonas (Ps5) and Mesorhizobium (IARI) were tested for plant growth promoting effect under pot conditions in two consecutive years. PNF16 was found to produce 21.7 µg ml-1 of indole acetic acid like substances, hydroxymate type of siderophores (Salicylate type 11 µg ml-1 and benzoate type 6.5 µg ml-1) and solubilized phosphate (405.33 µg ml-1). PNF16 -Mesorhizobium combination was found significantly better compared to other combinations for growth parameters, nodulation and yield of chickpea over control. Similar study was also performed for other tested strain. Significant increase in plant growth (32%), nodulation (43%) compared to untreated control was recorded. Co-inoculation also showed synergy and increased the number of pods per plant, 1000-grain weight, dry matter yield, grain yield and protein content by 23%, 22%, 21%, 18% and 4.4% respectively, compared to control. The results indicated the potential usefulness of PNF16 alone and in combinations in enhancement of nodulation and stimulation of plant growth in chickpea and adapted to soil condition of the region.

      Keywords: Paenibacillus; Mesorhizobium; PGPR, plant-microbe interaction, nodulation, chickpea

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  • Iqbal Ahmad

    (1)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION OF PAENIBACILLUS DURUS (PNF16) A NEW ISOLATE AND ITS SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION WITH OTHER ISOLATED RHIZOBACTERIA IN PROMOTING GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA [MB]

      Abstract: Application of PGPR in crop production and protection is well known and can also contribute in reducing use of agrochemicals. However, the performance of PGPR is influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. Isolating new efficient PGPR strain well adapted to local soil agroclimatic conditions is expected to perform with more consistency. In this study five selected rhizobacteria isolated previously were first tested in vitro for plant growth promoting (PGP) characteristics. One of the isolate PNF16 was identified as Paenibacillus durus by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. PNF16 alone and in combination with other rhizobacteria (Azotobacter (AZT3), Achromobacter (PNF11), Bacillus (Bc1), Pseudomonas (Ps5) and Mesorhizobium (IARI) were tested for plant growth promoting effect under pot conditions in two consecutive years. PNF16 was found to produce 21.7 µg ml-1 of indole acetic acid like substances, hydroxymate type of siderophores (Salicylate type 11 µg ml-1 and benzoate type 6.5 µg ml-1) and solubilized phosphate (405.33 µg ml-1). PNF16 -Mesorhizobium combination was found significantly better compared to other combinations for growth parameters, nodulation and yield of chickpea over control. Similar study was also performed for other tested strain. Significant increase in plant growth (32%), nodulation (43%) compared to untreated control was recorded. Co-inoculation also showed synergy and increased the number of pods per plant, 1000-grain weight, dry matter yield, grain yield and protein content by 23%, 22%, 21%, 18% and 4.4% respectively, compared to control. The results indicated the potential usefulness of PNF16 alone and in combinations in enhancement of nodulation and stimulation of plant growth in chickpea and adapted to soil condition of the region.

      Keywords: Paenibacillus; Mesorhizobium; PGPR, plant-microbe interaction, nodulation, chickpea

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  • Rabia Shabir Ahmad

    (1)
    1. EXTRACTION OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM OPUNTIA CACTUS FOR ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN EDIBLE COATING TO IMPROVE THE SHELF LIFE OF CITRUS (KINNOW MANDARIN) FRUIT [FS]

      Abstract: Fruits and vegetables are subjected to post-harvest losses due to high moisture contents along with other physiological factors. Among various measure to control loses, development of edible coatings has been an imperative and innovative technique to achieve the desired goal. Opuntia cactus, a xerotrophyte, plant contains appreciable amount of polysaccharides thus can be utilized in edible coating formation. The mandate of present study was to extract polysaccharides from cactus for development of edible coatings for their potential applications on citrus fruits. For the purpose, various concentrations of extracted cactus polysaccharides were used to develop edible coatings. These coating were applied on citrus fruits (Kinnow mandarin) which were then stored for period of 35 days. The results indicated that the maximum moisture was observed in T3 (2% cactus polysaccharides) i.e. 86.94±2.10%. The maximum value for pH of coated citrus was found in T1 (3.19% cactus polysaccharides) as 3.19±0.02%. Conclusively, as the demand of fresh looking fruits and vegetables is increasing due to the awareness among the masses, edible coatings using cactus polysaccharides can play an imperative role in increasing the shelf life along with retaining the quality of various commodities.

      Keywords: Citrus, Edible coating, Cactus, Polysaccharides, Post-harvest losses

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  • Rehan Ahmad

    (2)
    1. DETERMINATION OF LEAD (Pb), IRON (Fe) AND MANGANESE (Mn) CONCENTRATION IN SEWAGE WATER AND VEGETABLE LEAF SAMPLES [FS]

      Abstract: Application of waste water for irrigation purposes has increased over the past years. This waste water contains high amounts of trace elements and heavy metals.Many of these are non-essential and toxic to plants, animals and human beings. The use of polluted water in the immediate surroundings of big cities in Pakistan is a common practice for growing of vegetables. When this water applied for long time in irrigation, these heavy metals may accumulate in soil and that may be toxic to plants and also cause deterioration of soil. The present study revealed that heavy metal content was above the toxicity level in leafy vegetables grown in the area of Lahore. This study showed that among the different tested plant species, the amount of heavy metals was more in leaves than fruits. Plants whose fruits grow below the soil showed higher concentration of heavy metals while other showed less concentration whose edible portion was above the ground level. Leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage, coriander etc) showed higher concentration in leaves than in fruits. The concentration of heavy metals in upper layer of soil (0 -15 cm) is higher than the lower layer (15-30 cm). The reason behind is that the upper layer was receiving sewage water permanently while the penetration of sewage water below 15 cm was less. The increase in heavy metal accumulation in different plant species and their different parts is not constant and is not in proportion to the increase in heavy metal concentration in soil irrigated with sewage wastewater.

      Keywords: Accumulate, growth, heavy metal, spinach, vegetable

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    2. ESTIMATION OF AMOXICILLIN RESIDUES IN COMMERCIAL MEAT AND MILK SAMPLES [MB]

      Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the extent of ß - lactam antibiotic, amoxicillin residues in market milk and meat. Samples were randomly collected from Faisalabad city, Pakistan. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with inflorescent detector was used to detect, identify and quantify the amoxicillin residues in milk and meat samples. The milk samples were purified by performing a protein precipitation step, followed by derivatization. To clean up tissue samples, a liquid extraction, followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure C18 (4.0X4.6mm, 5μm) was performed. A 50% meat and 90% milk samples were found contaminated with residues. The residues of amoxicillin in milk were in range of 28 to 46μg/kg and in meat were 9 to 84μg/kg. All of the contaminated milk and 40 out of 50% meat samples fall in maximum residue limits.

      Keywords: Amoxicillin, residue, meat, milk, health risks

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  • Rosma Ahmad

    (2)
    1. GENOTYPING OF SALMONELLA STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DUCKS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS IN PENANG, MALAYSIA USING REPETITIVE EXTRAGENIC PALINDROMIC (REP) [MB]

      Abstract: Salmonella are important foodborne pathogens of worldwide concern. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of 107 Salmonella strains isolated from ducks, their rearing and processing environments in Penang, Malaysia using repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR). REP-PCR of the Salmonella strains produced DNA bands of different sizes for differentiation purposes. The DNA band sizes ranged from 105-7692 bp for S. Typhimurium, 116-7033 bp for S. Hadar, 127-7399 bp for S. Enteritidis, 140-7497 bp for S. Braenderup and 123-5857 bp for S. Albany. Cluster analysis at a coefficient of 0.85 grouped the Salmonella strains into various clusters and singletons. S. Typhimurium were grouped into 4 clusters and 26 singletons at a discriminatory index (D-value) of 0.98, S. Hadar were grouped into 3 clusters and 13 singletons at a D-value of 0.914, S. Enteritidis were grouped into 3 clusters and 9 singletons at a D-value of 0.971, S. Braenderup were grouped into 2 clusters and 11 singletons at a D-value of 0.981, and S. Albany were grouped into 3 clusters and 7 singletons at a D-value of 0.978. With the exception of S. Hadar strains which were grouped into two major groups (genotypes) by REP-PCR, the rest were grouped into three major genotypes. REP-PCR successfully typed all the Salmonella strains and proved to be a useful typing tool for determining the genetic diversity of the duck Salmonella strains. Determining the genetic diversity among Salmonella strains, other foodborne pathogens and their sources of isolation is important to trace their primary or potential sources and the sources of human infection.

      Keywords: Ducks, genetic diversity, REP-PCR, Salmonella strains

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    2. THE PREVALENCE OF Salmonella sp., Listeria sp. AND Aeromonas spp. IN CATFISH (CLARIAS (Clarias gariepinus) AND TILAPIA (Tilapia mossambica) BY PELLETING METHOD [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of this study was to modify the isolation methods of Aeromonas sp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria sp. in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) obtained from wet markets and ponds in Malaysia by pelleting the sample. A total of 108 samples (32 catfish intestines, 32 tilapia intestines, and 44 water samples) were obtained from nine wet markets and eight ponds. The modified method was employed by pelleting the samples and followed by either implementing pre-enrichment or without pre-enrichment on the isolation of Salmonella and Listeria spp. The modified method (by pelleting the sample in combination with pre-enrichment) was the most efficient for Salmonella and Listeria isolation. The sensitivity of the modified Salmonella isolation method was 0.53 and 0.73 for fish and water samples, respectively. The sensitivity of the modified Listeria method was 1 and 0.92 for fish and water samples, respectively. However, the sensitivity of the method by pelleting the sample was similar to those of non-pelleting the sample on Aeromonas isolation. Five species of Aeromonas spp., seven serovars of Salmonella sp., and four species of Listeria sp. were observed in catfish, tilapia and water samples. Overall, by pelleting the sample offered the beneficial to isolate Aeromonas spp., Salmonella sp. and Listeria spp. in catfish, tilapia and water.

      Keywords: Aeromonas, Listeria, pelleting, Salmonella

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  • Varish Ahmad

    (1)
    1. DESULFURIZATION OF BENZOTHIOPHENE BY AN ISOLATED GORDONIA SP. IITR100 [MB]

      Abstract: Different recalcitrant aliphatic and aromatic sulfur compounds e.g. Dibenzothiophene, Benzothiophene, and Di-methyl Dibenzothiophene etc. have been remaining in the petrol and diesel, even after hydrodesulfurization, a chemical method of sulfur impurities removal. These sulfur impurities are required to be removed before it is being transported as fuel. So many microbes have been reported in the last decade showing potential for removing the sulfur impurities by using various pathways at ambient temperature, especially 4S pathways. In this study, we describe desulfurization of a model compound Benzothiophene by a Gordonia sp. IITR100 using microbial cell culture and analytical techniques e.g. spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry using column-5. Gordonia sp. IITR100 can grow on Benzothiophene as well as Dibenzothiophene us shown by spectrophotometrical analysis as evident by increased turbidity in aqueous culture. Benzothiophene was metabolized to o-hydroxystyrene as the final product analogous to ‘4S’ pathway as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra analysis revealed. Gordonia sp. IITR100 have already been shown desulfurization with heavy organosulfur compounds like Thianthrene, and Benzonahpthothiophene to o-hydroxyphenyl phenylsulfone and 2-phenyl-naphthalene-1-ol respectively. The Gordonia sp. IITR100 have shown potential for Desulfurization of heavy and calcitarant sulfur-compounds suggests its potential (broad substrates range) for use in various tough organosulfur fractions in petroleum. Thus, this bacterial strain could be utilized for commercial purpose of biodesulfurization.

      Keywords: Biodesulfurization, Benzothiophene, Gordonia sp. IITR100, Broad Substrate range

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  • Kazem Ahmadikia

    (1)
    1. MORPHOGENESIS AND PATHOGENESIS REGULATION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS BY PROBIOTIC BACTERIUM – PEDIOCOCCUS ACIDILACTICI [MB]

      Abstract: The transition of Candida albicans from yeast to hyphae cause the attachment to epithelial cells, forming biofilm and invasion. Therefore, the effect of Pediococcus acidilactici on morphogenesis and pathogenesis of C. albicans were examined. Inhibitory activity of P. acidilactici on Candida species growth was investigated and inhibition of C. albicans biofilm formation was measured by XTT method. Also, expression of seven genes as: Agglutinin-like protein 1 (ALS1,3), hyphal cell-wall protein (HWP1), secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP4,6), Enhanced filamentous growth 1 (EFG1) and Enhanced activated protein 1 (EAP1) were studied by RT-PCR with different concentrations of P. acidilactici. The experimental activity of this probiotic bacterium was evaluated in an animal model by culture and histopathological methods. P. acidilactici inhibited the growth of Candida species at concentrations of 8-512 µg/mL (approximately 8 × 106 to 5 × 108 CFU/ml). This probiotic bacterium inhibited the germ tube and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis showed a reduction in genes expression. The P. acidilactici reduced the CFUs in mice receiving this probiotic bacterium. Histopathological analyses showed that Candida colonization was diminished in mice following the administration of probiotic. Since the wide range of antifungal activity of this bacterium bacterium, it can be used to manage oral candidiasis.

      Keywords: Yeast; Probiotic bacteria; Gene expression; Antifungal activity; Animal model

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  • I. S. Ahmadov

    (1)
    1. SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY THE AZERBAIJANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATES ASPERGILLUS NIGER [MB]

      Abstract: The synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms is environmentally safe method. The silver nanoparticles produced by fungi is complex material having different size, shape and other properties depending on the producer. İt is necessary to study new microbial strains to synthesize silver nanoparticles with important properties. The synthesis of different stable silver nanoparticles by the mold fungi was investigated in this work. To achieve this goal different strains (isolates) of Aspergillus niger were used. The most intensive formation of nanoparticles was observed in strains Aspergillus niger BDU-A4, BDU-K8, BDU-UB1 and BDU-UB5.While examining nanoparticles the following analysis methods were used: UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Electron microscopic examination showed that the shape, size and nature of nanoparticles’ clusters were dependent on fungal strains. The shape of nanoparticles is usually circular but it may be oval like in case of nanoclusters consisting of a few spherical nanoparticles. Their size varies from 20 to 100 nm.The formation of free ellipsoidal shape nanoparticles was observed at strain of Aspergillus niger BDU-K8, that varies in the range 62,9 - 68,4 nm.

      Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Aspergillus niger, synthesis, SEM, X-Ray Spectroscopy

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  • Abderrahmani Ahmed

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIMICROBIAL AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF CITRUS PARADISI PEEL ESSENTIAL OIL FROM ALGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The essential oil obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) techniques from the peel of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi. L) from Algeria was analysed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and gas chromatography ⁄ mass spectrometry (GC⁄ MS). Twenty-one constituents were identified in essential oils obtained by HD and twenty-eight constituents in essential oils by MAHD, representing respectively 99.11% and 99.74% of the total oil. The main constituents were limonene (85.54%-87.51%) for MAHD and HD, β-myrcene (2.99%-3.24%), nootkatone (1.78%-1.80%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The results showed interested inhibition growth against the tested bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos, and Staphylococcus aureus)and the yeast (Candida albicans),with an inhibition zone ranging from 4 to 20 mm.Both essentials oils showed no effect against Aspergilusniger, Verticillium sp and Thielaviopsis sp. The insecticidal activity was investigated against adults ceratitis capitata. Both essential oils showed a toxic effect against this insect (LD50:9.12µl EO/ml of acetone; LD90: 13.18 µl EO/ml of acetone).

      Keywords: Citrus paradisi, essential oil, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation, antimicrobial activity, insecticidal activity, Ciratitis Capitata

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  • Amira Ahmed

    (1)
    1. EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RECOMBINANT V, THE NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEIN [BT]

      Abstract: Poultry industry facing problems in vaccination of chicken against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) due to the difficulty of differentiating the vaccinated and naturally infected birds. If we could find a key marker that could differentiate, we would bring a great achievement to the industry. NDV genome contains genes for six major structural proteins and two non-structural proteins. The non-structural protein V could be a useful antigen for differentiating chickens infected with NDV from those vaccinated with inactivated whole virus.
      We have constructed a recombinant plasmid using the C-terminal region of the non-structural V protein. Another recombinant plasmid using the C-terminal polypeptide of structural P protein was developed as a control. We succeeded in expressing the unique C-terminal part of the V protein in E. coli as a fusion protein with GST (GST-V), 40.8 kDa, as well as the C-terminal part of the P protein (GST-P), 55.4 kDa. Purified NDV-V and NDV-P proteins had sizes of 14.8 kDa and 29.4 kDa, respectively. The antigenicity of recombinant V protein was confirmed with Western blotting assay, which makes the using of this protein as a biological marker prospective.

      Keywords: Newcastle disease virus; v protein; p protein; antigenicity

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  • Amr Ahmed

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF GENOTOXICITY OF THREE FOOD PRESERVATIVES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER USING SMART AND COMET ASSAYS [BT]

      Abstract: The continuously growing food and beverage industry relies on food additives as a main component in their products. Such increased reliance on processed food, lead to neglectance of the harmful effects of the food additives on human health; among these are hypersensitivity, allergic reactions, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and more. This study investigates genotoxic effects of three food preservatives commonly consumed in daily meals; sodium sulphite, boric acid, and benzoic acid using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and comet assay in Drosophila melanogaster system. All of the tested compounds showed significantly high levels of tumor induction and frequency compared to a negative control in SMART assay. They also showed high amount of DNA damage in the comet assay indicating their high potential of being genotoxic materials.

      Keywords: mutagenic, genotoxic, comet, Drosophila, food additives

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  • G.U. Ahmed

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED MICROBIOTAOF SOIL PENICILLIA FROM VIRGIN FOREST FLOOR [MB]

      Abstract: The diversity of Penicillium spp. and associate mycobiota from different virgin forest
      floor in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India was analyzed. Soil samples were collected
      from six different undisturbed forest floors together with seasonally flooded forest and also
      from agricultural fields. Samples were taken from the litter and from three soil core i.e. 0-5,
      10-15 and 30-35 cm in depth. The isolated fungal species were identified based on
      morphological and reproductive characteristics. About 18 common fungal species from
      different soil samples were isolated dominated by Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. The
      total fungal population found in the studied sites was 98.87 (±10.7) x103 CFU/g dry soils in
      all the seasons in top soils. The total CFUs of Penicillium were also highest among the species
      in all the sites (mean 18.73 ±1.1 x103 CFU/g; n=7) where 27.2 x103 CFU/g in summer and
      11.6 x103 CFU/g dry soil in winter. Relative density of Penicillium sp. was also higher among
      the associated fungi although relative density of Aspergillus (23.83) was higher than
      Penicillium (19.39). Among the 30 isolates of Penicillium, few species have shown
      antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial pathogens. The cultural filtrate of four
      different isolates showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus bombycis, Aeromonas
      salmonicida, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli having inhibition zone of about ≥10mm. All
      the tested bacterial species were sensitive to six different Penicillium spp.

      Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; diversity; mycobiota; Penicillium spp.

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  • Gehan G. Ahmed

    (1)
    1. EFFICACY OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT (GTE) AGAINST HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H5N1 AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS; IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 is an endemic disease in Egypt and severe outbreaks have been reported even in vaccinated flocks. Several H5 vaccines have failed to protect birds against Egyptian H5N1 virus. In this study, the antiviral effect of green tea extract (GTE) in combination with inactivated H5N1 vaccine was evaluated. GTE found to be safe at high concentration on Vero cells and decrease the CPE on infected cells. In vivo, specific pathogen free chickens were allocated into four groups, 15 birds each. Negative control group, positive control group, vaccinated group, vaccinated group supplied by GTE in drinking water (5gm/L). Blood samples were collected weekly and tested using (HI) test. Lung tissue specimens collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, vaccinated non-treated birds exhibited severe post vaccinal reaction and deaths. GTE in combination with inactivated vaccine increased HI titer one-week post vaccination, and no deaths were recorded in this group. Moreover, treated chickens did not excrete virus in swab samples and minimal antigen and pathological changes were reported in its lungs. The addition of GTE prevent the shedding of the virus and achieve complete protection against HPAI.

      Keywords: chicken, Green tea extract (GTE), inactivated H5N1 vaccine, antiviral, immunohistochemistry, H5N1

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  • Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed

    (2)
    1. SCREENING OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM SUDANESE FERMENTED FOODS FOR BACTERIOCIN PRODUCTION [MB]

      Abstract: Forty isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from different types of fermented foods consumed in Sudan. Phenotypic tests revealed that all isolates were homofermentative LAB. Twenty-four isolates produced inhibitory substances primarily active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2818 and Escherichia coli ATCC 29522. The inhibitory activity of 88% of enterococci and 58% of lactobacilli was recorded from meat isolates, whereas all activity of pediococcal isolates came from fermented milk isolates. The cell-free cultures of 18 isolates exhibiting inhibitory activity was chosen for further investigation such as sensitivity to proteolytic enzyme (pepsin), effect of heat treatment (60°C for 60min, 100°C for 20min and 121°C for 15min) and effect of pH ( pH 2.0, pH 6.5, and pH 9.0). The inhibitory activity was eliminated upon treatment with pepsin. The bacteriocin-like substances lost their activity after heating at all temperatures used and at alkaline pH (9.0), whereas they were active at acidic pH (2.0). The antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin-like substances produced by the isolated LAB could prevent spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganism in Sudanese fermented food. Further study should be related with species identification of the producer strains and with the purification and characterization of these becteriocin-like substances in order to explore them in food industry.

      Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, bacteriocin, dodery, lactic acid bacteria, Sudanese fermented foods

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    2. PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF MILK-CLOTTING ENZYME FROM THE SEEDS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of the present study was to search for milk clotting substitute from different parts (flowers, seeds, stem, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits) of Moringa oleifera. The samples were blended and extracted using different types of extracting solutions. The most reliable, quick and efficient enzyme extracting solution was found to be 5% NaCl in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, which was used throughout the study. The milk clotting activity was only observed in the seeds extract while the other parts were either deficient or has very low milk clotting activity. Thus, the moringa seeds were used as source of milk clotting enzyme. The extracted proteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %. Highest milk clotting activity was observed in the 20 % fraction. This fraction was assumed to contain the clotting enzymes and characterized for its heating stability (30 – 90°C) and optimum temperature (30 – 90°C). The results demonstrated that moringa seeds milk clotting enzyme is stable up to 50°C with an optimum milk clotting activity of 70°C. The high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity of the partially purified enzyme indicates the potential of this enzyme as suitable rennet substitute in dairy industry. However, further study is needed to completely purify and characterize this promising milk clotting enzyme from moringa seeds.

      Keywords: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, Milk-clotting activity, Moringa seeds, Rennet substitutes

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  • Naveed Ahmed

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION OF SYNBIOTIC PRODUCT CONTAINING GALACTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES AND SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII AND EVALUATION OF ITS IN-VITRO BIFIDOGENIC EFFECT [MB]

      Abstract: The galacto-oligosaccharides and Saccharomyces boulardii are very useful for the intestinal microbiota. The yeast acts as probiotic and used for the reduction of monosaccharides from GOS mixture. The present study was concerned with the production of synbiotic product from GOS and S. boulardii through transgalactosylation process. The GOS was produced from β-galactosidase (156 U/1 ml of lactose solution) of Kluyveromyces lactis using lactose (250g/L) as substrate at 37ºC. The GOS mixture was analyzed through thin layer chromatography and megazyme kit. The maximum production of GOS occurs after 5 hr at 37ºC with phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). The GOS mixture was treated with probiotic S. boulardii. The monosaccharides were reduced at 37ºC after 4 hrs using 300µl yeast/5 ml GOS mixture. Then synbiotic product was formed and undergoes lyophilization procedure. The total yeast count was 3.9 × 104CFU/g in lyophilized product. The in vitro bifidogenic effect was determined. Bifidobacterium shows more positive effect towards prebiotic and combined effect of prebiotic and probiotic as compared to Lactobacillus.

      Keywords: GOS, Saccharomyces boulardii, Transgalatosylation, Synbiotic product

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  • Rashid Ahmed

    (1)
    1. COMPOSITIONAL PROPERTIES OF THREE FRESHWATER CARP SPECIES GROWN IN BRACKISH WATER [FS]

      Abstract: Three freshwater fish species viz. Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Gibelion catla, grown in brackish water ponds were analyzed for compositional properties to assess the potential of this habitat to produce nutritionally adequate fish for human consumption. Overall, the unsaturated fatty acids were lower in L. rohita (46.6%) than saturated fatty acids; while in C. mrigala and G. catla, the unsaturated fatty acids were 50.4% and 58.2%, respectively. The most abundant saturated fatty acid in examined species was palmitic acid (C16:0), 23.7 to 34.1%; mono-unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (C18:1) 19.6 to 31.7% and poly-unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid (C18:2) 9.46 to 13.3%. A reasonable amount of essential fatty acids ω-3 (5.80 to 9.26%) and ω-6 (9.46 to 13.3%) was also found in these species while growing in brackish water on salt tolerant forages like Leptochloa fusca, Brachiaria mutica and Kochia indica as supplemental feed. The ω-3/ω-6 ratio was calculated as 0.46, 0.80 and 0.69 in L. rohita, C. mrigala and G. catla, respectively. The maximum EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5) was observed in C. mrigala (2.23%), followed by G. catla (1.62%) and L. rohita (0.98%). While the DHA (docosahexanenoic acids, C22:6) was found maximum in G. catla (1.97%) and minimum in C. mrigala (0.95%). The results of body composition indicated that L. rohita found maximum protein contents (19.2%) with minimum total fats (1.28%) while C. mrigala found maximum total fats (2.11%) but minimum protein contents (18.3%). Overall results indicated that the Indian carps grown in brackish water have comparable chemical composition and nutritive value with the same species grown in freshwater medium.

      Keywords: Indian carps, brackish water, chemical composition, fatty acids profile

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  • Shamim Ahmed

    (1)
    1. QUALITY COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BANGLADESHI AND CHINA GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSC.) [FS]

      Abstract: The essential oil of Zingiber officinale Rosc. was extracted from China and Bangladeshi varieties and yielded 0.21% and 0.23 % by hydro-distillation method on fresh weight basis respectively. Fifteen compounds were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The major constituents of China and Bangladeshi ginger essential oils were zingiberene 38.10 % and 41.49%, β-phellandrene 12.0% and 9.92%, α-citral 11.48% and 9.76 %, α-curcumene 9.22% and 11.58%, camphene 5.94% and 4.60% , β-bisabolene 4.39% and 5.0% respectively. The IC50 (DPPH method ) values were found 61.18 µg/mL and 56.71 µg/mL with the highest inhibition of 78.49 % and 80.77% and the LC50 values in the brine shrimp lethality cytotoxicity bioassay were found 0.4842 µg/mL and 0.7151 µg/mL in China and Bangladeshi ginger essential oil respectively. Both the essential oils showed significant activities against some gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi. The proximate composition of the China and Bangladeshi variety showed the ash (7.12±0.151, 8.15±0.18%), protein (5.47±0.19, 6.60±0.16%), crude fibre (4.32±0.10, 4.61±0.12%), carbohydrate (16..06±0.35, 18.38±0.41) and food energy (70.50±0.89, 81.74±1.01 kcal/100g.) respectively. The elemental compositions of the both varieties were found rich in Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Se, Na and K. These results indicate the quality composition of the two varieties may find interest in spice and culinary industries as well as in medicinal preparation.

      Keywords: Zingiber officinale, essential oil, limonene, GC/MS, mineral element, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity

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  • Tasnia Ahmed

    (1)
    1. MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MAJOR SEA FISH AVAILABLE IN LOCAL MARKETS OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH [MB]

      Abstract: Present study attempted to determine the prevalence of pathogenic microflora along the two major sea fish samples: Rupchanda (Pampus chinensis) and Surmai (Scomberomorus guttatus), collected from local market in Dhaka city. Most of the fishes collected were found to be contaminated with a huge number of pathogens within a range of 2.0×102-1.9×109 cfu.mL-1 or cfu.G-1. The study of antibiogram showed a number of isolates to be drug-resistant. The investigation also endeavored to evaluate the efficiency of gamma (γ) irradiation on the pathogenic reduction besides the traditional means. The pathogenic load was found to be reduced by an irradiation dosage of 3 kilo Gray (kGy).

      Keywords: Sea fish, pathogens, antibiotic resistance, irradiation, microbiological quality

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  • Md. Aminul Ahsan

    (1)
    1. QUALITY COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BANGLADESHI AND CHINA GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSC.) [FS]

      Abstract: The essential oil of Zingiber officinale Rosc. was extracted from China and Bangladeshi varieties and yielded 0.21% and 0.23 % by hydro-distillation method on fresh weight basis respectively. Fifteen compounds were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The major constituents of China and Bangladeshi ginger essential oils were zingiberene 38.10 % and 41.49%, β-phellandrene 12.0% and 9.92%, α-citral 11.48% and 9.76 %, α-curcumene 9.22% and 11.58%, camphene 5.94% and 4.60% , β-bisabolene 4.39% and 5.0% respectively. The IC50 (DPPH method ) values were found 61.18 µg/mL and 56.71 µg/mL with the highest inhibition of 78.49 % and 80.77% and the LC50 values in the brine shrimp lethality cytotoxicity bioassay were found 0.4842 µg/mL and 0.7151 µg/mL in China and Bangladeshi ginger essential oil respectively. Both the essential oils showed significant activities against some gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi. The proximate composition of the China and Bangladeshi variety showed the ash (7.12±0.151, 8.15±0.18%), protein (5.47±0.19, 6.60±0.16%), crude fibre (4.32±0.10, 4.61±0.12%), carbohydrate (16..06±0.35, 18.38±0.41) and food energy (70.50±0.89, 81.74±1.01 kcal/100g.) respectively. The elemental compositions of the both varieties were found rich in Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Se, Na and K. These results indicate the quality composition of the two varieties may find interest in spice and culinary industries as well as in medicinal preparation.

      Keywords: Zingiber officinale, essential oil, limonene, GC/MS, mineral element, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity

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  • Samreen Ahsan

    (3)
    1. FUNCTIONAL EXPLORATION OF BIOACTIVE MOIETIES OF FERMENTED AND NON-FERMENTED SOY MILK WITH REFERENCE TO NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES [FS]

      Abstract: Soybean an amusing source of protein, oil, carbohydrates and bioactive moieties make it functional to combat hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, age related bone loss, hormone replacement therapy and anti- cancer. Fermentation is considered as a pragmatic approach to augment bioactive moieties and to eliminate anti-nutritional components in soy bean. The current research was done to compare fermented and non-fermented soy milk by estimating their physicochemical analyses (Fat, protein, ash, SNF, TSS) pH, acidity, antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), rheology and isoflavones content (Genistein and Daidzein). The resultant data justify that process of fermentation boost up antioxidant profile, bioactive moieties becomes more viable and rheological analysis stated that soy milk is non-Newtonian fluid and fermentation increases the viscosity of soy milk by making gel network with LAB and protein. The sensory evaluation also justifies the hypothesis of current research by getting bountiful higher score to fermented soy milk for (color, flavor, aroma, texture and overall acceptability).

      Keywords: Functional, Soy Milk, Nutritional Aspects

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    2. SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF MILK AND INDIGENOUS MILK PRODUCTS FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF FAISALABAD [FS]

      Abstract: The current study was designed to analyze the presence or absence of common adulterants in milk and milk products from six different regions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Purposely, 54 samples from six different regions of Faisalabad were collected. Results revealed that milk of Faisalabad’s regions was adulterated with water, starch, urea, glucose, cane sugar, soap, synthetic milk and neutralizers. The results for starch, formalin, vegetable fat, artificial color, nitrates, sodium chloride, coal tar dyes, hydrogen peroxide, annatto, detergent, sulphate adulteration was found to be non-significant. The results for soap, synthetic milk, urea, sugar cane, neutralizers and glucose were significant. It was noted that R2 milk samples had more bacterial load (3.92x108 CFU/mL) followed by R1 (3.38x108 CFU/mL). Among milk products, cream samples collected from R6 had the maximum bacterial count (1.74x108 CFU/mL). The milk samples were also analyzed for the presence of added urea by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

      Keywords: Milk, Adulteration, Faisalabad, Urea, FTIR

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    3. ASSESSMENT OF CAMEL MILK YOGURT AS A COGENT APPROACH ON STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ) INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS IN SPRAGUE - DAWLEY RATS [FS]

      Abstract: According to Global report of World Health Organization (WHO) on diabetes, a predictable frequency of diabetes in the grown-up populace has nearly elevated 2-fold since 1980 from 4.7% to 8.5%. Altogether, mainstream of individuals is suffering from Type 1 diabetes mellitus of all diabetes cases which is a serious metabolic disorder and frightening state of cases booming annually. Camel milk, fresh/ fermented has the properties to be acknowledging for its potential effect for the cure of diabetes mellitus type 1. The higher concentration of insulin/insulin mimics particles in camel milk, like half cysteine, small sized immunoglobulins and their optimistic impact on beta cells and resistance to coagulation in acidic environment of stomach contributes to hypoglycemic effect in type 1 diabetes. The persistence of this study was the evaluation of camel milk yogurt on experimental Sprague-Dawley rats for type 1 diabetes. Two types of studies were conducted with four groups depending upon the diet. The analysis of serum glucose, insulin levels, liver and kidney functioning tests, and hematological analysis were performed to access the therapeutic potential of camel milk yogurt during efficacy trials. Serum glucose and insulin results showed that camel milk yogurt exhibited 3.69 % reduction of serum glucose level in study-I (fed on cow milk yogurt) whereas, 13.88% reduction was reported in study-II (fed on camel milk yogurt). Insulin concentration was increased 1.84 % in study-I whereas, 15.22 % was increased in study-II. Categorically, insulin percentage increment enlightened that induction of camel milk yogurt to subjects revealed better results in comparison to cow milk yogurt. The protective perspectives of camel milk yogurt supplementation to rats did not impart any deleterious effect on biochemical markers of the rats. Overall research showed that camel milk yogurt administration improved the clinical symptoms of diabatic rats along with minimal determental effects on health stratum of rats group.

      Keywords: Diabetes, camel milk, Insulin increment, improved clinical symptoms, minimal determental effects

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  • D. A. Aina

    (1)
    1. ANTIOXIDANT AND NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF SOME PLEUROTUS SPECIES [FS]

      Abstract: The nutrient compositions (dry matter, moisture content, ash content, fat content, crude fibre, total carbohydrate and crude protein), antioxidant and yielding potential of Pleurotus pulmonarius (LAU 09), P. cornucopiae (NE 02), P. sapidus (NE 07) and P. ostreatus (LAU 10) were evaluated. The highest percentage spawn productivity (28.33%) was obtained in NE 02, while the lowest value of 23.33% obtained in NE 07. The highest total weight of fresh mushroom (580g), highest biological efficiency (59.10±12.41%) and production rate (1.85±0.65%) were obtained in LAU 09. The phytochemical screening of the mushroom extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phlobatannins, flavonoids and anthraquinones. The antioxidant activity of all evaluated mushroom extracts gave a positive result with free radical scavenging potentials found to be in the order of NE 02 > NE 07 > LAU 09 > LAU 10 considering all used in vitro methods. The highest percentage protein of 34 ±3.06% was produced in NE 02, while other strains gave satisfactory yields in terms of nutritional and mineral compositions. The results obtained from this study showed the nutritional and antioxidant potential of mushroom species.

      Keywords: Mushroom, yield, antioxidant, proximate, phytochemical

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  • Tarik Ainane

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE MICROALGAE ISOLATED FROM MOROCCAN COASTLINES [MB]

      Abstract: The present investigation aimed to study antimicrobial activities in marine microalgae, screened from Moroccan coastlines. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from the microalgae and evaluated each against the bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the yeast Candida albicans and the fungus Aspergillus niger. The highest antibacterial activity was found in the extract of Tetraselmis sp. which exhibited an inhibitory effect against the three bacteria with a MIC of 2.6 to 3.0 mg extract per mL culture. Extracts from the other microalgae: Dunaliella Salina, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Dunaliella sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrisis sp. each showed inhibitory activity against E. coli or P. aeruginosa with a MIC of 2.6 to 4.3 mg extract per mL. The extract of N. gaditana also inhibited S. aureus growth. However, the extracts from the microalgae, Chaetoceros sp. and Chlorella sp. showed no effect under the applied experimental conditions. All the tested extracts inhibited the growth of C. albicans; the highest activity was obtained from N. gaditana with a MIC of 4.0 mg extract per mL culture. Aspergillus niger appeared to be resistant to the effect of the extracts. The observed antimicrobial activities were linked to the contents of the extracts in fatty acids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. In conclusion, the studied microalgae could be considered as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activities.

      Keywords: Marine microalgae, antimicrobial activity, phenolic content, carotenoids, fatty acids

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  • Ebehi Aisagbonhi

    (1)
    1. PLANTS’ INNATE DEFENCE MECHANISMS AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENS [BT]

      Abstract: Plants are affected by a number of severe conditions including damages caused by phytopathogens, which ultimately reduce productivity. Overtime, plants have evolved different mechanisms for defence against and resistance to invading pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi in different pathosystems. Defence mechanisms in plants could either be innate or artificial. Innate defence is said to occur when plants are naturally able to limit the development of a specific pathogen or the damage it may cause based on properties inherent in the plant without human intervention. This defence strategy could be divided into pre-existing and induced defence mechanisms. The pre-existing defence strategy comprises defence gardgets endogenously present in the plant even before pathogen colonization. It include the use of superficial structures (such as thick walled tissues, waxes and cuticle), biochemical substances (such as inhibitors released by plant into its environment) and defence through lack of essential factors (such as lack of host receptors and sensitive sites for toxins). The induced defence mechanism only becomes active in response to pathogen attack. It consists of defence through the formation of structures (such as cytoplasmic and cellular defence structures) and through biochemical reactions or the production of certain substances (such as pathogenesis related proteins and phenolics). Proper understanding of plant defence mechanisms against pathogens is important in developing new and improved disease resistant varieties.

      Keywords: Phytopathogen, Resistance, Innate defence, Defence structures, Biochemical reactions

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  • M. Vahid Aissi

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TRADITIONNALY PROCESSED PENTADESMA BUTYRACEA SABINE SEEDS AND BUTTER [FS]

      Abstract: Traditionally, production of Pentadesma butyracea butter starts by a pretreatment of the seeds which can be stored after. Thus, the seeds are untreated or heated by roasting or boiling and then sun-dried. This study compared the end products derived by these three pretreatments. The fresh seeds were divided into three batches and each of them was pretreated as described above and processed into butter. Seeds were analyzed for proximate composition and inorganic ions and butter for fatty acids composition and triglycerides profile. Neither treatment influenced the fat content of P. butyracea seeds (48%). There was significant (P<0.05) variation in the crude protein and ash content of untreated seeds. The applied pretreatments didn’t lead to significant reduction (P > 0.05) in most of the inorganic ions. However, a significant decrease (P< 0.05) was observed in zinc and sulfate contents. On the other hand, the seeds pretreatment significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the fatty acids and triacylglycerol profiles of the extracted butter. As observed, boiling of seeds appeared as a process allowing a high level of unsaturated fatty acids in the butter and can be recommended to the P. butyracea seeds processors in rural area.

      Keywords: Butter tree, seeds, composition, post-harvest, heat pretreatment

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  • Lola Ajala

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF DEFATTED OKRA SEED (Abelmoschus esculentus) FLOUR ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND Zn BIOAVAILABILITY OF PLANTAIN (Musa paradisiacal Linn) FLOUR [FS]

      Abstract: In Nigeria it is advised that nursing mothers should give their baby plantain flour paste “amala ogede” with ‘ewedu’ Corchorus olitorius soup during the process of weaning their baby. The over matured okra that cannot be cut with kitchen knife are thrown away in Nigeria, this lead to postharvest loss of okra. The seed in this okra could be utilised by processing into okra seed flour for the fortification of plantain flour. Since the okra seed flour is rich in oil and the oil contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids which cause some toxicity concerns therefore this work is to evaluate the chemical composition, the functional properties and Zn bioavailability of plantain flour mixed with defatted okra seed flour.
      The nutrient content increased significantly (P≤0.05), protein; 3.88 – 11.38 %, fibre; 3.03 – 16.30 % and ash; 2.72 – 5.77 % while the fat and carbohydrate content reduced significantly (P≤0.05) as the percentage of defatted okra seed flour increased. The bulk density of the plantain flour decreased significantly (P≤0.05) from 0.795 g/cm3 to 0.769 g/cm3 as the percentage of okra seed flour increased while the least gelation concentration increased significantly (P≤0.05) (10 to 20). The calculated [Ca][Phytate]/[Zn] molar ratio for the plantain flour mixed with defatted okra seed flour (0.02 – 0.04 mol/kg) were below the critical level. The increase in the least gelation concentration coupled with increase in the protein content of the resultant flour from the blend means more of the protein will be available in the food made from the plantain flour mixed with defatted okra seed flour.

      Keywords: plantain flour, defatted okra seed flour, nutrients, functional property, Zn bioavailability

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  • Christiana Ajanaku

    (1)
    1. IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES AND GC-MS ANALYSES OF Bidens pilosa LEAF EXTRACT [MB]

      Abstract: The phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity, anti-mycobacterial activity and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the West African ecotype of Bidens pilosa was investigated for possible medicinal properties. The antimicrobial activity of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the leaf of Bidens pilosa was evaluated using agar dilution method. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out according to standard procedures. Partitioned fractions of the methanolic extract was subjected to anti-mycobacterial bioassay. Different fractions of the leaf were subjected to GC-MS to ascertain the compounds present. The antimicrobial analysis revealed the methanolic fraction as having the highest number of activity against test organisms such as: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Rhizopus sp. between 10 – 40 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed the methanolic fraction to be active against Candida albicans and Rhizopus sp. at the concentration of 6.25 g/ml and 3.25 g/ml respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids in all the solvents. Tannin was present in all the solvent fractions except hexane fraction. Saponin was not found in any of the solvents. The hexane-methanol interface of the partitioned solvents was sensitive to the anti-mycobacterial activity while other solvents showed resistance. The GC-MS and the chromatogram gave insight into the volatile components of the leaf extract. The findings reveals Bidens pilosa as a medicinal plant with potentials for the treatment of tuberculosis.

      Keywords: Phytochemicals, Bidens pilosa, antimicrobial, anti-mycobacterial, medicinal plants, infectious diseases, Tuberculosis

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  • Obabiyi Ajao

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND PROBIOTIC POTENTIALS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM RAW BEEF IN IBADAN, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important microflora in raw meat and fermented meat products. They exhibit antagonistic activities against undesirable microorganisms and are highly valued for their probiotic properties. LAB associated with raw beef from two major abattoirs in Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed for antimicrobial activity and probiotic potential. Agar-spot assay showed that 8 of 23 LAB isolates inhibited the growth of at least one of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. Selected antibacterial isolates were identified based on API50CHL as Lactobacillus plantarum (3), Pediococcus pentosaceus (2) Lactobacillus paracasei (1), Leuconostoc lactis (1) and Carnobacterium sp. (1). Antimicrobial activities were revealed to be dependent on acidification and production of bacteriocin-like substances. Five LAB strains lowered the pH of medium to < 4 within 24 h, with Leuconostoc lactis Csu12 broth culture having the lowest pH (3.04 ±0.08). Bacteriocin-like activity was displayed by six LAB strains against at least one indicator organism. The antibacterial isolates tolerated low pH and different bile concentration (0.5 and 1%). In addition, they showed different levels of hydrophobicity to xylene. Results from this study suggest the consideration of our resident LAB from meat as novel protective cultures and probiotic candidates in the food industry.

      Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Antimicrobial, Probiotics, Meat

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  • Olasunmbo Abolanle Ajayi

    (1)
    1. QUALITY EVALUATION OF ZOBO (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) JUICE PRESERVED WITH MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA) OR GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) EXTRACTS AT DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS [FS]

      Abstract: This study aimed to improve the storability of zobo juice naturally. Zobo juice infused with extracts of Moringa seeds or ginger at (0.5 and 1%), control (0% preservative) and, food vendor prepared (FVPZ) zobo were evaluated for 8 weeks. Samples were stored at ambient or refrigeration temperatures and physico-chemical, microbial load and sensory qualities of the juice were analyzed using standard methods. There were drops in pH values after pasteurization from (2.44- 2.75) to (2.31 - 2.58). Vitamin C increased with storage in preserved juice but reduced in control and FVPZ. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between samples in total titratable acidity. All of the samples had varying levels of microbial load. Microbial load of raw material ranged from (7.8×104 to TNTC), (3.0×103 to 3.0×104) and (5.6×104 to 8.0×104) CFU/g, while zobo juice on day 0 had counts ranging from (2.23×103 to TNTC); (3.0×102 to 8.0×104); (4.0×104 to 5.6×104), CFU/mL for total viable, staphylococcal and fungal count respectively. There was zero enterobacteriaceae count on day 0 but increased during storage. Moringa and ginger zobo juice overall had reduced microbial load during storage compared to zobo without preservative. On day 0 show that FVPZ was more liked: appearance (4.5), aroma (4.5), taste (4.4) and general acceptability (4.7) but scores degenerated during storage. At 8 weeks of storage, 0.5%GZ scored higher in all attributes. Refrigeration retarded microbial growth but did not influence sensory scores. Study concludes that incorporation of moringa or ginger extracts into zobo was effective in improving storability of juice but ginger preserved juice was preferred.

      Keywords: Zobo juice, Roselle, ginger, Moringa seeds, drum stick, preservative

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  • Lima Ajeep

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF HOUSEHOLD PROCESSING ON REMOVAL OF MULTI-CLASSES OF PESTICIDES FROM TOMATOES [FS]

      Abstract: In this paper, twenty-two pesticide residues were monitored in tomatoes.72 marketed samples were extracted and purified with QuEChERS method, and analyzed with liquid and gas Chromatography. The mean recoveries ranged from 90.75%to105.31%. The relative standard deviation was 1% to 7.5%. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0231 mg.kg−1 and 0.0012 to 0.0693 mg.kg−1, and good linearity was obtained. Out of total analyzed samples, 34 samples (47.22%) were contaminated with tested pesticide residues; out of which 10 samples (13.89%) exceeded the maximum residue limits.
      The effects of four processing techniques (washing with tap water, washing with solution of acetic acid, peeling and boiling) on the residual pattern of five insecticides (dimethoate, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and fenvalerate) and one herbicide (2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4D)) were evaluated. The reaction of the pesticides depends obviously on the physico-chemical features and also on the systemic character of the pesticides. Both of the washings lowered clearly the residues for all detected pesticides with removing up to 63.08%. Peeling was found to totally remove the residues of fenvalerate, carbaryl, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos. Results obtained from the boiling indicated that a complete removal of 2,4D and dimethoate residues was finally achieved. In addition to that, the concentrations of cypermethrin and fenvalerate increased and processing factors above 1 were observed, the results can be seen as valuable base for monitoring of pesticides in tomatoes and supply more comprehension of residue demeanor after household processing. These implementations are important to protect consumer health from the damage of pesticide residues in food.

      Keywords: pesticide residues, QuEChERS, household processing, food safety

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  • Ouwakemi Ruth Ajiboye

    (1)
    1. BIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIOCINS FROM SOME Lactobacillus species ISOLATED FROM FOODS [MB]

      Abstract: Lactobacillus species isolated from ogi, kunnu, yoghurt and palm-wine were found to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocins had broad spectra of antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The effects of the bacteriocins on Escherichia coli infections in rats were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with E. coli and treated with 1280 AU/ml of the bacteriocins from L. plantarum MO21, L. plantarum MP12, L. casei MK21, L. casei MO11, L. brevis MK11 and L. buchneri MY21. Escherichia coli infection caused upregulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, globulin, cholesterol, bilirubin and glucose levels in sera of the infected rats which were down-regulated in the bacteriocin treated rats. Gastric and GIT damage caused by E. coli infection were reduced in the bacteriocin-treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that these bacteriocins may have useful biomedical applications.

      Keywords: Lactobacillus species; bacteriocin; gastric tissue; total protein and globulin

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  • Oyetunji I. Ajoke

    (1)
    1. PREVALENCE OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM HEALTHY COMMUNITY INDIVIDUALS VOLUNTEERS IN JOS SOUTH, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: This study investigated the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the nasal swabs of healthy community individual volunteers in Jos South, Nigeria and its susceptibility pattern to seven other antibiotics. Standard procedures were employed for isolation, screening, and susceptibility testing. The result of this study reveal that 98 (49 %) S. aureus were isolated from 200 nasal swab samples collected. The prevalence rate for male and female group was 48 % and 50 % respectively. Sixty two isolates (63.3 %) were found to be methicillin resistant. The MRSA isolated were highly resistant to Ampicillin (88.7 %), Amoxicillin (85.5 %), Tetracycline (80.6 %), Cotrimoxazole (80.6 %) but had low resistance to Erythromycin (35.5%). The MRSA isolated showed high susceptibility to Ofloxacin (98.4 %) and Gentamicin (83.9 %). While 55 (88.7 %) of the MRSA isolated showed multidrug resistance and only 3 (4.8 %) were susceptible to all other tested antibiotics.

      Keywords: antibiotics susceptibility, screening, nosocomial infection

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  • Kenechukwu Obumneme Akabueze

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF DENNETTIA TRIPETALA F. BAKER ROOT AND BARK EXTRACTS [MB]

      Abstract: The antimicrobial activities and phytochemical constituents of aqueous and hexane extracts of both the bark and roots of Dennettia tripetala F. Baker (Annonaceae) were determined using routine methods. Flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, volatile oil, carbohydrate and reducing sugars were present in the aqueous extract of the root and bark, but absent in the hexane extracts. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested against bacterial and fungal isolates using agar diffusion method.The commercial antibiotics used as positive reference standards to determine the sensitivity of the isolates were Gentamicin and Fluconazole.The aqueous extract of the root showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with zones of inhibition ranging from 0.01mm to 30mm. The aqueous root extract inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis with MIC values at 50 mg/ml.The results showed that the aqueous root extract possesed antimicrobial attributes as indicated by its activity on test bactetrial isolates. Phytochemicals were not present in the hexane extracts and the extracts showed no activity against the test organisms.

      Keywords: Dennettia tripetala, aqueous extract, hexane extract, bark, root, phytochemistry and antimicrobial

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  • Onyekachukwu O. Akaeze

    (1)
    1. FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE OF TOMATO: SCREENING FOR RESISTANCE AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF BOTANICALS FOR CONTROL; THE NIGERIA CASE [MB]

      Abstract: Fusarium wilt disease of tomato is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and is a limiting factor to tomato production in Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to screen tomato varieties commonly cultivated in Nigeria to determine their host resistance status to F. oxysporum, identify fungi species associated with tomato plants showing Fusarium wilt symptoms and the in-vitro evaluation of aqueous and methanol extracts of four botanicals for bioactivity. Symptomatic sample plants were collected from three farms in tomato producing communities of Nigeria. Isolation was done by direct plating method on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Fungi isolates were identified by cultural and microscopic characteristics. Extracts were prepared and evaluated for bioactivity by agar dilution method. The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design replicated three times. Data were analyzed by descriptive and statistical analysis. Significantly different means were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% level of significance. Of the nine varieties evaluated, only Tomato Shanty+N showed moderate resistance to F. oxysporum, while others were susceptible. Fungi isolated from symptomatic plants were Colletotrichum spp, Curvularia lunata, Sclerotia rolfsii, Rhizopus spp, Pestalocia macrotrica, Aspergillus spp, and Fusarium oxysporum. Extracts showed bioactivity against F. oxysporum at different concentrations. Methanol as solvent in preparing of Azadirachta indica leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory properties against F. oxysporum at low concentration. This was followed by Morinda lucida and Tagetes erecta at 37.5% and 25% concentration respectively. Tomato shanty+N and low concentration methanol extracts of Azadirachta indica leaf (12.5%) are therefore recommended.

      Keywords: Fusariun oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Solanum lycopersicum, Plant extracts, Bioactivity, in-vitro, Pathogenicity

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  • Hilda Abiola Akatah

    (1)
    1. MICROBIAL LOAD AND MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FEACES AND BODY SURFACES OF COCKROACHES IN AN URBAN AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: This study investigates the microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from the faeces and body surfaces of cockroaches in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. The cockroaches collected from residential areas and hospital vicinities were screened for microbial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern using standard protocols. A total of twenty- three microorganisms namely Klebsiella aerogenes, Bacillius cereus, Proteus spp, Staphyloccocus aureus, S. saprophyticus, Enteroccocus faecalis, Staphylococus epididermis, E. coli, Listeria monoctogene, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Psuedomonas species, Seretia mensence, Candida albicans, Candida spp., Aspergilius spp., A. flavus, A. fumigates, Mucor species and Penicilium species were isolated. The microbial load of the microorganisms was significantly higher in the isolates from hospital as compared with the residential area (p<0.05) with the exception of Canidida species, Mucor and Penicillium which had higher or equal microbial load at the residential areas. All the pathogenic bacteria isolated had multiple resistance to antibiotics most importantly, Ampicillin, Augumentin, Amoxicillin and Septrin (30μg). Efforts geared towards controlling the insects will be indispensable in curbing the wide spread of multi-drug resistant pathogens in the study area.

      Keywords: cockroaches, microbial load, antimicrobial, multi-drug resistance, Nigeria

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  • Rida R. Akbar

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF GERMINATION ON FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES AND ANGIOTENSIN I-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY OF MELINJO (Gnetum gnemon L) SEED PROTEINS [FS]

      Abstract: The effect of germination on free radical scavenging activities and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seed proteins was studied to determine its potential use as a nutraceutical ingredient. Investigations into the protein profiles, amino acid composition, free radical scavenging activities and ACE-I-inhibitory of proteins extracted from melinjo seed during germination (0 to 21 days) were carried out. The concentration of amino acids detected in the melinjo seed samples ranged from 0.30 to 12.75 g/100 g protein and the degree of hydrolysis during germination at 21st days was significantly highest than that of either (0-14 days). Furthermore, with all samples a large small-sized peptides degree (<10 kDa) was observed with an increasing degree of hydrolysis value. The free radical scavenging activities were measured using different standard methods, and ACE-I inhibitory activity was determined using in vitro ACE-I inhibitory assay. The time of germination showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on free radical scavenging (ABTS2+, DPPH, O2•, and OH•) activities and ACE-I inhibitory. The above results indicated that germination time has positively affected ACE-I inhibitory activity and free radical scavenging activities.

      Keywords: Melinjo, Protein, Radical Scavenging, ACE–inhibitory, Gnetum gnemon, Germination

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  • Hamid Akbarirad

    (1)
    1. DETERIORATION AND SOME OF APPLIED PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES FOR COMMON MUSHROOMS (AGARICUS BISPORUS, FOLLOWED BY LENTINUS EDODES, PLEUROTUS SPP.) [FS]

      Abstract: Mushrooms are consider as a nutritional and health beneficial product. Three most cultivated mushrooms worldwide are Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus spp. Mushrooms are highly perishable. They tend to lose quality after harvest, mainly because of their high respiration rate and the fact that they have no barrier to protect them from water loss. Mushrooms’ shelf-life is limited to a few days under normal refrigeration conditions, which is a constraint on the distribution and marketing of fresh product, making extension of mushroom’s shelf life a constant quest. Modified atmosphere packaging provides an affordable packaging system that partly avoids enzymatic browning, fermentation and other biochemical processes by maintaining a controlled gas atmosphere. However, modified atmosphere packaging conditions should be carefully designed. Inappropriate modified atmosphere conditions may be ineffective or even shorten the shelf life of the product due to damage of tissues. Preservation techniques and specially use of MAP, specifically for Agaricus, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus, is reviewed.

      Keywords: Deterioration, preservation, mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

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  • Fahri Akbas

    (1)
    1. MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL THERMOSTABLE LIPASE FROM SHEWANELLA PUTREFACIENS AND USING ENZYMATIC BIODIESEL PRODUCTION [BT]

      Abstract: A novel thermostable lipase from Shewanella putrefaciens was identified, expressed in Escherichia coli, characterized and used in biodiesel production. Enzyme characterization was carried out by enzyme assay, SDS-PAGE and other biochemical reactions. The recombinant lipase was found to have a molecular mass of 29 kDa and exhibited lipase activity when Tween 80 was used as the substrate. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and at 80°C. The recombinant lipase was used for the transesterification of canola oil and waste oil. The enzyme retains 50% of its activity at 90°C for 30 minutes. It is also able to retain 20% of its activity even at 100 °C for 20 minutes. These properties of the obtained new recombinant thermostable lipase make it promising as a biocatalyst for industrial processes.

      Keywords: Cloning, lipase, thermostable, Shewanella putrefaciens, biodiesel production

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  • Sarafa Adeyemi Akeem

    (2)
    1. INFLUENCE OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF SUGAR WITH SERENDIPITY BERRY (DIOSCOREOPHYLLUM CUMMINSII) EXTRACT ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND SHELF-LIFE OF WHEAT BREAD [FS]

      Abstract: Serendipity berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii) contains a protein sweetener termed monellin which could be substituted for sugar in foods for diabetics and dieters. Therefore, effects of partial substitution of sugar with serendipity berry extract on quality of white wheat bread were investigated. The pasting properties of wheat flour treated with mixtures of 5 % sugar solution and serendipity berry extract (100:0 control, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60) were investigated. Wheat flour were blended with other ingredients and mixtures of 5 % sugar solution and serendipity berry extract to form dough which were allowed to rise prior to baking. Chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the breads were evaluated. Pasting temperature, peak, final and setback viscosities of the control (sugar solution treated-flour) and serendipity extract treated flour were significantly (p˂0.05) different. Moisture, ash, protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents of the breads ranged from 11.93–15.22 %, 0.75–3.06 %, 11.67–14.13 %, 4.29–9.06 %, 1.24–2.50 % and 55.01–68.14 %, respectively. Although the bacterial (0.0–61 ×103 cfu/g) and fungal (2.0–76.0 ×103 cfu/g) counts of the breads increased throughout the 5 days storage period, the serendipity berry extract exerted antimicrobial activities in the treated breads. The proximate, except carbohydrate, of the breads increased while the bacterial and fungal counts decreased with increase in concentration of the serendipity extract. The 60 % serendipity extract treated-bread (mean sensory scores ≥ 8.0) compared favourably with the control (sugar solution treated-bread). This study revealed that 60 % serendipity berry extract could be substituted for sugar for production of high quality bread with extended shelf life.

      Keywords: Bread, Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, Preservation, Quality attributes, Substitution, Wheat flour, Sweetener

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    2. EFFECTS OF ADDITION OF DIFFERENT SPICES ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF TIGER-NUT MILK (KUNUN-AYA) DURING STORAGE [FS]

      Abstract: Kunun-aya is a traditional fermented non-alcoholic tiger-nut beverage widely consumed in the Northern parts of Nigeria especially during dry season. Kunun-aya was prepared from tiger-nut, coconut, date and spices such as cinnamon, cloves, coriander, ginger, rosemary and black pepper were added separately. The samples were stored at 4°C for 5 days and the effects of added spices on physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of the samples were evaluated. The results of the pH (4.25–5.95) and titratable acidity (2.95–12.17) showed that all the samples were acidic throughout the storage period. Brix values ranged from 0.05–2.85% during the storage period. The moisture, protein, ash, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents of kunun-aya ranged from 85.35–95.22%, 1.53–4.06%, 0.14–0.64%, 0.31–0.85%, 0.23–1.84% and 0.69–10.85%, respectively prior to storage and ranged from 79.50–98.24%, 0.27–2.56%, 0.04–2.25%, 0.24–0.42%, 0.09–3.74% and 1.05–17.34%, respectively after storage. The bacterial count of kunun-aya ranged from (1.1–5.4, 2.0–6.9, 3.6–9.8)×104 CFU/ml and fungal count from (1.0–6.4, 1.3–7.4, 5.2–9.5)×104 CFU/ml on days 1, 3 and 5, respectively. The phytochemical screening of the spices revealed that ginger contained alkaloid, glycoside, saponin, steroid, flavonoid and terpenoid but not tannin while other spices contained one or two of these phytochemicals. There was significant difference between the sensory attributes of the treated kunun-aya and the control samples with the control sample having the highest score ratings. Addition of spices had varying effects on the quality attributes of kunun-aya and could extend its shelf life for 5 days under refrigerated conditions.

      Keywords: Physicochemical, Sensory property, Microbial load, Tiger-nut, Spice, Storage

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  • Fred Coolborn Akharaiyi

    (2)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF SENNA HIRSUTA MILL USING ANIMAL MODEL-MICE [MB]

      Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial and biochemical activities of 50, 100 and 200mg.mL-1 concentrations of ethanol leaf extract of Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) against seven human pathogenic bacteria species namely: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi. The in-vitro bioassay revealed the leaf extracts of valuable antibacterial activity where zones of inhibition ranging from 12.1mm to 39.1mm were observed on the test bacteria species. Among the test bacteria, K. pneumoniae was the most inhibited and S. typhi the least inhibited. On mice infection with the bacteria species for three days, decrease in weight of mice was observed. The in-vivo therapeutic use of the extracts in mice infected with the bacteria pathogens resulted to weight gain of the mice and other physiological changes that indicated health improvement of the mice and was also of hepatoprotective potential. The in-vivo antioxidant assay exhibited satisfactory therapeutic effects where improvement in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) status of mice was observed on comparing results of the positive and negative controls.

      Keywords: Plant extracts, activities, antibacterial, albino mice, biochemical

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    2. ANTIBACTERIAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CNESTIS FERRUGINEA DC (CONNARACEAE) EXTRACTS [MB]

      Abstract: To evaluate the health relevance of decoctions, infusions and concoction of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, antibacterial efficacy of crude aqueous, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Cnestis ferruginea leaf, stem bark and roots were assayed against nine clinical bacterial isolates namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Shigalla dysenteriae, Campylobacter jejunum, a -hemolytic group A streptococcus, and Salmonella enterica ser.Typhi by agar well diffusion method. The leaf extracts had higher inhibitory effects at various degrees than the stem bark and root extracts. Chemical methods were used to determine the quality and quantity of phytochemical components where alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, phenol and cardinolides were found present. The antioxidant activities of the extracts of the plant tested were determined by a spectrophotometric method using the stable free radical DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Considerable antioxidant activities were found in the plant extracts. C. ferruginea contains bioactive principles necessary for bacteria inhibition and therefore, the powder could be used as preservative, beverage and source of novel drug(s).

      Keywords: Cnestis ferruginea DC (Connaraceae) extract, antibacterial, phytochemical, antioxidant properties, Nigeria

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  • Saeed Akhtar

    (1)
    1. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VEGETABLES WASTES AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL BREAD [FS]

      Abstract: The present study aimed at evaluating nutritional potential and antioxidant activity of the extracts derived from vegetable wastes such as carrot pomace, onion upper bulbs, and peels from garlic, tomato & potato. Proximate composition, minerals profiling and antioxidants activity as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were estimated, and phenolics characterization was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results suggest that vegetable wastes such as peel and pomace, may be exploited as carriers of proteins, fiber, calcium, potassium, iron and zinc. Phenolics screening demonstrated presence of total hydroxybenzoic, hydroxylcinammic acids and catechin albeit anthocyanins and total flavonols were inadequately present in tomato pomace. Maximum total phenolics contents and DPPH activity were observed in HCl/MeOH extracts of tomato and garlic peels, respectively. Product development data suggest incorporating onion peel’s extracts in wheat flour to not elicit a significant change in bread composition. Likewise, supplementation of onion peel powder (OPP) and extracts @ 6% and 1.5%, respectively improved color and textural properties of supplemented bread. Contextualizing the challenges of food insecurity and food industry waste management, our results confirmed that vegetable wastes, with improved nutritional profile and increased antioxidant potential, may be used for the preparation of value-added food products.

      Keywords: Carrot pomace, Flavonoids, Functional bread, Onion peel, Potato peel, Vegetables waste

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  • M. S. Akhter

    (1)
    1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FROM LOCAL CITRUS GERMPLASMS AVAILABLE IN THE SOUTH WESTERN REGION OF BANGLADESH [FS]

      Abstract: The experiment was carried out to study the physico-chemical characteristics of 20 selected citrus fruits germplasm of South Western region of Bangladesh during July 2010 to January 2012. There was significant variation among the germplasms in relation to fruit characteristics and organolaptic evaluation. Better performance was found in germplasm No. 20 in respect of total fruit weight, weight of seed and skin thickness of fruits. Germplasm No.1 showed better performance in respect of percentage of edible portion and germplasm No. 6 in respect of percentage of non edible portion. The total soluble solids found higher in germplasm No. 20 (12.23 %) and titratable acidity in germplasm No. 16 (49.33 %). Vitamin C and carotenoids found maximum in germplasm No. 20 (442.70 mg/100g). Germplasm No. 4 and 12 was better in respect of anthocyanin (0.10 mg/100gm) and flavonoids (0.19 gm) content of fruit pulp. Considering desired fruit characteristics germplasam No. 20 (pummelo) was found better. Citrus fruits' squash was successfully prepared by using 60 g sugar containing treatment consisting 50-80 g of sugar with 10 g variation of sugar in three treatments without changing other ingredient. Citrus fruits jelly was successfully prepared by using 300 g sugar containing treatment consisting 250-350 g of sugar with 50 g variation of sugar in three treatments without changing other ingredient. Citrus fruits jarok was successfully prepared by using 55 g salt containing treatment consisting 50-60 g of salt with 5 g variation of salt in three treatments without changing other ingredient.

      Keywords: Physico-chemical characteristics, germplasm, Bangladesh, citrus, fruits

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  • Akin-Osanaiye

    (1)
    1. METAGENOMICS IN-SIGHT INTO THE MICROBIAL STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTER UTILISING FRUIT WASTE AS SUBSTRATE [MB]

      Abstract: Anaerobic digester has emerged as a technology of choice in management of waste and production of biogas. However, the microbial ecology of digesters utilizing various substrates are very poorly understood. The ecology of anaerobic digester utilizing Citrullus lanatus fruit waste was analyzed using metagenomics. Slurry substrate sample was collected from a functional digester aseptically and anaerobically. Metagenomic DNA was extracted using ZYMO DNA extraction Kit (Model D 6001, Zymo Research, USA) following manufacturer’s instruction. Extracted DNA was amplified using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon PCR primers set and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform. Taxonomic analysis of the reads was performed using NCBI-BLAST-2.2.24 and CLC bio Genomics workbench v7.5.1. Taxonomic classification of the sequences revealed that bacteria and archae were the top two kingdoms with reads counts of 57,554 and 80, respectively. The top 7 phyla were Unknown, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota in decreasing order of counts. A total of 30 microbial classes, 43 orders, 79 families and 210 species were further classified. Over half of the 210 species detected were not routinely cultured species in the laboratory, indicating that there is still a relatively wide gap between culturable and non-culturable species in an anaerobic digester. The Acidogens captured in this study were Clostridium, Uncultured rumen bacteria and Bacteroidetes species. Furthermore, we also detected uncultured syntrophic Acetogens such as Syntrophomonas species and the hydrogenotrophic thermophile, Methanothermobacter sp. The Syntrophomonas species is known to breakdown short chain fatty acids, like propionate and butanoate in concert with hydrogenotrophic Methanogens indicating methane generation was via the hydrogenotrophic route. However, the main representative hydrogenotrophic methanogens detected were Methanoculleus bourgensis and Methanoculleus marisnigri, with the former being more abundant. In addition to the aforementioned species, other species captured were largely classified as unknown or uncultured species and they include Uncultured species of Clostridium, Syntrophomonas, Synergistetes, Synergistaceae Anaerobic sp, Ruminococcaceae, Rumen sp, Thermomonas, Thermoanaerobacteriales, Bacterium, Compost, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Clostriaceae, Acetobacter. Eubacterium, Alpha and Aacteroides. The results of the study revealed that culture-independent approach is better able to capture the anaerobes including both culturable and unknown that dominate anaerobic digesters and are responsible for the bioconversion of organic waste into biogas.

      Keywords: Metagenome; 16S rRNA; Illumina MiSeq; Syntrophic Acetogens; Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens

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  • Oluwakemi Akindolapo

    (1)
    1. THE BACTERIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES ON OLUMIRIN WATERFALL ERIN- IJESHA, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The potability and qualities of Olumirin waterfall, Erin-Ijesa were investigated by determining the total bacteria and coliform count with antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria and physico-chemical qualities of the water samples. Total bacteria and coliform enumeration were determined using pour plating and multiple tube techniques, the antibiotic susceptibility were carried out using disc diffusion method, while physico-chemical and mineral studies were also carried out using standard methods. The mean total viable count of the water samples ranged 14.8 x 102 CFU.ml-1 - 21.3 x 103 CFU.ml-1 while the coliform count ranged 13 -175 MPN/100ml. The identified bacteria isolates and their percentage distribution were E.coli (43.1%), Klebsiella spp (20.7%), Proteus spp (12.1%), Salmonella spp (6.99%), Pseudomonas spp (5.17%), Shigella spp (6.9%), and Enterococcus spp (5.17 %). Antibiotic resistance shown by bacteria isolates were exhibited as follow; Nalixidic acid (31%), Ampicilin (76%), Cotrimoxazole (60%), Gentamicin (19%), Nitrofurantoin (24%), Colitin (48%), Streptomycin (34%) and tetracycline (52%). 82.8% of the isolate exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. The physico-chemical analysis also revealed the presence of some mineral elements in the water samples. The mineral value of the water samples include; magnesium (84.8 - 93.4) mg.L-1, phosphate (12.6 - 17.1) mg.L-1, sodium (47.8 - 87.6) mg.L-1, potassium (76.6 - 104.5) mg.L-1, chloride (59.0 - 90.2) mg.L-1, zinc (0.75 - 1.82) mg.L-1, lead (0.12 - 0.33) mg.L-1, iron (0.52 - 0.60) mg.L-1, copper (0.12 - 0.27) mg.L-1 while nickel and arsenic were not detected in any of the water samples. Comparing the experimental results with the international water standard for natural water, the waterfall is not fit for consumption or for any domestic purpose unless being treated. Also, problems that may arise from the resistance bacteria strains can be tackled while the new antibiotics can also be developed.

      Keywords: Olumirin, coliform, waterfall, bacteria, antibiotics

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  • Olajide Joseph Akinjogunla

    (1)
    1. AETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM): PREVALENCE, ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, β-LACTAMASE (βL) AND EXTENDED SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE (ESBL) PRODUCTION [MB]

      Abstract: Two hundred and seventy-two samples from patients with acute otitis media attending Ear, Nose and Throat clinics in Uyo and Ikot Ekpene were collected using sterile swab sticks between January 2009 and December, 2010. In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were evaluated using Kirby-Bauer technique. Beta-lactamase and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers were determined using starch paper test, chromogenic cephalosporin test and double disc synergy test, respectively. The highest prevalence of AOM was observed in age group ≤ 10 years with 84 (30.9%) cases and lowest prevalence observed in age group ≤ 61 having 12 (4.4%) cases with significant difference in the prevalence of AOM between age groups ≤ 10 years and other age groups at (P<0.5). One hundred and sixty-five samples showed growth of single isolates, 69 (25.4%) showed growth of two isolates and polybacterial growth was present in 29 (10.7%). Bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacteriodes fragilis. The isolates were highly sensitive to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin. The starch paper test identified 152 (38.2%) β-lactamase producers, while β-lactamase enzyme was detected in 163 (41.0%) of isolates through chromogenic cephalosporin test, with no statistical difference at P˃0.5 between the results obtained using the two methods. Thirty-three (33) of the 81 Gram negative bacilli were ESBL producers. Consequently, this study has updated data on the incidence of the AOM and also revealed the actual therapy.

      Keywords: Otitis Media, Prevalence, Susceptibility, Betalactamase, EsBL

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  • O. C. Akinkunmi

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON THE SPOILAGE FUNGI OF SOME SELECTED EDIBLE FRUITS IN SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The influence of electromagnetic field wave on the survival of spoilage fungi associated with some edible fruits consumed in southwestern, Nigeria was studied using cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), pineapple (Ananas comosus), carrot (Daucus carota), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), apple (Malus domestica) and African star apple (Chrysophyllum africanum). The spoilage fungi used include the genera of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Articulospora, Mucor, Staphylotrichum, Bisbyopeltis, Fusarium, Rhizopus and a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was a general decrease in fungal growth as shown in the number of spores produced with increase in exposure time of isolates to electromagnetic field except in Articulospora inflata, Penicillium italicum and Mucor mucedo where there was stimulatory effect as there was increase in the fungal spores compared to the control. A decrease was also observed in growth of the fungal isolates with increase in the intensity of the electromagnetic field at voltage of 7 V to 10 V and from 10 V to 13 V. The highest percentage reduction was recorded by Bisbyopeltis phoebesii at intensity of voltage 13V after 60 minutes of exposure. Exposure of the fruits to electromagnetic field wave did not alter the nutrient components of the fruits as observed in the proximate and mineral contents of the treated and untreated fruits. The result of the study revealed that electromagnetic field wave has great potential for use in the control of fruits spoilage and food preservation.

      Keywords: Berry, electromagnetic field, spoilage, fungi, control

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  • Stephen Abiola Akinola

    (2)
    1. INTERACTION OF SELECTED LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND YEAST IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF PEARL MILLET SOURDOUGH BREAD [MB]

      Abstract: The effect of lactic acid bacteria and yeast interaction on the quality of pearl millet (PM) sourdough bread was investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum (A), Pediococcus pentosaceus (B), Lactobacillus pentosus (C), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D) and Candida milleri (E) cultures were used singly and in combinations in sourdough fermentation. The proximate, physical and sensory properties of bread were evaluated using standard methods. The protein content ranged from 13.07% - 14.32%, ash (1.77% - 1.99%), fat (8.01% - 9.32%), crude fibre (0.77% - 1.25%), moisture (21.08% - 22.65%), carbohydrate (51.28%- 54.23%), loaf weight (75.28 g-108.32 g), loaf volume (89 cm3 – 130 cm3) and specific volume (1.0 cm3/g - 1.26 cm3/g). PMABE (Pearl Millet + Lb. plantarum + Lb. pentosus + C. milleri) was scored acceptable. The crude protein, fat, ash, fibre content and specific volume differed depending on the type of starters used in the development of sourdough bread. The use of co-cultures as starters could improves the physicochemical quality and acceptability of sourdough bread. Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been implicated in dough development, however, this study have shown that Candida milleri could also be a substitute in dough development in the pastry industry.

      Keywords: Pearl millet, Quality characteristics, Sourdough, bread, Starter Culture, LAB, Yeast

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    2. LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND YEAST DIVERSITIES IN SPONTANEOUSLY FERMENTED MILLET SOURDOUGHS [MB]

      Abstract: The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast diversities in spontaneously fermented pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracona) sourdoughs were investigated. Pearl and finger millet grains were processed into flour and used in spontaneous sourdough fermentation. LAB and yeast cultures were isolated, screened and identified based on morphological, biochemical and sugar utilisation pattern using API 50CHL and API 20 AUX kits. Titratable acidity, pH and Temperatures of sourdoughs developed were also monitored. Titratable acidity and Temperature increased with increasing days of fermentation and conversely the pH. and mesophilic bacterial count followed that of a normal bacterial growth curve. Dominant LAB and yeasts in pearl and finger millet spontaneously developed sourdoughs were Lb. plantarum, Lb. plantarum 1, Pediococcus pentosaseus, Lb. pentosus, and Saccharomyces cereviasiae. However, Candida milleri was found in pearl millet sourdoughs. The dominant cultures in millet sourdoughs could find applications as starter cultures if improved sourdough quality is desired.

      Keywords: Pearl millet, Finger millet, Sourdough, Lactic acid bacteria, Yeast, Fermentation

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  • Abayomi I. Akintola

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMOSTABLE, CRUDE CELLULASE FROM ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE IP8 ISOLATED FROM PLANT LEAF LITTERS OF LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA Linn. [MB]

      Abstract: Cellulases have wide applications and biotechnological potentials for various industries. A bacterium producing an extracellular, thermostable cellulase was isolated from plant leaf litters of Lagerstroemia indica Linn, inside a botanical garden. According to morphological, biochemical and physiological characterization, it was tentatively identified as Enterobacter sp. Molecular characterization, using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to confirm the identity of the bacterium as Enterobacter cloacae IP8. Effects of some cultural factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH and temperature, on cellulase production from the bacterium, were investigated. Some physicochemical properties of the crude cellulase from E. cloacae IP8 were determined to evaluate its potentials for industrial applications. The maximum yield of cellulase (10.78 U/mL) was at 28 h of incubation using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (1.5%, w/v), peptone (2.0%, w/v), inoculum size (1.0%, v/v), pH and temperature of 7.0 and 45 oC, respectively, and agitation speed 150 rpm. The crude cellulase exhibited optimum activity at 60 oC, retaining 75.0% of its maximal activity at 70 oC. It had optimum pH of 7.0, retaining 58.0% of its original activity at acidic pH 5.0. Metal ions Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ remarkably enhanced activity of the cellulase while K+ and EDTA inhibited activity of the cellulase from E. cloacae IP8. The characteristics of the cellulase from E. cloacae IP8 revealed the enzyme as being thermostable and an acidic to neutral metalloenzyme. Therefore, the enzyme from this strain could be applied in industrial applications such as lignocellulosic biomass conversion into fuel and other value added products.

      Keywords: Enterobacter cloacae; Cellulase; Production; Characterization; Thermostable; Physicochemical

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  • Mmadiniru J. Akintomide

    (1)
    1. INORGANIC NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTATION AND MICRO-FUNGAL FERMENTATION OF WHITE YAM PEELS (FLOUR) INTO SINGLE CELL PROTEIN [MB]

      Abstract: Solid state fermentation (SSF) technique was employed for the production of single cell protein (SCP) using white yam peels as a substrate. Commercial baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae) and a local isolate of A. niger were used for the fermentation process to generate crude protein. The effect of supplementation by various inorganic sources of nitrogen on the crude protein yields was compared. Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4], one of the inorganic nitrogen source used, supported the highest crude protein yields of 16.78% and 21.30% respectively for A. niger and S. cerevisiae while the lowest yield of 13.92% and 18.00% were supported by potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate respectively.

      Keywords: fermentation, microscopic fungi, microbial proteins, nitrogn salts, white yam peels

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  • Olamide Rebecca Akinwale

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF GLUTEN-FREE COOKIES MADE FROM RICE AND SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE BLENDS [FS]

      Abstract: The chemical composition, physical characteristics, and sensory attributes of gluten-free cookies made from blends of rice and soy protein flour were evaluated. Nerica 7 and Faro 44 rice were separately blended with soy protein isolate, to produce five formulations with ratio (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20) of rice to soy protein isolate flour respectively for cookies production. The functional and pasting properties of the composite flour formulations were analysed. The bulk density and the least gelation concentration of the flour blends decreased with increasing percentage of soy protein isolate, while other functional attributes increased. Pasting properties varied significantly (p≤0.05), with whole rice flours having the highest pasting characteristics. Nerica 7 flour blend and its composite blends exhibited better pasting properties than their Faro 44 rice counterpart. Cookies made from Nerica 7 rice flour supplemented with 10% soy protein isolates had the highest spread ratio. The moisture content, protein and crude fibre content of the cookies ranged from 3.28-5.33 g/100g, 3.96-17.76 g/100g, and 3.09-4.22 g/100g respectively. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the cookies produced from flour blends were scored significantly higher in all the quality attributes compared to whole rice flours (control). Nerica 7 and Faro 44 rice flour composited with soy protein isolate could serve as functional ingredients in food formulation, especially in the production of gluten-free cookies.

      Keywords: Nerica 7 rice, Faro 44 rice, soy protein isolate, gluten free cookies, functional properties, pasting properties, sensory attributes

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  • Oluwabunmi Oluwafunmilayo Akinwunmi

    (1)
    1. QUALITY EVALUATION OF ZOBO (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) JUICE PRESERVED WITH MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA) OR GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) EXTRACTS AT DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS [FS]

      Abstract: This study aimed to improve the storability of zobo juice naturally. Zobo juice infused with extracts of Moringa seeds or ginger at (0.5 and 1%), control (0% preservative) and, food vendor prepared (FVPZ) zobo were evaluated for 8 weeks. Samples were stored at ambient or refrigeration temperatures and physico-chemical, microbial load and sensory qualities of the juice were analyzed using standard methods. There were drops in pH values after pasteurization from (2.44- 2.75) to (2.31 - 2.58). Vitamin C increased with storage in preserved juice but reduced in control and FVPZ. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between samples in total titratable acidity. All of the samples had varying levels of microbial load. Microbial load of raw material ranged from (7.8×104 to TNTC), (3.0×103 to 3.0×104) and (5.6×104 to 8.0×104) CFU/g, while zobo juice on day 0 had counts ranging from (2.23×103 to TNTC); (3.0×102 to 8.0×104); (4.0×104 to 5.6×104), CFU/mL for total viable, staphylococcal and fungal count respectively. There was zero enterobacteriaceae count on day 0 but increased during storage. Moringa and ginger zobo juice overall had reduced microbial load during storage compared to zobo without preservative. On day 0 show that FVPZ was more liked: appearance (4.5), aroma (4.5), taste (4.4) and general acceptability (4.7) but scores degenerated during storage. At 8 weeks of storage, 0.5%GZ scored higher in all attributes. Refrigeration retarded microbial growth but did not influence sensory scores. Study concludes that incorporation of moringa or ginger extracts into zobo was effective in improving storability of juice but ginger preserved juice was preferred.

      Keywords: Zobo juice, Roselle, ginger, Moringa seeds, drum stick, preservative

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  • B.J. Akinyele

    (1)
    1. BASAL MEDIA FORMULATION USING CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS AS CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCE FOR THE GROWTH OF SOME FUNGI SPECIES [MB]

      Abstract: The possibility of developing alternative media to commercial potato dextrose agar was assessed using, Canavalia ensiformis (Linn) (jack beans) as carbon and nitrogen source. Six leguminous meal media were used as substitute for either carbon or nitrogen or both, while potato dextrose broth (PDB) was used as a positive control and basal medium as a negative control. Six species of fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Meria coniospora, Mucor sp, Neurospora crassa and Rhizopus oryzae were aseptically inoculated into the formulated media and allowed to grow. Their mycelia dry weights were taken after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Growth of all fungal species was observed to be slightly lower, about the same or better in the formulated media relative to the control. Aspergillus flavus had its highest biomass of 1.70g in the media formulated with Canavalia ensiformis as the carbon source relative to 1.42g as the standard at the 120 hour. A. niger had a growth of 0.62g relative to 0.61g at 120 hours of the control. Meria coniospora had a growth of 0.27g relative to 0.38g at 120 hours. Mucor sp had a growth of 0.54g relative to 0.44g at 120 hours. Neurospora crassa had a growth of 1.05g relative to 0.24g at 120 hours. Rhizopus oryzae had a growth of 0.14g relative to 0.25g at 120 hours. The study revealed that Canavalia ensiformis contains minerals and nutrients that is able to provide the nutritional requirements of these fungi. Thus, it can be used as an alternative material in the preparation of culture media for in vitro cultivation of these fungi for teaching and research purposes.

      Keywords: fungi, nutrients, minerals, Canavalia ensiformis, Basal media

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  • Bamidele J. Akinyele

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON THE SPOILAGE FUNGI OF SOME SELECTED EDIBLE FRUITS IN SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The influence of electromagnetic field wave on the survival of spoilage fungi associated with some edible fruits consumed in southwestern, Nigeria was studied using cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), pineapple (Ananas comosus), carrot (Daucus carota), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), apple (Malus domestica) and African star apple (Chrysophyllum africanum). The spoilage fungi used include the genera of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Articulospora, Mucor, Staphylotrichum, Bisbyopeltis, Fusarium, Rhizopus and a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was a general decrease in fungal growth as shown in the number of spores produced with increase in exposure time of isolates to electromagnetic field except in Articulospora inflata, Penicillium italicum and Mucor mucedo where there was stimulatory effect as there was increase in the fungal spores compared to the control. A decrease was also observed in growth of the fungal isolates with increase in the intensity of the electromagnetic field at voltage of 7 V to 10 V and from 10 V to 13 V. The highest percentage reduction was recorded by Bisbyopeltis phoebesii at intensity of voltage 13V after 60 minutes of exposure. Exposure of the fruits to electromagnetic field wave did not alter the nutrient components of the fruits as observed in the proximate and mineral contents of the treated and untreated fruits. The result of the study revealed that electromagnetic field wave has great potential for use in the control of fruits spoilage and food preservation.

      Keywords: Berry, electromagnetic field, spoilage, fungi, control

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  • Hafiz Awofe Akinyele

    (1)
    1. HARNESSING THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF PAWPAW AND PINEAPPLE FRUITS FOR PILOT SCALE PRODUCTION OF WINE [FS]

      Abstract: Fermenting blended fruits has been observed to have positive cumulative health benefits. Pawpaw and Pineapple have well-known nutritive and health benefits. This study evaluated the role of fermentation on the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of pawpaw-pineapple juice blends using single and mixed starter cultures. Fermentation of pawpaw-pineapple juice blends in varying ratios: 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 tagged Samples A, B, and C respectively was performed for five days after which the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions were analyzed using standard methods. The findings revealed an increase in the concentration of all the proximate parameters except carbohydrate. The results also showed that sample A was better in nutritive quality than sample B and C by 8.55% and 3.92% respectively. The mono-cultural fermentation of sample A by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded the highest nutritional value (30.12%) as compared to mixed (25.35%) and single culture fermentation of Lactobacillus delbreukii (23.40%) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (21.13%). The mineral composition of sample A (37.60%) with respect to organism was also observed to be significantly higher than sample B (28.82%) and C (33.58%). Overall, the single culture of S. cerevisiae gave the highest mineral output in all the blended ratios. The levels of the anti-nutrients were better reduced by a single culture of S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the mono-cultural fermentation of sample A by S. cerevisiae produced the highest alcoholic content. Mono-cultural fermentation of pawpaw-pineapple juice in ratio 1:1 by S. cerevisiae is most efficient in obtaining the highest nutritional value and alcoholic content in pawpaw-pineapple wine.

      Keywords: Pawpaw-Pineapple Wine, Food Insecurity, Malnutrition, Fermentation, Nutrient, Pilot Scale

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  • Juliet Bamidele Akinyele

    (1)
    1. SCREENING AND OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR CELLULASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER NSPR012 IN SUBMERGED FERMENTATION [MB]

      Abstract: This study aimed at screening of selected fungal strains and optimization of process parameters for cellulases production in submerged fermentation. Aspergillus niger NSPR012 was selected for further studies as the most potent in producing cellulase of high activity. Utilization of various agro-wastes as substitute tocarboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) for cellulase production was also investigated. Among tested carbon sources, banana peels at a concentration of 5% was found to be the most effective carbon source. The cellulase production by Aspergillus niger NSPR012 in mineral salt medium attained maximum after 96 h of incubation. Maximum cellulase activity (0.466µmol/min/mL) was obtained with locust beans as the best organic nitrogen source. The optimum incubation temperature and initial pH were 37°C and 5.5, respectively. With this information, banana peels could have good biotechnological potential for bio-products formation in which cellulase is one.

      Keywords: Aspergillus niger NSPR012, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulases, submerged fermentation, culture conditions

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  • Ezgi Yardımcı Akkır

    (1)
    1. EXTREMELY THERMOSTABLE, EDTA-RESISTANT ALKALINE PROTEASE FROM A THERMOPHILIC GEOBACILLUS SUBTERRANEUS C2-1 ISOLATE [MB]

      Abstract: In this study, the alkaline protease-production capacity of a Geobacillus subterraneus C2-1 isolate from the Çitgöl thermal spring was investigated and optimised using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. In addition to the incubation time, which was the most important parameter, other significant factors were the peptone, glucose, and MgSO4.7H2O concentrations, the activation time and the inoculum amount.
      The highest protease activity of the Geobacillus subterraneus C2-1 isolate was observed using 14.75 g L-1 glucose as the carbon source, 7.51 g L-1 yeast extract as the nitrogen source, an inoculum amount of 3.56%, a temperature of 56.35 °C, and a reaction time of 168 h. In the presence of 1.0 mM SDS, the protease activity did not change and even increased. Furthermore, 100 mM EDTA yielded a five-fold enhancement in specific activity. The presence of chemical denaturants, chelators, and even heavy metals did not alter the protease activity of the C2-1 isolate.

      Keywords: Thermostable protease, Geobacillus subterraneus, Plackett-Burman experimental design, EDTA resistance

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  • Victoria Omolara Akpambang

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF SENNA HIRSUTA MILL USING ANIMAL MODEL-MICE [MB]

      Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial and biochemical activities of 50, 100 and 200mg.mL-1 concentrations of ethanol leaf extract of Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) against seven human pathogenic bacteria species namely: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi. The in-vitro bioassay revealed the leaf extracts of valuable antibacterial activity where zones of inhibition ranging from 12.1mm to 39.1mm were observed on the test bacteria species. Among the test bacteria, K. pneumoniae was the most inhibited and S. typhi the least inhibited. On mice infection with the bacteria species for three days, decrease in weight of mice was observed. The in-vivo therapeutic use of the extracts in mice infected with the bacteria pathogens resulted to weight gain of the mice and other physiological changes that indicated health improvement of the mice and was also of hepatoprotective potential. The in-vivo antioxidant assay exhibited satisfactory therapeutic effects where improvement in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) status of mice was observed on comparing results of the positive and negative controls.

      Keywords: Plant extracts, activities, antibacterial, albino mice, biochemical

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  • Boniface Akpan

    (1)
    1. OCCURRENCE OF SALMONELLA, VIBRO AND E. COLI IN EDIBLE LAND SNAIL IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: We determined the presence of foodborne pathogens from proximal gut of edible land snail (Archachatina marginata) sampled from Itam, Akpan Andem, Afaha and Ikpa markets in Uyo metropolis during the dry season. Fresh snail samples were collected from open market tables presented for sale were screened in the laboratory for microbial load. The total bacteria, Salmonella, Vibrio and Escherichia coli pathogens were measured. The results showed (p<0.05) pathogens in snail meat were found to be above 102cfu-g recommended microbiological limits. The foodborne pathogenic bacteria rating of sampled markets was Itam < Akpan Andem < Afaha < Ikpa. Edible snail can be a bioindicator and vector of foodborne pathogens. It is critical that producers, retailers, processors and consumers take responsibility to prevent contamination, cross-contamination, mishandling, as well as proper holding, storage and cooking of snail meat to eradicate foodborne pathogenic incidence.

      Keywords: Edible mollusc, consumer health, food pathogens, meat contamination, zoonoses

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  • Sadia Akram

    (1)
    1. FOOD PACKAGING IN PERSPECTIVE OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW [FS]

      Abstract: A successful packaging technique demands certain barriers for microbes, achieved through controlled conditions to indicate microbial growth, levels of oxygen, harmful bacterial and fungal toxins, moisture levels, and the indicators for temperature and time. Active food packaging is greatly being applied these days for food safety against harmful microbes. Food is protected from biological, physical, and chemical damages caused by pathogenic microbes through different technologies of packaging including modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmospheric packaging through antimicrobial films. Moreover, it is essential to use selective materials suitable for different food stuffs for the maintenance of nutritional value of foods. Use of various gas scavengers and bio-based package designing are also greatly helpful towards enhanced shelf life of food products.

      Keywords: Active packaging, preservation, antimicrobial packaging, gas scavengers

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  • Richard Akromah

    (1)
    1. MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPIC RESISTANCE OF GROUNDNUT VARIETIES TO LEAF SPOTS DISEASE IN GHANA [BT]

      Abstract: Groundnut yield is constrained in most cases by early and lateleaf spots diseases. Selection and breeding for resistance will enhance yields. Therefore, this study was conducted in Crop Research Institute, Fumesua-Kumasi, Ghana to screen 20 groundnut varieties for leaf spots resistance using both molecular and phenotypic tools. Differences in disease incidence among individual plants, severity score, lesion diameter and defoliation across the 20 genotypes were highly significant (p<0.01) under phenotypic screening. Fourteen genotypes were moderately resistant while six genotypes were susceptible. The SSR markers pPGseq2F5280, pPGseq2B10280/290, pPGPseq17F6120/140/150, PMc588180/220 and PM384100 confirmed most resistant genotypes at the molecular level. The resistant genotypes confirmed by the markers were ‘ICG7878’, ‘Obolo’, ‘Oboshie’, ‘Jenkaar’, ‘Adepa’, ‘Nkosour’, ‘Azivivi’, ‘Nkatekokoo’, ‘Behenase’, ‘Manipinta’, ‘Otuhia’, ‘GK7’, ‘Nkatiesari’ and ‘Sumnut22’. Genotypes ‘55-437’, ‘Yenyawoso’, ‘Bremawuo’, ‘Kumawu’, ‘Konkoma’ and ‘Shitaochi’ were susceptible. Hence, resistance to leaf spots exists among commercially grown groundnuts in Ghana. Both morphological descriptors and DNA molecular could be used for identification of resistant genotypes.

      Keywords: Arachis hypogaea, Cercospora, Phenotypic, Resistance, SSR Markers

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  • Shamoli Akter

    (1)
    1. DEVELOPMENT OF FIBER AND MINERAL ENRICHED COOKIES BY UTILIZATION OF BANANA AND BANANA PEEL FLOUR [FS]

      Abstract: An experimental study was designed to formulate ready to eat cookies by incorporating banana and banana peel flour which is normally unused in Bangladesh but contains excellent amount of nutrients especially dietary fiber, essential vitamins and minerals. Cookies were prepared by replacing 5 % (sample-1), 10 % (sample-2) and 15% (sample-3) of wheat flour with banana and banana peel flour. The proximate analysis and sensory parameters of those cookies were compared with control cookies where no banana and banana peel flour were added and designated as normal cookies (0% substitution). Functional properties were also evaluated and a significant difference found (P<0.05) in WHC, OHC, swelling capacity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability and flour dispersibility in banana peel flour when compared to wheat flour. On proximate analysis of cookies, significant variation (P<0.05) was also observed in protein, ash, fiber and carbohydrate content of banana and banana peel flour cookies in a comparison to normal cookies. The increasing the substitution of banana and banana peel flour in cookies increased the ash and crude fiber content remarkably. About 15% substitution of banana and banana peel flour in cookies increased 93.25% crude ash (mineral) and 197.56% crude fiber than normal cookies. Energy values of the cookies were also evaluated and ranged between 480 Kcal and 513 Kcal per 100 g, with sample-3 cookies having the lowest value. In conclusion, the addition of both banana and banana peel flour in cookies by replacing 10% wheat flour were more acceptable with all quality characteristics.

      Keywords: Banana, cookies, dietary fiber, functional properties, sensory evaluation

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  • Taslima Akter

    (1)
    1. SURVIVAL ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA WITH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE TRAITS FROM FRESH SUMMER ROYAL GRAPE: IN VITRO MICROBIAL CHALLENGE TEST [MB]

      Abstract: Table grape act as a popular and mouthwatering fruit supplement over the world. Unhygienic handling of these fruits can possess a diverse threat to public health safety. Moreover, the fruit juice can serve as a nutrient for bacterial growth as well if kept in an unsanitary condition. For this purpose, five imported grape samples (Red Globe, Perlette, Calmeria, Princess and Summer Royal) were tested to assess the presence of pathogenic bacteria and drug-resistant pattern of the isolates. The total bacterial count (TBC) and total fungal count (TFC) showed the presence large amount of bacterial (ranged from 4.4 x 104 to 8.1 x 107) and fungal population on the grapes samples, especially on the skin part of the fruits. Several pathogenic isolates, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from tested grape samples. However, the presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp. and Klebsiella spp. were not found from any of the samples. The concerning part of the present study was drug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from supplied Fresh Summer Royal Grape. The most of the isolated bacterial spp. were resistant to all most all of the commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin (10 µg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), novobiocin (30 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), neomycin (30 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), kanamycin (30 µg) and cefiximycin (5 µg). No grape samples showed any kind of antimicrobial activity against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. The survival pattern of inoculated bacterial samples in the grape sample showed a slight decrease in growth in the course of time.

      Keywords: Summer Royal grape, Grape-borne bacteria, Pathogenic Microorganisms, Antibiotic susceptibility, Microbial challenge test

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  • Hasina Akther

    (1)
    1. ROLE OF PLANTS FOUND IN NORTH EAST INDIA AND BANGLADESH IN CONTROLLING POPULATION GROWTH [BT]

      Abstract: Being part of the Indian subcontinent both the North Eastern region of India and the Bangladesh share a long common cultural, economic and political history. One of the most critical problems of developing countries like India as well as Bangladesh is their enormous increase in human population. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) of India is 48.3 and that of Bangladesh is 53.8. As the large majority of population of both the countries belong to rural area, the family planning programmes have largely remained unsuccessful because of many factors including lack of availability of contraceptive drugs in rural markets, lack of accessibility of rural people to medical personnel as well as the lack of acceptability of synthetic drugs due to various socio-cultural and religious perceptions prevailing among many ethnic communities. These contributed to a growing interest among researchers in developing contraceptives of natural origin and at present natural herbal contraception have become one of the major focuses of modern contraceptive research. Since time immemorial herbal drugs are being practiced by various rural communities and ethnic tribes in North East India as well as in Bangladesh, and hence the acceptability of herbal contraceptives is expected to be much higher among rural folk. In different parts of North East India and Bangladesh, ethnic communities are using plant based medicinal products till today. This study aims at highlighting the contraceptive property of some plants found in North-Eastern India as well as in Bangladesh.

      Keywords: Herbal contraceptive, human population growth, India, Bangladesh

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  • Manikanta Akula

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF EPS OBTAINED FROM MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS SNIST- CM 02: A BRIEF STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: The polysaccharides biosynthesized by the microorganisms had emerged as an important class of bioactive compound from the last two decades. In the present study, an attempt was taken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of EPS produced by Micrococcus luteus SNIST-CM02. The scavenging assays involving 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, chelating ability and inhibition effect of lipid peroxidation, for the biosynthesized EPS were studied in order to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity. The EC50 value of EPS for DPPH, superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals was found to be 8.11 mg/mL, 8.00 mg/mL and 10.25 mg/mL respectively. The EPS had a lower inhibition effect of lipid peroxidation than that of ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. At a concentration of 12.0 mg/mL, the inhibition was only 70.00%. These results suggest that the EPS synthesized by Micrococcus luteus SNIST- CM02 can be used as a good potential antioxidant and can be added to different types of food as a novel antioxidant.

      Keywords: Antioxidant, DPPH, Scavenging assay, Micrococcus luteus, EPS, EC50 Value

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  • Türkan Akyüz

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF ZnO CRYSTALS ON FOODBORNE PATHOGENS: AN OPTIMIZATION STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: In this study, antibacterial effect of ZnO particles was investigated using the Taguchi method. ZnO crystals with different size, and BET specific surface areas were produced in the laboratory. Bacteria of S. aureus (ATCC 25923), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313) and S. Enteriditis (ATCC 13076) were developed and disk diffusion method has been used to determine antibacterial activity of ZnO crystals on these bacteria. ZnO crystals prepared were found to be effective on these bacteria, and comparative results were obtained. It has been determined that the crystal particles of different properties of the same material have different effects on the bacteria. The results show that the Sample N2 on S. aureus at 0.1 g.mL-1 concentration was optimized.

      Keywords: Antibacterial effect, Zinc oxide, Taguchi, Design of Experiment

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  • Muhammed Bora Akın

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF ZnO CRYSTALS ON FOODBORNE PATHOGENS: AN OPTIMIZATION STUDY [MB]

      Abstract: In this study, antibacterial effect of ZnO particles was investigated using the Taguchi method. ZnO crystals with different size, and BET specific surface areas were produced in the laboratory. Bacteria of S. aureus (ATCC 25923), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 15313) and S. Enteriditis (ATCC 13076) were developed and disk diffusion method has been used to determine antibacterial activity of ZnO crystals on these bacteria. ZnO crystals prepared were found to be effective on these bacteria, and comparative results were obtained. It has been determined that the crystal particles of different properties of the same material have different effects on the bacteria. The results show that the Sample N2 on S. aureus at 0.1 g.mL-1 concentration was optimized.

      Keywords: Antibacterial effect, Zinc oxide, Taguchi, Design of Experiment

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  • Khalid Al'Abri

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF HONEY FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS: A COMPARSION WITH MANUKA HONEY [MB]

      Abstract: The antibacterial activity of honey is well documented, this activity is mainly due to its low pH, osmolarity and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Recently, more attention has been given to the importance of a unique extra antimicrobial activity, termed as a non-peroxide activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of selected honeys from different origins; specifically to evaluate their non-hydrogen peroxide derived activity, against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli and S. epidermidis; manuka honey was used as the control. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. noticeable variations in the antibacterial activity of the different honey samples were observed. Most of tested honeys had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly Greek Pine, Scottish Heather, Chilean Ulmo, New Zealand Beech and Jarrah Honey. Unfortunately, none of the tested honey had a detectable non-peroxide activity.

      Keywords: Antibacterial activity, manuka honey, Non-peroxide activity, MRSA

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  • Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al-Askar

    (1)
    1. IMPROVING THE CHITINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEORUBENS E44G BY MUTAGENESIS [MB]

      Abstract: Genetic improvement trials of the chitinolytic activity of Streptomyces griseorubens E44G were made by using physical, chemical and site-directed mutagenesis. Although the UV radiation, as a physical mutagen, was shed on the tested bacteria for different durations (5, 10, and 15 min), no change in the chitinolytic activity was observed when compared with the wild type. To induce the chemical mutagenesis, S. griseorubens E44G was treated with ethylmethane sulfonate for varied durations (20, 40, and 60 min). The chitinolytic activity decreased with the increment in the exposure period. Four different sets of primers were designed based on the DNA sequence of the wild type of S. griseorubens E44G.Overexpressionof chitinase-encoding genes was observed as three of the amplified mutated genes comparing with the wild-type gene. The chitinolytic activity of the recombinant gene P2 increased by 1.39-fold comparing with the wild-type gene. The molecular weight of the chitinase protein produced by the mutated gene was determined by SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the recombinant gene of S. griseorubens E44G possess a higher level of chitinolytic activity than that of the wild-type. Genetic improvement of the chitinolytic activity of S. griseorubens E44G may enhance their biocontrol potential against phytopathogenic fungi.

      Keywords: Antifungal agents; chemical mutagenesis; physical mutagenesis; site-directed mutagenesis

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  • Khalaf S. Al-Delaimy

    (1)
    1. INHIBITION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND / OR BIFIDOBACTERIUM LACTIS DURING MILK FERMENTATION AND STORAGE [MB]

      Abstract: Survival and inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter culture (Sterptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus delbrukii subsp. bulgaricus) and/ or probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium lactis during milk fermentation to yoghurt and storage up to 12 days was studied. Adding S. aureus (initial count log 6.64/ ml) with LAB (initial count log 6.8/ ml) in milk during yoghurt processing and storage resulted in no significant change in the counts of both S. aureus and LAB during fermentation period of 4 hrs at 45° C. A steady decrease in S. aureus count during storage at 25° C and 4° C was observed reaching a complete (100 %) inhibition after 9 and 12 days, respectively, with no significant increase in LAB count. Adding S. aureus (initial count log 6.62/ ml) with B. lactis (initial count log 6.83/ ml) in milk for 4 hr at45° C, no significant changes in the counts of both bacteria were found. After storage at 25° C and at 4° C a sharp decline in the S. aureus count with a 100 % inhibition after 6 and 9 days with approximately two log and one log increase in B. lactis counts consecutively. In general similar result was observed when adding S. aureus together with LAB and B. lactis in milk during fermentation and storage. pH values decreased during milk fermentation and storage from initially 6.55-6.64 to around 4 in most milk samples.
      The results of this study show that S. aureus was completely inhibited by LAB and/or B. lactis after milk fermentation to yoghurt and storage at room temperature and refrigeration for 6-9 days. It is therefore recommended to add the probiotic B. lactis with LAB to milk for yoghurt processing.

      Keywords: S. aureus, Lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium lactis, inhibition, milk fermentation

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  • Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF SOIL STREPTOMYCES COLLINUS DPR20 AGAINST BACTERIAL PATHOGENS [MB]

      Abstract: Actinomycetes are one of the most important groups that produce useful secondary metabolites. They play a great role in pharmaceutical and industrial uses. The search for antibiotic producing soil actinomycetes to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms has become widespread due to the need for newer antibiotics. The present work was aimed to isolate soil actinomycetes from pinus tree rhizosphere from Doddabetta, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Thirty one actinomycetes were isolated based on heterogeneity and stability in subculturing; they were screened against 5 Gram positive and 7 Gram negative bacteria in an in vitro antagonism assay. In the preliminary screening, out of 31 isolates, 12.09% showed good antagonistic activity; 25.08% showed moderate activity; 19.35% showed weak activity and 41.93% showed no activity against the tested bacteria. Among the isolates tested, DPR20 showed good antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The antibacterial crude secondary metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate from micromonospora medium (M3) in which DPR20 was grown for twelve days at 30ºC. The lowest MIC value of ethyl acetate extract against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermis was 31.25µg/ml. The active isolate was identified as Streptomyces collinus DPR20 based on morphology, physiology, scanning electron microscopy and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

      Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Streptomyces collinus DPR20, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

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  • M.B. Al-Fageeh

    (1)
    1. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BASED DISINFECTANT BIOXIL [MB]

      Abstract: Antifungal activity of the Bioxil containing hydrogen peroxide as an active agent has been studied. The mentioned species act as indicators of microbiological quality of fruit juices and hygienic condition of juice processing industry. Inhibition activity of the mentioned disinfection agent has been studied in vitro against different yeast strains: Rhodotorula rubra J-120 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae J-200 and their mix culture. For the evaluation of antifungal efficacy of the Bioxil suspension and surface tests were used. Relation between antifungal activity of Bioxil, its concentrations, yeast species and contact times was established. Bioxil containing 1% and 3% of H2O2 has shown unequal inhibition activity against different yeast strains. Influence of washing and disinfection steps on the level of contamination of conveyor and working surfaces by yeasts and has been investigated. In the processing conditions, after treatment of conveyors and working surfaces, without preliminary washing, lower inhibition activity of the Bioxil has been occurred.

      Keywords: Yeast, hydrogen peroxide, antifungal activity, Bioxil

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  • Aamal Ghazi Mahdi Al-Saadi

    (1)
    1. PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION, OF RECOMBINANT OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN A (OMP A) OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII LI311 [MB]

      Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a known hospital aquired pathogenic bacterium that increasingly resists antibiotics treatment. In order to characterize and produce a soluble OmpA protein that can be used to develop Acinetobacter vaccine, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to produce the ompA gene, of A. baumannii strain LI311, which was cloned into the histidin taged pET19b expression plasmid. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) was utilized to purify the recombinant protein, and amino acid sequences for OmpA protein homologs were attained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) protein resource then analyzed using the blast tool and Jalview program. Protein topology prediction was done using NCBI tools and PRED-TMBB2. Analysis of amino acid sequence of OmpA of A. baumannii strain LI311 showed that it has homologies to other clinical Acinetobacter spices , including: A. pittii , A.nosocomialis , A.seifertii, A. calcoaceticus, and A. ursingii with identity percentages of 100%, 100%, 96%, 92%, and 91%. Protein topology prediction revealed two conserved domains belonging to OmpA family protein ,which are beta-barrel domain outer membrane protein (OMP_b-brl) and OmpA-C-like domain, and it is a 10-βeta -stranded transmembrane Outer Membrane Protein with a signal peptide at residues 1–22A. A recombinant Histidine tagged- OmpA (39.31kDa )was successfully expressed and purified in this study. In conclusion, OmpA protein of A.baumannii strain LI31 is highly conserved across clinical species of Acinetobacter, and the soluble recombinant OmpA created in this study can be used to develop a putative vaccine that may prevent infections caused by the clinical species of Acinetobacter.

      Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, ompA gene, expression, homology, putative vaccine

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  • Shayma Thyab Gddoa Al-Sahlany

    (1)
    1. EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM BARKS AND STUDY THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY [MB]

      Abstract: This study aimed to identify the essential oil compound from Cinnamomum zeylanicum barks by using GC-MS analysis and evaluate essential oil inhibition effects against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas erogenous and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar diffusion method and studied kill-time for this bacterium. The yield of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil was 5%. Cinnamaldehyde 57.83% was the main compound in the essential oil extract, followed by cyclohexane carboxylic acid 9.29% and 6-octadecenoic acid 8.41%. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited growth after addition 6, 12 and 18 μL of essential oil. Zone diameter of inhibition ranged from 17.00-30.30 mm for bacterial test. A concentration of 10, 20 and
      30 μL.mL-1 of the essential oil caused a rapid and steady decline in the number of viable cells from 2 to 5 Log. cycles of all strains during 24 hours.

      Keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, essential oil, antibacterial activity

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  • Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha

    (1)
    1. WHEAT BIOMASS AND HARVEST INDEX INCREASES WITH INTEGRATED USE OF PHOSPHORUS, ZINC AND BENEFICIAL MICROBES UNDER SEMIARID CLIMATES [FS]

      Abstract: Under semiarid climate, the higher soil pH and alkalinity reduce phosphorus (P) availability and thus crop productivity. The higher prices of P-fertilizers restrict small holders to apply the required P level to their field crops. Proper P management under semiarid climates is very essantail for increaase crop productivity of smallholders. An expriemnt was work out in 2013-15 to study the impact of P management on wheat total biomass and harvest index. The expriment was worked out at the University of Agriculture, Agronomy research farm. In experiment one, treatments were: four P levels (100, 80, 60 and 40 kg P ha-1), three levels of zinc (15, 10 and 5 kg Zn ha-1) and three timings of beneficial microbes (BM) timings of application (at sowing, 20 DAE and 40 DAE). It was concluded from the experiment one, that application of 80 kg P ha-1 + 15 kg Zn ha-1 along with BM at 20 DAE produced higher wheat biomass and harvest index. In experiment two, treatments were: four P-fertilizers sources (TSP, DAP, SSP, NP), four P levels (120, 90, 60, 0 kg P ha-1) and three varieties of wheat (Shahkar-2013, Pirsabak-2013, and Atta-Habib-2010). The results indicated that maximum biomass yield and harvest index was calculted with SSP application. Maximum biomass and harvest index was produced with 120 kg P ha-1 application to the soil. Among wheat varieties Pirsabak-2013 perform better than others by producing higher harvest index and biomass.

      Keywords: phosphorus, levels, sources, wheat, varieties, zinc levels, beneficial microbes

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  • Sulaiman Al-Yousef

    (1)
    1. PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A LYTIC METHICILLIN RESISTANT-STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIOPHAGE [MB]

      Abstract: A marked increase in the infection incidence caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains has been noted in medical practice in recent years. This study was conducted to study the biological and characterize of MRSA-phage. Methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus was detected and confirmed by determining of the MIC of oxacillin by the standard agar dilution method. Phage was biologically purified using single plaque technique, then phage characterization were studied using host range, adsorption time, particle morphology and its structural protein. MRSA phage showing lytic nature was purified by repeated plating after picking of single isolated plaques. This phage is active against all 11 isolates either of S. aureus or MRSA tested as hosts. Phage produced clear plaques indicating their lytic nature. This phage was concentrated employing polyethylene glycol (PEG)-NaCl precipitation method. Morphologically, MRSA Phage has a hexagonal head having a long non-contractile tail, indicating his icosahedral nature. Adsorption studies showed 100% adsorption of MRSA-Phage after 35 minutes of exposure. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) experimentation indicated that the phage particles contain one major structural protein (about 30 Kda).

      Keywords: MRSA, phage, concentration, characterization

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  • Dhia F. Al-fekaiki

    (1)
    1. EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM BARKS AND STUDY THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY [MB]

      Abstract: This study aimed to identify the essential oil compound from Cinnamomum zeylanicum barks by using GC-MS analysis and evaluate essential oil inhibition effects against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas erogenous and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar diffusion method and studied kill-time for this bacterium. The yield of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil was 5%. Cinnamaldehyde 57.83% was the main compound in the essential oil extract, followed by cyclohexane carboxylic acid 9.29% and 6-octadecenoic acid 8.41%. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited growth after addition 6, 12 and 18 μL of essential oil. Zone diameter of inhibition ranged from 17.00-30.30 mm for bacterial test. A concentration of 10, 20 and
      30 μL.mL-1 of the essential oil caused a rapid and steady decline in the number of viable cells from 2 to 5 Log. cycles of all strains during 24 hours.

      Keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, essential oil, antibacterial activity

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  • Neima AlSenosy

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF GENOTOXICITY OF THREE FOOD PRESERVATIVES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER USING SMART AND COMET ASSAYS [BT]

      Abstract: The continuously growing food and beverage industry relies on food additives as a main component in their products. Such increased reliance on processed food, lead to neglectance of the harmful effects of the food additives on human health; among these are hypersensitivity, allergic reactions, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and more. This study investigates genotoxic effects of three food preservatives commonly consumed in daily meals; sodium sulphite, boric acid, and benzoic acid using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and comet assay in Drosophila melanogaster system. All of the tested compounds showed significantly high levels of tumor induction and frequency compared to a negative control in SMART assay. They also showed high amount of DNA damage in the comet assay indicating their high potential of being genotoxic materials.

      Keywords: mutagenic, genotoxic, comet, Drosophila, food additives

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  • Opeyemi Olaitan Alabi

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF GLUTEN-FREE COOKIES MADE FROM RICE AND SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE BLENDS [FS]

      Abstract: The chemical composition, physical characteristics, and sensory attributes of gluten-free cookies made from blends of rice and soy protein flour were evaluated. Nerica 7 and Faro 44 rice were separately blended with soy protein isolate, to produce five formulations with ratio (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20) of rice to soy protein isolate flour respectively for cookies production. The functional and pasting properties of the composite flour formulations were analysed. The bulk density and the least gelation concentration of the flour blends decreased with increasing percentage of soy protein isolate, while other functional attributes increased. Pasting properties varied significantly (p≤0.05), with whole rice flours having the highest pasting characteristics. Nerica 7 flour blend and its composite blends exhibited better pasting properties than their Faro 44 rice counterpart. Cookies made from Nerica 7 rice flour supplemented with 10% soy protein isolates had the highest spread ratio. The moisture content, protein and crude fibre content of the cookies ranged from 3.28-5.33 g/100g, 3.96-17.76 g/100g, and 3.09-4.22 g/100g respectively. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the cookies produced from flour blends were scored significantly higher in all the quality attributes compared to whole rice flours (control). Nerica 7 and Faro 44 rice flour composited with soy protein isolate could serve as functional ingredients in food formulation, especially in the production of gluten-free cookies.

      Keywords: Nerica 7 rice, Faro 44 rice, soy protein isolate, gluten free cookies, functional properties, pasting properties, sensory attributes

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  • Thirumurugan Alagu

    (1)
    1. SYNTHESIS AND IMPREGNATION OF Fe2O3 NANOPARTICLES ON CELLULOSE PAPER AND SODIUM ALGINATE FILMS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES [FS]

      Abstract: In this study, development of nanocoated paper and film to increase the shelf life of food has been demonstrated. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by neem leaves extract and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, exhibited an absorption peak at 326 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed the nanoparticles ranges between 5 nm to 50 nm and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis revealed the amorphous in nature of nanoparticles. The biomolecules involved in the reduction of Fe2O3 nanoparticles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. The characterized nanoparticles were coated on cellulose paper, which was characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Coated paper was wrapped with fruit, and vegetables. Similarly, fruit and vegetables were also dipped in nanoparticle-incorporated sodium alginate solution. As a result, protein estimation and water loss were estimated on regular basis to determine the shelf-life of fruit and vegetables. The shelf-life of fruit and vegetables increases while evaluated with control and uncoated on weight loss and soluble protein content. Hence, the nanomaterial-coated paper and sodium alginate film prove its potential application as food packaging materials for longer shelf-life of food.

      Keywords: Fe2O3 Nanoparticles, TEM, SEM, FTIR, Packaging, Shelf-life of food

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  • Tolulope P. Alakeji

    (1)
    1. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF YEASTS ISOLATED FROM SOME NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL FERMENTED FOODS [MB]

      Abstract: Yeasts play important roles in confering some desirable qualities such as nutritional value in traditional fermented foods. This study was carried out to investigate the potentials of yeasts isolated from some Nigerian traditional fermented foods for functional characteristics such as growth at pH 2.5 and 2% bile salts concentration and ability to lower cholesterol in culture medium. A total of 40 yeast strains were isolated from burukutu, ogi and pito. They were characterized phenotypically. Fifteen strains were selected based on the ability to tolerate pH 2.5 and 2% bile salts and they were further identified using API 20C AUX (Biomerieux, France) to be Debaryomyces hansenii (5), Candida krusei (4), Candida glabrata (2), Candida colliculosa (1), Pichia anomala (1), Pichia farinosa (1) and Pichia membranefaciens (1). At pH 2.5, C. glabrata SA2 showed the highest increase in viable cells count after 24h (6.31 log10 cfu ml-1) while the most sensitive strain was P. membranefaciens BA2 (0.70 log10 cfu ml-1). P. membranefaciens BA2 survived in 2% bile salts than other yeast strains, with viable cell increase of 0.84 log10 cfu ml-1 after 24 h while the least tolerance was observed for D. hansenii OA1 with an increase in viable cells of 7.76 log10 cfu ml-1. C. krusei OB1 exhibited the greatest reduction of cholesterol of 91.34% while the least reduction of 24.28% was observed for D. hansenii OA1 after 48h incubation. The yeast strains in this study demonstrated functional attributes which can be employed as dietary adjuncts for the development of non-dairy beverages with hypocholesterolemic attributes.

      Keywords: Yeast, Traditional fermented food, Functional properties, Cholesterol reduction

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  • Md. Jahangir Alam

    (1)
    1. DEVELOPMENT OF FIBER AND MINERAL ENRICHED COOKIES BY UTILIZATION OF BANANA AND BANANA PEEL FLOUR [FS]

      Abstract: An experimental study was designed to formulate ready to eat cookies by incorporating banana and banana peel flour which is normally unused in Bangladesh but contains excellent amount of nutrients especially dietary fiber, essential vitamins and minerals. Cookies were prepared by replacing 5 % (sample-1), 10 % (sample-2) and 15% (sample-3) of wheat flour with banana and banana peel flour. The proximate analysis and sensory parameters of those cookies were compared with control cookies where no banana and banana peel flour were added and designated as normal cookies (0% substitution). Functional properties were also evaluated and a significant difference found (P<0.05) in WHC, OHC, swelling capacity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability and flour dispersibility in banana peel flour when compared to wheat flour. On proximate analysis of cookies, significant variation (P<0.05) was also observed in protein, ash, fiber and carbohydrate content of banana and banana peel flour cookies in a comparison to normal cookies. The increasing the substitution of banana and banana peel flour in cookies increased the ash and crude fiber content remarkably. About 15% substitution of banana and banana peel flour in cookies increased 93.25% crude ash (mineral) and 197.56% crude fiber than normal cookies. Energy values of the cookies were also evaluated and ranged between 480 Kcal and 513 Kcal per 100 g, with sample-3 cookies having the lowest value. In conclusion, the addition of both banana and banana peel flour in cookies by replacing 10% wheat flour were more acceptable with all quality characteristics.

      Keywords: Banana, cookies, dietary fiber, functional properties, sensory evaluation

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  • Md. Zahangir Alam

    (1)
    1. MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MAJOR SEA FISH AVAILABLE IN LOCAL MARKETS OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH [MB]

      Abstract: Present study attempted to determine the prevalence of pathogenic microflora along the two major sea fish samples: Rupchanda (Pampus chinensis) and Surmai (Scomberomorus guttatus), collected from local market in Dhaka city. Most of the fishes collected were found to be contaminated with a huge number of pathogens within a range of 2.0×102-1.9×109 cfu.mL-1 or cfu.G-1. The study of antibiogram showed a number of isolates to be drug-resistant. The investigation also endeavored to evaluate the efficiency of gamma (γ) irradiation on the pathogenic reduction besides the traditional means. The pathogenic load was found to be reduced by an irradiation dosage of 3 kilo Gray (kGy).

      Keywords: Sea fish, pathogens, antibiotic resistance, irradiation, microbiological quality

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  • Nadia Alam

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION OF SEED-BORNE AND SEED ASSOCIATED FUNGI OF Lablab purpureus (L.) SWEET AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL [MB]

      Abstract: Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet is one of the most important and nutritious vegetables as well as pulse in Bangladesh and is grown extensively all over the country. It suffers from various fungal infections, which reduce greatly its quality and quantity. Seed-borne and seed associated fungi are one of the factors of substantial damages of the bean genotypes. Seed- borne and seed associated fungi of eleven genotypes of L. purpureus (L.) Sweet and their various controlling methods were studied. From eleven bean seed samples, seven types of fungal pathogens were isolated and identified. The most predominant fungi species were Aspergillus spp. followed by Fusarium sp. and Rhizopus sp. Comparatively less frequent fungi were Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp. Plant extracts (Lawsonia inermis, Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum), cow urine, hot water and chemical fungicides (Bavistin, redomil and dithane M-45) were used to observe the efficacy of them against different species of fungi and their effect on germination rate and vigour index of bean seeds. Among the controlling measures, considering fungal infection controlling capacity, germination rate, vigour index as well as cheap, easy, environment friendly, easily available and easily applicable controlling measures, Azadirachta indica leaf extract was the best. Genotype GBLB-6, GBLB-11 and GBLB-13 showed more better performance through all the controlling measures and these genotypes may be used in the breeding program for their higher germination rate, higher vigour index and comparatively lower susceptibility to fungal pathogen.

      Keywords: L. purpureus (L.) Sweet , fungal pathogen , plant extract, biological control

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  • Micheal Bukola Alao

    (1)
    1. FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ABILITY, MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus species) [BT]

      Abstract: Due to the importance of Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species) as a source of food and medicine to man, they have been cultivated both on large and small scales or collected in the wild. The present study evaluated the different antioxidant activities, mechanisms of action and various health implications on human of Oyster mushrooms. Since a single study is not effective in determining the antioxidant property of mushroom, several in vitro assays were reviewed including scavenging activities of DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl and ABTS as well as Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities among others. In vivo assays like enzymatic (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and non-enzymatic (Ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and Glutathione (GSH)); using mice, rats and porcine brain were also reviewed. Oyster mushrooms extract scavenged free radicals and prevented oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo, and can influence their activities as natural immune boosters and thereby affect human health positively. The review has revealed oyster mushrooms as functional foods enriched with antioxidants and a good potential to oppose the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, preventing oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals.

      Keywords: Oyster mushrooms; antioxidant property; human health; biomedical activities; medicinal mushroom

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  • Alawlaqi

    (1)
    1. BIOSECURITY FOR REDUCING OCHRATOXIN A PRODUCTIVITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON GERMINATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURES OF GERMINATED WHEAT GRAINS [MB]

      Abstract: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite of some fungi that causes very serious problems for plants, animals and humans. Various microorganisms such as bacteria and microscopic fungi have been tested for their abilities to prevent ochratoxin A contamination or detoxify foods. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus bulgaricus reduced OTA production by Aspergillus ochraceus to 40.88 µg/ml ( productivity 60.69% ) and 13.80 µg/ml (productivity 20.48% ) respectively compared with the control (67.35 µg/ml) (productivity 100%). The results clearly indicated that the seed germinibility in the presence of OTA was decreased with increasing concentration, whereas the germinibility was uncompletely ceased at high concentration (67.35 µg/ml) of OTA. The maximum amount of germination was observed in control (without OTA treatment) and at low concentration (13.80 µg/ml) within 4 days. Antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase decreased in germinated grains treated with OTA. Catalase was 18.12 U/ml in grains treated with low concentration (13.80 µg/ml) of OTA while at high concentration (67.35 µg/ml), it was 12.23 U/ml compared with the control (20.33 U/ml). On the other hand, peroxidase decreased only in germinated grains treated with high concentration of OTA. The ultrastructural studies indicate that there were dramatic differences between the cells of root system of wheat seedlings of grains treated and untreated with the OTA. Cell ultrastructures of treated grains with OTA showed that the cytoplasmic membrane collapses away from the cell wall. Plasmodesmata threads were appeared in untreated cells but not formed in treated cells.

      Keywords: Biosecurity, ochratoxin A, productivity, wheat grains

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  • Jeun Marianne T. Alba

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION, SCREENING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANT-PRODUCING Bacillus spp. FROM SOIL AND THEIR POTENTIAL BIOFILM INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES AGAINST Pseudomonas aeruginosa [MB]

      Abstract: Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds usually produced by microbial cells, thus, their biodegradable nature and low toxicity. The capability to lessen surface and interfacial tensions characteristic of these compounds paved the way for their potential to inhibit biofilm formation. Biofilms are complex matrices of microbial cells formed on surfaces which provide microorganisms protection against substances found in the environment, including antimicrobials. In this study, Bacillus spp. isolated from soil samples were screened for their production of biosurfactants through Oil Drop Collapse and Parafilm M assays. Out of 12 isolates, four, GAT-01, GAT-04, GAT-05, and GAT-07, tested positive, and were identified based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics as B. pseudomycoides, B. cereus, B. pseudomycoides, and B. mycoides, respectively. GAT-01 was able to yield the highest biofilm inhibition activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with 43.12%, GAT-04 with 32.42%, GAT-05 with 35.78%, while GAT-07 showed the lowest activity with 26.91%. No antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were observed. Quorum sensing inhibition assay using Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 also showed negative results for all the biosurfactants. These present the potential of biosurfactants from Bacillus spp. as bioactive substances against biofilm formation through physical interactions.

      Keywords: Bacillus, Biofilm inhibition, Biosurfactants, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Quorum sensing

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  • José Alberto

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF COMMON BEAN FLOUR ON THE COOKING QUALITY AND ANTIOXIDANT CHARACTERISTICS OF SPAGHETTI [FS]

      Abstract: Pasta is a nutritionally unbalanced food, due to its low fat and fiber and low value of its protein. It is considered an adequate vehicle for food supplementation with minerals, proteins and other healthy components such as bioactive compounds present in common beans. The effect of composite pasta (wheat – common bean; 30 % w/w) on the cooking quality (optimal cooking time, cooking loss, weight loss, firmness, color), total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity by DPPH and ORAC assays and phenolic acid profile was investigated. According to the quality parameters, pasta added with bean flour was less hard with respect to the pasta made from durum wheat. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity by DPPH and ORAC assays were higher in the pasta with common bean flour than in the pasta control. Also, more phenolic acids were identified in cooked pasta containing common bean flour as analyzed by HPLC.

      Keywords: Antioxidant; Common beans; Cooking; Polyphenols; Spaghetti

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  • Crislaine Alberton

    (1)
    1. THERMAL ANALYSIS, RHEOLOGY, X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY IN THE EVALUATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF “STARCH-HYDROCOLLOIDS” [FS]

      Abstract: Starch is arguably the most investigated biopolymer in the world and the cassava starch that is extracted from Manihot esculenta Crantz, represents an important vegetal crop in tropical countries, where its roots and derivatives serve as food and a source of energy. The main composition of these roots is 70-80% water, 16-24% starch and small quantities (<4%) of protein, lipids vitamins and minerals. Hydrocolloids, or gums, are substances consisting of a hydrophilic long-chain with colloidal properties that, in water-based systems, produce gels. Starches and hydrocolloids are often used together in food systems to provide texture, water mobility, control moisture, improve product quality and stability, facilitate processing and reduce costs. In this study, the interactions between cassava and starch-hydrocolloids (1% of the following gums: CMC, jatahy, pectin and xanthan) were investigated. The TG/DTG method made it possible to determine the thermal decomposition of each sample, which under air atmosphere occurs in three steps. Little difference was observed in the degree of relative crystallinity (XRD) and in the average roughness or average diameter of the starch granules (NC-AFM). The viscosity and pasting properties (RVA) increased, and were higher for starch treated with jatahy gum. A large decrease was observed in peak temperature and gelatinisation enthalpy for the treated samples (DSC).

      Keywords: Modified starches, hydrocolloids, thermal analysis, enthalpy, pasting properties

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  • Aida Albu

    (1)
    1. ASPECTS OF EGGS QUALITY PROVIDED FROM FREE RANGE AND CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS [FS]

      Abstract: Egg, is a complete food that plays a critical role in daily nutrition, irrespective of the trade vessels has been obtained. The aim of the current paper is to compare the chemical indicators and the microbial load of eggs from two operating systems for laying hens (EU approved battery and free range). Were taken in study 120 eggs from those two systems of rearing which 90 eggs we are making chemical analysis of albumen, yolk, and whole egg, and 30 eggs were stored in refrigerating conditions for microbiological indicators. Egg obtained from free range system have a slightly higher content of protein from albumen (10.36±0.12 % vs. 9.98±0.03 %) compared with conventional system, and a higher content of lipids of yolk with 2.24%. We determined the eggshell TNGMA by rapid method Tempo TVC and by content of egg with decimal dilutions and inoculation with Plate Count Agar. Following these determinations TNGMA on the eggshell recorded the highest level of contamination in eggs obtained from free range system 5.01 log cfu/eggshell, and the situation was available for TNGMA of egg contents 2.76 ± 0,58 cfu/g. Rearing in freedom of laying hens (free range) caused a qualitative improvement of dry components of both the egg components (yolk and albumen) but also the quantitative one, and eggs obtained has a high nutritional value, but hygiene and biosecurity are very important concepts, not only on the health of laying hens, but also in terms of consumer health, and eggs from alternative systems are high microbiological load than eggs from conventional systems.

      Keywords: Bacterial contamination, chemical indicators, conventional, free range, egg

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  • Ruth López Alcántara

    (2)
    1. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. aureus PROTEIN (P-80) FROM MARINE Pseudoalteromonas [MB]

      Abstract: The marine Pseudoalteromonas are recognized as major active metabolite producers against different biological targets. These compounds include cyclic peptides, toxic proteins or enzymes, among others. In previous studies, we isolated a protein named P-80 from Pseudoalteromonas sp with antibiotic activity against S. aureus, and proteolytic action. In the present work, we studied properties such as structure and the function of P-80. We performed different assays, including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, antibacterial activity by the standard disc diffusion, pH and temperature stability, cytotoxicity in vitro and finally the effect of metal ions and protease inhibitors on antimicrobial activity. The purified P-80 showed a molecular mass of 78.5 kDa as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It was highly active over pH range of 7.0 to 9.2, and remained stable over a pH range of 7.0 to 8.0 although its activity was reduced at pH 9.2 (only 55% was retained). This protein showed quite a good antibacterial activity over a broad temperature range (> 65% of activity is retained between -20 and 70 ºC). The inhibitor tested such as EDTA, EGTA, PMSF, DTT and TLCK (at 5 mM) had no effect on the antibacterial activity. Whereas Mn2+ ions enhanced the antibiotic activity but Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ and Co2+ ions had no effect. In conclusion, the P-80 protein remained 55% and 65 % of its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at pH 9.0 and 70 ºC respectively, suggesting high stability compared to other marine antibacterial proteins indicating intrinsic features that could enable commercial applications

      Keywords: Marine bacterium, antimicrobial protein, Pseudoalteromonas, biochemical properties

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    2. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. aureus PROTEIN (P-80) FROM MARINE Pseudoalteromonas [MB]

      Abstract: The marine Pseudoalteromonas are recognized as major active metabolite producers against different biological targets. These compounds include cyclic peptides, toxic proteins or enzymes, among others. In previous studies, we isolated a protein named P-80 from Pseudoalteromonas sp with antibiotic activity against S. aureus, and proteolytic action. In the present work, we studied properties such as structure and the function of P-80. We performed different assays, including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, antibacterial activity by the standard disc diffusion, pH and temperature stability, cytotoxicity in vitro and finally the effect of metal ions and protease inhibitors on antimicrobial activity. The purified P-80 showed a molecular mass of 78.5 kDa as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It was highly active over pH range of 7.0 to 9.2, and remained stable over a pH range of 7.0 to 8.0 although its activity was reduced at pH 9.2 (only 55% was retained). This protein showed quite a good antibacterial activity over a broad temperature range (> 65% of activity is retained between -20 and 70 ºC). The inhibitor tested such as EDTA, EGTA, PMSF, DTT and TLCK (at 5 mM) had no effect on the antibacterial activity. Whereas Mn2+ ions enhanced the antibiotic activity but Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ and Co2+ ions had no effect. In conclusion, the P-80 protein remained 55% and 65 % of its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at pH 9.0 and 70 ºC respectively, suggesting high stability compared to other marine antibacterial proteins indicating intrinsic features that could enable commercial applications.

      Keywords: Marine bacterium, antimicrobial protein, Pseudoalteromonas, biochemical properties

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  • Mahsa Alem

    (1)
    1. AROMA PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS FROM ROOT, LEAF AND STALK OF NETTLE (Urtica dioica L.) [MB]

      Abstract: Medicinal plant can be considered as a great source of new antimicrobial agents due to their enormous therapeutic potential and limited side effects. Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a widespread and common medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine. The present study investigates the antimicrobial potency of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Urtica dioica on some gram positive and negative bacteria and also a particular type of fungi and analyzes the extracts to find the active ingredients by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method. Results from disc diffusion assay indicated that water extract of root, leaf and stalk had the highest antimicrobial activity respectively and caused significant inhibition zones in P. vulgaris, L. monocytogenes and K. pneumoniae cultures. Antimicrobial efficacy of ethanol extracts was higher in root extract which caused high growth inhibition zones in P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus cultures. MBC and MIC experiments of the ethanol extract illustrated that the most powerful antimicrobial effect was related to the stem organ extract on K. pnuomonae and S. aureus bacteria. Highest level of antibacterial effects in root can be due to its higher concentration of contents compared to other organs. Based on these results it can be suggested that Urtica dioica and its water and ethanol extracts have noticeable antimicrobial effects against gram negative, positive and Candida albicans fungi that may be applicable as a prophylactic or therpeutic antimicrobial agent in both human and animals.

      Keywords: Nettle (Urtica dioica L.), alcoholic extract, aqueous extract, antimicrobial properties, GC-MS

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  • Vollmannová Alena

    (1)
    1. INTERNAL MILIEAU OF DAIRY COWS AT THE BEGINNING OF LACTATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COMPOSITION OF RAW MILK [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate selected blood biochemical parameters and milk composition of dairy cows at the beginning of lactation and to observe the correlations between blood and milk parameters. In total, 15 Holstein cows at the beginning of lactation were chosen. Blood and milk samples were collected. Energetic (glucose - GLU, d-beta-hydroxybutyrate - D-BHB, triglycerides - TG), nitrogenous (total proteins - TP, UREA), hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase - AST, alanine aminotransferase - ALT, gamma-glutamyltransferase - GGT, alkaline phosphatase - ALP, bilirubin - BILI, cholesterol - CHOL) and mineral (sodium - Na, potassium - K, chlorides - Cl-, calcium – Ca, phosphorus – P, magnesium - Mg) profiles were determined in the blood serum. Levels of lactose, fat, proteins and minerals (sodium - Na, potassium – K, calcium – Ca, phosphorus – P, magnesium - Mg) were determined in milk. Most of the parameters outside physiological limits were found among mineral and hepatic profile. Levels of calcium, phosphorus and sodium were decreased in comparison to reference values. Average concentration of urea was also lower. On the other hand, increase of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were observed. Levels of lactose (4.82 g.100g-1), fat (4.21 g.100g-1), protein (3.14 g.100g-1) and calcium (4.82 g.l-1) in milk complied with Slovak national standard (STN 57 0529). In our study, ratio of fat to protein lower than 0.75 was observed in 13 % of cows (risk of ketosis) and higher than 1.4 in 40 % (NEB). Strong negative correlation between serum cholesterol and milk fat (-0.716; P<0.01) and middle strong negative correlation between cholesterol and milk protein (-0.397; P<0.01) were observed.
      ALT affected negatively amount of phosphorus in milk (-0.417; P<0.001), which complied with demineralization of the organism and following restriction of liver detoxification activity. On the other hand, strong positive correlation was observed between serum ALT and milk sodium (0.738; P<0.05), what points to close relationship between hepatic enzymes and mineral composition of raw milk.

      Keywords: Dairy cows, metabolic test, milk quality, beginning of lactation

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  • Loránd Alexa

    (2)
    1. DETERMINATION OF NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS OF COMMERCIAL AND HOMEMADE JAMS [FS]

      Abstract: In this present study, 26 fruit jams with different botanical origin were examined. 10 samples were commercial and 16 samples were homemade products. Dry matter and water contents, total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and total acid contents of jams were measured. Important differences were determined in these parameters. Commercial products had higher dry matter contents than the homemade samples. The highest total phenolic content was measured in homemade blackberry jam. One of the homemade plum jams and homemade blackberry jam showed the highest flavonoid contents. Higher than 20% of total acid content was determined in one of the homemade plum jams. According to the LSD test more significant differences were determined among the analysed jam samples in total phenolic content and flavonoid content. In case of total acid concentration there were not determined any significant differences.

      Keywords: jams, TP contents, flavonoid contents, total acid contents

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    2. DETERMINATION OF MICRO AND TRACE ELEMENTS OF COMMERCIAL BEERS [FS]

      Abstract: In the present paper, a risk analysis of beer’s element content has been carried out. Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ni, Se, Sr, Pb and Zn were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 24 beer samples produced by different breweries. Samples could be originated from Hungary, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany and Austria, and the set consisted of 4 types of beer: pale barley, dark barley, pale wheat and dark wheat samples. It appeared that Mn was the most abundant among the analysed elements, followed by Sr, and Al, and Co, Se and Cr could be found in the lowest concentrations, except for those which were present in a concentration lower than LoD.
      The statistical analysis showed that barley and wheat beers could be differentiated according to their Mn and Cu content, but to separate all of the groups analysed further investigations and more samples are needed.
      A risk assessment for Al, Cu and Zn has also been performed for the analysed samples. The results showed that none of these elements could have any adverse effect on our health. The assessment of other toxic elements was not needed, because their concentrations were under LoD, or their PTDI values have been withdrawn by WHO JECFA.

      Keywords: Beer, element, differentiation, risk assessment

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  • Richard Alexa

    (3)
    1. THE EFFECT OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT - EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG) ON PORCINE OVARIAN GRANULOSA CELL [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of our study was to elucidate the potential effect of green tea substance on basic ovarian functions. For this purpose, we examined the action of green tea bioactive molecule, epigallocatechin gallate (given at doses 0, 1, 10, 100 μg/mL), on cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions - proliferation, apoptosis and steroidogenesis. Accumulation of PCNA (marker of proliferation), BAX (marker of apoptosis) and the release of steroid hormones (progesterone and testosterone) were analysed by immunocytochemistry and RIA respectively. It was observed that epigallocatechin gallate addition decreased the percentage of proliferative (PCNA-positive) cells at all used doses (1, 10 and 100 μg/mL). The percentage of apoptotic (BAX-positive) cells was increased at the highest used dose (100 μg/mL), but not a lower doses. Epigallocatechin gallate stimulated progesterone release (at 10 μg/mL but not at 1 and 100 μg/mL) and diminished testosterone release (at 1 μg/mL but not at 10 and 100 μg/mL) by porcine granulosa cells. Our results suggest a direct effect of epigallocatechin gallate on proliferation, apoptosis and steroidogenesis in porcine ovaries. Taken together, these data suggest that green tea molecule epigallocatechin gallate can negatively affect reproductive (ovarian) functions – suppress ovarian cell proliferation, promote their apoptosis and alter release of steroid hormones.

      Keywords: epigallocatechin gallate, proliferation, apoptosis, progesterone, testosterone

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    2. EFFECT OF dbcAMP ON PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS OF PORCINE GRANULOSA CELLS in vitro [BT]

      Abstract: Cyclic nucleotide cAMP and its target protein kinase A (PKA) dependent intracellular mechanisms can play an important role in regulation of ovarian cell function and in mediating gonadotropin action on these cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of cAMP analogue, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) (0; 0.1; 1 and 10 µg/ml) or FSH (0; 0,01; 1 IU/ml) on proliferation and apoptosis of porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Indices of cell apoptosis (expression of apoptotic peptide bax) and proliferation (expression of proliferation-associated peptide PCNA) within ovarian granulosa cells were analysed by immunocytochemistry. It was observed that accumulation of PCNA was increased by dbcAMP and FSH at all doses added. The occurrence of bax was also stimulated by dbcAMP after exposition (at 0,1 and 1 µg/ml, but not at dose 10 µg/ml) and by FSH (at all doses added). The stimulatory effect of both dbcAMP and FSH on both ovarian cell apoptosis and proliferation suggest, that these substances may promote ovarian follicular cell turnover. The similarity of dbcAMP and FSH effect may indicate that FSH can affect ovarian functions via cAMP-dependent intracellular mechanisms. The present data may provide new tools to regulate human and animal reproductive processes via cAMP-dependent mechanisms.

      Keywords: dbcAMP, proliferation, apoptosis, porcine granulosa cells, cAMP/PKA

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    3. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL EFFECTS OF PLANT FLAVONOID QUERCETIN [BT]

      Abstract: Flavonoid compounds in vegetable-based diets bring a significant contribution to the role of fruits and vegetables as health-promoting foods. This review summarizes the available data concerning physiological and therapeutical effect of plan flavonoid quercetin. Quercetin has a number of beneficial influence on health because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetes properties. Effects of quercetin have been explained by its interference with cellular enzymes, receptors, transporters and signal transduction systems. Despite the available data reviewed here, the targets, effects, absorption, metabolism and areas of practical application of quercetin are still poorly understood, therefore further studies in this areas are required.

      Keywords: quercetin, oxidation, proliferation, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular diseases

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  • Alfaro-Cruz

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND AND THERMAL TREATMENT ON PECTIN METHYLESTERASE ACTIVITY IN PAPAYA (Carica papaya) JUICE [FS]

      Abstract: Among the pectic enzymes present in fruits and vegetables, pectin methylesterase (PME) is usually related to the loss of quality and it causes adverse effects on finished products. In this research, the kinetic of ultrasound and thermal treatments are evaluated in the PME activity in papaya juice. The results showed that the ultrasound treatment caused an increase in the catalytic activity up to 52%. After a while, the catalytic activity decreased in 27% indicating that the ultrasound was not effective in the enzymatic inactivation, whereas the thermal treatment inactivated 71% of the PME. However, these results open perspectives to evaluate the effect of ultrasound and enhance the catalytic activity of enzymes of industrial interest.

      Keywords: Ultrasound, pectin methylesterase, inactivation, papaya

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  • TRAORÉ Sababenedyo Alfred

    (1)
    1. IMPROVEMENT OF BORASSUS AKEASSII WINES QUALITY BY CONTROLLED FERMENTATION USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE STRAINS [FS]

      Abstract: Palm wine produced traditionally and consumed by many people around the world and specifically in Burkina Faso posed health risks because of questionable quality of wine produced by mix culture fermentation and the use of antiseptics for the stabilization. In order to improve its quality, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Borassus akeassii wines and identified by amplification and RFLP analysis of the 5-8S-ITS region were used for in vitro fermentation of unfermented palm sap. The physicochemical characteristics of the sap were measured before and after fermentation process by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the microbiological quality were also performed. HPLC analysis showed that glucose and fructose concentration in palm sap were 37.0 and 27.6 g/L respectively, ethanol content was ranged between 2.76 and 5.31 % (g/mL) for controlled fermentation and 2.20 % (g/mL) for spontaneous fermentation. Lactic and acetic acids were ranged between 0.1 and 0.3 g/L and 1.5 and 1.6 g/L for controlled fermentation versus 2.5 and 3.1 g/L and the spontaneous fermentation respectively. Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were detected only in the unfermented palm sap and the wine fermented spontaneously.
      Principal component analysis showed a good separation between spontaneous and controlled fermentation. Sterilization and controlled fermentation of the unfermented sap with palm wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains led to the improvement of palm wine quality.

      Keywords: Borassus akeassii wine, Fermentation, improvement, quality, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RFLP, HPLC

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  • Ara Fatima C. Algar

    (1)
    1. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH FROM PHILIPPINE EDIBLE CANNA (Canna indica L.) RHIZOMES [FS]

      Abstract: Philippine edible canna (Canna indica L.), an underutilized crop in the Philippines, was utilized to produce starch to address the increasing demand and limited sources of starch. Starch was produced from the canna rhizomes using the wet method. The physicochemical and functional properties of the extracted Canna starch were then evaluated and compared with the commercially available and most often used cornstarch and potato starch. The non-starch components (moisture content, ash, crude fat, crude protein and reducing sugars) were determined and found to be within the range for good quality starches according to international standards. The canna starch granules were oblong shaped and were larger in size (59.29μm) compared to potato and corn starch granules. The swelling (76.33°C) and bursting temperatures (79.33°C), solubility in water (9.81 %), and water binding capacity (6.63 g/g) were also evaluated. It has an amylose content of 35.99% and found to form a hard gel with a least gelling concentration of 8.10%, gel clarity of 13.03 %, and consistency of 0.47 cm/s. With these properties, canna starch can be used in confectioneries, noodle-making, and as thickeners in soups and sauces.

      Keywords: Canna indica L., starch extraction, physicochemical properties, functional properties

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  • Mousa Alghuthaymi

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CULTIVAR ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FUNGICIDES IN CONTROLLING POWDERY MILDEW OF FLAX AND RELATIONSHIP OF AGRONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRAITS TO DISEASE SEVERITY [FS]

      Abstract: A two-year field study was conducted at El-Ismailiya, Egypt, to evaluate the fungicides Bellis and Sulphurs applied as a foliar sprays for controlling powdery mildew on six flax cultivars. Disease severity, straw yield, and seed yield were used as criteria for evaluating the performance of fungicide on the tested cultivars. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that each of the fungicides and cultivar was highly significant source of variation (p = 0.000), in disease severity, strae yield, and seed yieled. ANOVA also showed that fungicide x cultivars interaction was a highly significant source of variation (p = 0.000) in disease severity, while it was insignificant in straw and seed yields. Both fungicides were effective in reducing disease severity; however, sulphur surpassed Bellis in increasing straw yield and seed yield. Therefore, linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between agronomic or technological traits and powdery mildew severity (PMS). All traits showed significant negative correlations with PMS after the appliction of fungicides, which suggest that control of late-season powdery mildew could be economically important when PMS on flax cultivars is high.

      Keywords: Flax, Odium line, fungicides, agronomic traits

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  • Reem M. Alharbi

    (1)
    1. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOSYNTHESIS OF VALUABLE ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTITUMOR NANO-SILVER USING FRESH WATER GREEN AND BLUE-GREEN MICROALGAE [BT]

      Abstract: Two levels Plackett-Burman experimental design was employed to screen the main factors that significantly affect the synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles. Scenedesmus obliquus ethanol extract, Scenedesmus obliquus dried algal powder and Spirulina platensis aqueous extract were the most favorable reducing and capping agents. Also the high pH value (10), rpm (150), high concentration of AgNO3 (4 mM) and dark conditions had the highest significant influence on biosynthesis of active nanoparticles. Characterizations of the formed AgNPs were approved by UV–Visible Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were varied in sizes and shape that ranged between 2.83 and 27.17nm, depending on the organism used and the method of biosynthesis. Valuable inhibitory effects were showed by all bio-synthesized nanoparticles against four tested Gram- positive and Gram- negative bacteria, except that formed by Spirulina platensis powder. Moreover, the nanoparticles exhibited wide range of antifungal activities. AgNPs prepared from ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was the most active against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50values 62.1 and 56.2 ug/mL, respectively. The obtained results, indicated the advantages of AgNPs from microalgae and possible industrial applications as a source of antifungal, antibacterial, and antitumor formulation.

      Keywords: Plackett-Burman design, Biosynthesis, AgNPs, Microalgae, Antimicrobial, Antitumor

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  • Asad Ali

    (1)
    1. IDENTIFICATION OF VARIATIONS IN THE CODING REGION OF MYOSTATIN (MSTN) GENE OF THALLI AND PAK-KARAKUL SHEEP BREED IN PAKISTAN [BT]

      Abstract: Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a potential tool to genetically enhance the traits of economic importance in livestock production. One of the gateways to MAS is the identification of SNPs for the desired genes. The aim of the present study was to detect SNPs in myostatin (MSTN) gene which has a negative role in growth and skeletal muscle development. Therefore, polymorphisms of the exon no 1, 2 and 3 of MSTN gene were studied in Thalli (n=10) and Pak-karakul (n=10) sheep breeds. The genomic DNA was isolated and amplified by using PCR. The amplicons were purified and sequenced. After PCR all samples were sent to Singapore for 1st base laboratory for further purification and sequencing. Sequencing analysis was done using Codon Code Aligner and MEGA 6 software’s. Mutations were observed at only exon no 1 in 50% (5/10) Thalli sheep (heterozygous G>T =3/5, synonymous =2/5) and 20% (2/10) Pak-karakul sheep (only synonymous T mutations) at 3995bp. The two alleles (A and B) were found having all the three combinations of genotypes i.e. AA, AB and BB. Allele frequencies (A+B) were 0.2 and 0.8 in Pak-karakul and in case of Thalli it was 0.5 in each. The data from the present study suggests that SNPs in MSTN gene are present. Furthermore, scope of the present study may be enhanced to establish a marker for improved mutton production through conducting association studies at large scale.

      Keywords: Myostatin (MSTN); Thalli and Pak-karakul sheep; Polymorphism; Pakistan; Mutton

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  • Ayesha S. Ali

    (1)
    1. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH POTENTIAL TYROSINASE FROM MACROFUNGI AND ITS APPLIANCE IN FOOD ENGINEERING [BT]

      Abstract: Tyrosinase (EC1.14.18.1) was extracted from oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, using 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5.8) containing 1 mM of ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by Sephadex G-100 and diethylaminoethyl chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a specific activity of 46.4 U/mg with 20.3 % yield. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed single peptide chain with a molecular weight of 75 kDa. The enzyme has optimum activity on pH 6.0 at 35˚ C. The kinetics parameter with L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine), with a KM of 0.119 mM and Vmax of 2.97 mM. Thus, purified tyrosinase from P.ostreatus showed similarities with other tyrosinase sources. The results indicate that P.ostreatus can be a novel and better source of tyrosinase extraction due to its higher specific activity. The information offered here should help food industry in developing and using potential tyrosinase desirable efficacy and safety, and for improving food quality.

      Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, Tyrosinase, Purification, Specific activity, Charaterization, Crosslinking enzyme, Extraction

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  • Boudina Ali

    (1)
    1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIMICROBIAL AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF CITRUS PARADISI PEEL ESSENTIAL OIL FROM ALGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: The essential oil obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) techniques from the peel of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi. L) from Algeria was analysed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and gas chromatography ⁄ mass spectrometry (GC⁄ MS). Twenty-one constituents were identified in essential oils obtained by HD and twenty-eight constituents in essential oils by MAHD, representing respectively 99.11% and 99.74% of the total oil. The main constituents were limonene (85.54%-87.51%) for MAHD and HD, β-myrcene (2.99%-3.24%), nootkatone (1.78%-1.80%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The results showed interested inhibition growth against the tested bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos, and Staphylococcus aureus)and the yeast (Candida albicans),with an inhibition zone ranging from 4 to 20 mm.Both essentials oils showed no effect against Aspergilusniger, Verticillium sp and Thielaviopsis sp. The insecticidal activity was investigated against adults ceratitis capitata. Both essential oils showed a toxic effect against this insect (LD50:9.12µl EO/ml of acetone; LD90: 13.18 µl EO/ml of acetone).

      Keywords: Citrus paradisi, essential oil, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation, antimicrobial activity, insecticidal activity, Ciratitis Capitata

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  • Fatma Ali

    (1)
    1. IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF CHILLED FRESH SAUSAGES USING NATURAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR EXTRACTS [FS]

      Abstract: Natural additives are very important additives that can improve the oxidative and bacterial quality of meat products. Therefore, the main goal of the current study was to include green tea, clove and their extracts as well as fresh garlic and garlic powder during formulation of fresh sausages to improve the physico-chemical, sensory and bacterial quality of this product. Seven formulas were prepared; the 1st one was prepared from base batter and used as control and six formulas were prepared by addition of green tea powder 0.5%, green tea extract 0.03 %, clove powder 0.5 % clove extract 0.5%, fresh garlic 3 % and garlic powder 0.9 %. All formulas were processed into fresh sausages and chilled stored until appearance of signs of spoilage. Chilled sausages were examined for pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile base nitrogen, bacterial counts and sensory attributes. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pH, TVB-N, TBARS and mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts were observed in all formulas treated with all natural additives. The sensory attributes of all formula treated with natural additives were acceptable. Green tea powder and clove powder were superior to their extracts as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Moreover, fresh garlic was superior to garlic powder as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Therefore, these natural additives can be safely used by meat processors to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of meat products.

      Keywords: green tea, clove, garlic, sensory attributes, natural antioxidants

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  • Gulam Rusul Rahmat Ali

    (1)
    1. GENOTYPING OF SALMONELLA STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DUCKS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS IN PENANG, MALAYSIA USING REPETITIVE EXTRAGENIC PALINDROMIC (REP) [MB]

      Abstract: Salmonella are important foodborne pathogens of worldwide concern. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of 107 Salmonella strains isolated from ducks, their rearing and processing environments in Penang, Malaysia using repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR). REP-PCR of the Salmonella strains produced DNA bands of different sizes for differentiation purposes. The DNA band sizes ranged from 105-7692 bp for S. Typhimurium, 116-7033 bp for S. Hadar, 127-7399 bp for S. Enteritidis, 140-7497 bp for S. Braenderup and 123-5857 bp for S. Albany. Cluster analysis at a coefficient of 0.85 grouped the Salmonella strains into various clusters and singletons. S. Typhimurium were grouped into 4 clusters and 26 singletons at a discriminatory index (D-value) of 0.98, S. Hadar were grouped into 3 clusters and 13 singletons at a D-value of 0.914, S. Enteritidis were grouped into 3 clusters and 9 singletons at a D-value of 0.971, S. Braenderup were grouped into 2 clusters and 11 singletons at a D-value of 0.981, and S. Albany were grouped into 3 clusters and 7 singletons at a D-value of 0.978. With the exception of S. Hadar strains which were grouped into two major groups (genotypes) by REP-PCR, the rest were grouped into three major genotypes. REP-PCR successfully typed all the Salmonella strains and proved to be a useful typing tool for determining the genetic diversity of the duck Salmonella strains. Determining the genetic diversity among Salmonella strains, other foodborne pathogens and their sources of isolation is important to trace their primary or potential sources and the sources of human infection.

      Keywords: Ducks, genetic diversity, REP-PCR, Salmonella strains

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  • Shafaqat Ali

    (2)
    1. DETERMINATION OF LEAD (Pb), IRON (Fe) AND MANGANESE (Mn) CONCENTRATION IN SEWAGE WATER AND VEGETABLE LEAF SAMPLES [FS]

      Abstract: Application of waste water for irrigation purposes has increased over the past years. This waste water contains high amounts of trace elements and heavy metals.Many of these are non-essential and toxic to plants, animals and human beings. The use of polluted water in the immediate surroundings of big cities in Pakistan is a common practice for growing of vegetables. When this water applied for long time in irrigation, these heavy metals may accumulate in soil and that may be toxic to plants and also cause deterioration of soil. The present study revealed that heavy metal content was above the toxicity level in leafy vegetables grown in the area of Lahore. This study showed that among the different tested plant species, the amount of heavy metals was more in leaves than fruits. Plants whose fruits grow below the soil showed higher concentration of heavy metals while other showed less concentration whose edible portion was above the ground level. Leafy vegetables (spinach, cabbage, coriander etc) showed higher concentration in leaves than in fruits. The concentration of heavy metals in upper layer of soil (0 -15 cm) is higher than the lower layer (15-30 cm). The reason behind is that the upper layer was receiving sewage water permanently while the penetration of sewage water below 15 cm was less. The increase in heavy metal accumulation in different plant species and their different parts is not constant and is not in proportion to the increase in heavy metal concentration in soil irrigated with sewage wastewater.

      Keywords: Accumulate, growth, heavy metal, spinach, vegetable

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    2. ESTIMATION OF AMOXICILLIN RESIDUES IN COMMERCIAL MEAT AND MILK SAMPLES [MB]

      Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the extent of ß - lactam antibiotic, amoxicillin residues in market milk and meat. Samples were randomly collected from Faisalabad city, Pakistan. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with inflorescent detector was used to detect, identify and quantify the amoxicillin residues in milk and meat samples. The milk samples were purified by performing a protein precipitation step, followed by derivatization. To clean up tissue samples, a liquid extraction, followed by a solid-phase extraction procedure C18 (4.0X4.6mm, 5μm) was performed. A 50% meat and 90% milk samples were found contaminated with residues. The residues of amoxicillin in milk were in range of 28 to 46μg/kg and in meat were 9 to 84μg/kg. All of the contaminated milk and 40 out of 50% meat samples fall in maximum residue limits.

      Keywords: Amoxicillin, residue, meat, milk, health risks

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  • Sharique A. Ali

    (1)
    1. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH POTENTIAL TYROSINASE FROM MACROFUNGI AND ITS APPLIANCE IN FOOD ENGINEERING [BT]

      Abstract: Tyrosinase (EC1.14.18.1) was extracted from oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, using 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5.8) containing 1 mM of ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by Sephadex G-100 and diethylaminoethyl chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a specific activity of 46.4 U/mg with 20.3 % yield. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed single peptide chain with a molecular weight of 75 kDa. The enzyme has optimum activity on pH 6.0 at 35˚ C. The kinetics parameter with L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine), with a KM of 0.119 mM and Vmax of 2.97 mM. Thus, purified tyrosinase from P.ostreatus showed similarities with other tyrosinase sources. The results indicate that P.ostreatus can be a novel and better source of tyrosinase extraction due to its higher specific activity. The information offered here should help food industry in developing and using potential tyrosinase desirable efficacy and safety, and for improving food quality.

      Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, Tyrosinase, Purification, Specific activity, Charaterization, Crosslinking enzyme, Extraction

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  • Shoaib Ali

    (1)
    1. AMINO ACID PROFILING OF YEAST CREAM; A POTENTIAL PROTEIN ENRICHED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY FEED [FS]

      Abstract: Yeast cream, an extremely good source of single cell protein (SCP), is formed as a by-product after the fermentation of molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bioethanol industry. A huge amount of yeast cream is produced annualy but seldom has destined as protein source in food industry therefore, produced yeast cream, is discarded due to no utilization especially in under developed countries including Pakistan. The yeast cream can be utilized in various food and feed industries (espcially in poultry industry) in a promising way to solve the protein shortage problems. Although, in previous century, several attempts have been under taken at larger scale to opt SCP as a potential human food ingredient to combat the protein shortage but failed due to its potential hazardous ingredients. However, adopting SCP as a potential poultry feed ingredient can potentially alleviate the such effects. This current study was aimed at deciphering the amino acid level in yeast cream in order to investigate its potential usage in poultry industry . To meet the objectives, three different independent yeast cream samples of two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Instant saf and Thermophilic yeast (Red) were collected from Shakarganj sugar mills distillery, Jhang and their amino acids profiling was determined with the help of HPLC. Our results pinpointed that yeast cream produced by Thermophilic yeast (Red) contains optimal level of essential amino acids. Thus, we hereby recommend that yeast cream produced by Thermophilic yeast (Red) can potentially be employed, as a protein source, in poultry feed. However, careful and sophisticated experimentation is required before adopting yeast cream as a protein substitute in poultry feed.

      Keywords: Yeast cream, Single cell protein, Sacchromycescerevisiae, HPLC, poultry feed

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  • Zeshan Ali

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION OF SYNBIOTIC PRODUCT CONTAINING GALACTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES AND SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII AND EVALUATION OF ITS IN-VITRO BIFIDOGENIC EFFECT [MB]

      Abstract: The galacto-oligosaccharides and Saccharomyces boulardii are very useful for the intestinal microbiota. The yeast acts as probiotic and used for the reduction of monosaccharides from GOS mixture. The present study was concerned with the production of synbiotic product from GOS and S. boulardii through transgalactosylation process. The GOS was produced from β-galactosidase (156 U/1 ml of lactose solution) of Kluyveromyces lactis using lactose (250g/L) as substrate at 37ºC. The GOS mixture was analyzed through thin layer chromatography and megazyme kit. The maximum production of GOS occurs after 5 hr at 37ºC with phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). The GOS mixture was treated with probiotic S. boulardii. The monosaccharides were reduced at 37ºC after 4 hrs using 300µl yeast/5 ml GOS mixture. Then synbiotic product was formed and undergoes lyophilization procedure. The total yeast count was 3.9 × 104CFU/g in lyophilized product. The in vitro bifidogenic effect was determined. Bifidobacterium shows more positive effect towards prebiotic and combined effect of prebiotic and probiotic as compared to Lactobacillus.

      Keywords: GOS, Saccharomyces boulardii, Transgalatosylation, Synbiotic product

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  • Abdullah Aliloo

    (1)
    1. THE IN VITRO EFFECTS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON BACTERIAL BIOFILMS [MB]

      Abstract: Biofilm formation is one of the most important bacterial virulence factors that plays a key role in infections. In the present study, effects of silver nanoparticles were evaluated in vitro against bacterial biofilm. Ninety bacterial isolates were selected for study. The Congo Red agar, tube and microtitre assays were used for the detection of biofilm. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles were determined by the Kirby-Bauer and microdilution methods. The microtitre assay was used to study the biofilm inhibition activity. The most common biofilm producing bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus. The power of biofilm production is different among bacteria, and the effect of silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli was less than Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The silver nanoparticles are effective against planctonic and biofilm forms. Because of the importance of biofilm in infectious diseases and the development of drug resistance, silver nanoparticles may be an appropriate way for the control and the prevention of biofilm.

      Keywords: Bacteria, Biofilm, Silver nanoparticles

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  • Jahongir Alimov

    (1)
    1. THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA) EXTRACT ON THE ACTIVITY AND OXIDATIVE PROFILE OF BOVINE SPERMATOZOA [BT]

      Abstract: The paper presents the overall results and experimental details of the in vitro assessment of the elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract on the motility, viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of bovine spermatozoa in different time periods (0, 2, 6 and 24 hours). Sambucus nigra is often used for medicinal purposes throughout the world. Modern research reveals that Sambucus nigra extracts may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antioxidant properties, because of a high content of biologically active components. Spermatozoa motility was assessed using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Cell viability was examined using the metabolic activity MTT assay and ROS generation was quantified using luminometry. The CASA analysis revealed that the motility in the experimental groups supplemented with 100, 50 and 1 μg/mL elderberry extract was lower in comparison with other samples. The experiment showed that the elderberry extract had a considerable in vitro effect on the sperm motility, vitality and oxidative profile. The ROS production as well as the CASA assessment proved that the optimal concentration of both extracts was 10 μg/mL in every time with statistically significant results. The MTT test showed a statistically significant increase of mitochondrial at all time periods with 10 μg/mL elderberry extract when compared to the control group. When lower concentrations of the elderberry extract were used (5 and 1 μg/mL), the mitochondrial activity was higher than in the control group but lower than in the group supplemented with 10 μg/mL of the extract. In these groups this indicator increased maximally after 24 h. The findings of the present study indicate that Sambucus nigra extract possesses activity promoting properties on bovine spermatozoa at 10 and 5 μg/mL.

      Keywords: Elderberry, Sambucus nigra, spermatozoa, bull, motility, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species

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  • Jasper Ian A. Alindayu

    (1)
    1. BIOSYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES BY BACTERIA FROM HYPERALKALINE SPRING AND EVALUATION OF THEIR INHIBITORY ACTIVITY AGAINST PYOCYANIN PRODUCTION [MB]

      Abstract: Nanoparticles are used in wide range of applications given their unique optical, chemical and electronic properties. Microbial biosynthesis of nanoparticles has offered a milder and eco-friendly alternative to physical and chemical methods of synthesis. One potential use of nanoparticles is for the inhibition of quorum sensing-mediated processes by microorganisms during pathogenic colonization and infection. In this study, bacteria from hyperalkaline spring (pH 11) were isolated using various enrichment media. The isolates, phylogenetically related to Lysinibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas stutzeri, were investigated for their ability to biosynthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) at pH 9. Extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis absorption analysis which showed a peak at 500-600 nm wavelength range corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs. The AuNPs synthesized were of spherical and irregular shapes as revealed by SEM analysis. The presence of elemental gold was further confirmed by EDX analysis. FTIR results showed that various functional groups are possibly involved in the reduction of HAuCl4 and stabilization of synthesized gold nanoparticles. The inhibitory effect of biosynthesized AuNPs was tested on the growth and pyocyanin production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 during a 72-hour incubation period. Although the biosynthesized AuNPs showed no toxicity to the test organism, an increasing inhibition level of pyocyanin production was observed with increasing volumes of nanoparticles used. The levels of pyocyanin in setups treated with biosynthesized gold nanoparticles at 10, 30 and 50 L were significantly lower compared to the untreated setups (P ≤ 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that bacteria adapted to alkaline conditions can be used for efficient biosynthesis of AuNPs, which exhibited potential biomedical application in inhibiting pyocyanin production.

      Keywords: hyperalkaline spring, chloroauric acid, gold nanoparticles, Lysinibacillus sp. Psedomonas stutzeri, pyocyanin production

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  • Adrian Douglas Allen

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF L. parafarraginis (KU495926) INHIBITING MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT AND EXTENDED SPECTRUM ΒETA-LACTAMASE GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA [MB]

      Abstract: A new strain of Lactobacillus parafarraginis was isolated from a sample of commercial yogurt and identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. Phenotypic characterization showed bacilli sizes ~ 0.75-2.75 μm × 0.25-0.75 μm, a generation time of ~3.04 h under anaerobic conditions, halotolerance, lactose fermentation, production of hydrogen sulfide gas from Kliger iron agar, and the presence of an unusual fatty-acid methyl ester, cis- 10-nonadecenoic acid. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolate was identified as Lactobacillus parafarraginis and given the GenBank accession number (KU495926). L. parafarraginis ((KU495926)) inhibited 14 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Gram-negative clinical isolates, as well as 11 other pathogens by spot-test and well-diffusion assays. The MDR/ESBL clinical isolates and other pathogens included Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis. Analyses of the semi-purified inhibitory fraction by SDS-PAGE, fast perfusion liquid chromatography (FPLC) inferred antimicrobial properties, characteristic of bacteriocins, with a protein band of ~75 kDa. Four bacteriocin structural genes which include sakT-β for sakacinT-β chain, sakT-α (sakacinT-α chain), acd T (acidocin), and plnc8A (plantaricin-α chain) were detected by PCR. The data suggest that L. parafarraginis (KU495926) may be a novel strain with potential therapeutic application. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of this strain from yogurt.

      Keywords: Lactobacillus parafarraginis, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), multi-drug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), bacteriocin

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  • Rachelle Allen-McFarlane

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF L. parafarraginis (KU495926) INHIBITING MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT AND EXTENDED SPECTRUM ΒETA-LACTAMASE GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA [MB]

      Abstract: A new strain of Lactobacillus parafarraginis was isolated from a sample of commercial yogurt and identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. Phenotypic characterization showed bacilli sizes ~ 0.75-2.75 μm × 0.25-0.75 μm, a generation time of ~3.04 h under anaerobic conditions, halotolerance, lactose fermentation, production of hydrogen sulfide gas from Kliger iron agar, and the presence of an unusual fatty-acid methyl ester, cis- 10-nonadecenoic acid. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolate was identified as Lactobacillus parafarraginis and given the GenBank accession number (KU495926). L. parafarraginis ((KU495926)) inhibited 14 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Gram-negative clinical isolates, as well as 11 other pathogens by spot-test and well-diffusion assays. The MDR/ESBL clinical isolates and other pathogens included Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis. Analyses of the semi-purified inhibitory fraction by SDS-PAGE, fast perfusion liquid chromatography (FPLC) inferred antimicrobial properties, characteristic of bacteriocins, with a protein band of ~75 kDa. Four bacteriocin structural genes which include sakT-β for sakacinT-β chain, sakT-α (sakacinT-α chain), acd T (acidocin), and plnc8A (plantaricin-α chain) were detected by PCR. The data suggest that L. parafarraginis (KU495926) may be a novel strain with potential therapeutic application. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of this strain from yogurt.

      Keywords: Lactobacillus parafarraginis, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), multi-drug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), bacteriocin

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  • S. Allirani

    (1)
    1. AUXINS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS INFLUENCED CALLUS FORMATION IN ACHYRANTHES ASPERA L. LEAF EXPLANT [BT]

      Abstract: Callus induction from leaf explant of Achyranthes aspera L. had been achieved using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators under light and dark incubation conditions. Callusing potential on B5 medium had also been evaluated. Our results showed that Kinetin (KIN) was inefficient in callus formation. Leaf explant inoculated on MS+2,4-D (1 mg/L-1) or MS+2,4,5-T (7 and 8 mg/L-1) media and incubated under light produced good callus. But colour of the callus formed in 2,4-D medium became brown after 2 weeks. Better callusing response was seen in MS+2,4,5-T (8 mg/L-1) incubated under dark. Subculture of callus initiated using MS+2,4,5-T (8 mg/L-1) under light condition onto MS medium without any plant growth regulator, BM (basal medium) under dark incubation resulted in yellow green, fleshy and soft callus without browning. B5 medium was not good in callus formation under any incubation conditions.

      Keywords: Leaf explant, callus, MS medium, B5 medium, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, NAA, IBA, BAP, KIN

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  • Zaid Almajdoubi

    (1)
    1. MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF Enterococcus spp. ISOLATED ON ENTEROCOCCUS SELECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL (ESD) MEDIA FROM MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND SEAFOOD IN LIBYA [MB]

      Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Enterococcus spp. in meat, meat products and seafood. A hundred and four samples were randomly collected from different geographic localities in Libya. The samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for enumeration and isolation of Enterococcus spp. by conventional cultural and molecular identification using PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA techniques. Out of 104 samples, 73 (70.2%) isolates were found to be enterococci based on their cultural characteristics on ESD medium. However, out of 36 samples subjected to molecular identification, only six isolates were confirmed to be Enterococcus spp. using PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA technique. All enterococci strains tested for their antibiotic sensitivity profiles showed high percentage of multi-resistance phenotype. These results can be used for further studies on enterococci as an emerging food borne pathogen and its role in human infection in Libya and would suggest that meat, meat products and seafood might play a role in the spreading of enterococci through the food chain with antimicrobial resistance characteristics.

      Keywords: 16S rDNA, antibiogram, enterococci, food, Libya

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  • Meshal H. K. Almalki

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. IN FOOD AND DAIRY PRODUCTS: A FOODSTUFF SAFETY ASSESSMENT [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of the current work was to study the diversity of Staphylococcus spp. in different types of food products that are available to consumers, to assess its safety from a public health standpoint. A total of twenty food samples (raw milk, white cheese, raw minced meat, beef salami and salted fish) were purchased from the markets. Detection of Staphylococci was performed by selective plating on mannitol salt agar and Staphylococcus medium 110. Identification of presumptive isolates was achieved by phenotypical traits; API Staph System and 16S rRNA sequencing. Raw milk was found to have more diverse species of coagulase-negative staphylococci as well as MRSA. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species detected in cheese, beef salami and salted fish are the species that are usually involved in the ripening or fermentation process. In conclusion, we found low safety hazards associated with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from foodstuffs, the only exception is the ready-to-drink raw milk and raw minced meat which was found to be in low microbiological quality and its consumption must be avoided.

      Keywords: Food, Dairy, Safety assessment, Staphylococcus, PCR, 16S rRNA

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  • Viera Almášiová

    (4)
    1. INFLUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON TESTICULAR STRUCTURE AND STEROIDOGENESIS IN RATS [BT]

      Abstract: In the new era of intensive usage of modern electronic devices everybody is influenced by an accumulating effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) more widely than ever in the past. EMR is a self-propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components and is physically classed as non-ionising radiation. The immediate whole body electromagnetic radiation – EMR was used to investigate testicular structure and testosterone synthesis of the Wistar rats. Sexually mature (48 days old) rats were subjected to pulsed electromagnetic fields at frequency of 2.45 GHz and mean power density of 2.8 mW/cm2 for 3 h per 3 weeks. Histological structure of the testicular parenchyma and plasma testosterone concentrations were evaluated in 21 days post irradiation. The light microscopy revealed moderate degenerative changes in testicular parenchyma as well as decreased plasma testosterone levels in experimental animals compared to the control counterpart which indicate an adverse effect of EMR on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in rats. These findings confirmed the evidence, that the testes are amongst the most susceptible organs to the EMR. Next studies are required for elucidation of relation between the EMR and widely debated disorders of fertility and fecundity not only in the human population.

      Keywords: electromagnetic radiation, testes, structure, testosterone, rats

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    2. T-2 TOXIN AND ITS EFFECT ON THE STRUCTURE OF RABBIT LIVER [BT]

      Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the T-2 toxin and quercetin (Q) on the structure of rabbit’s liver. T-2 toxin is a member of the fungal metabolites known as the trichothecences. Quercetin belongs to a large number of flavonoid compounds commonly found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. These flavonoid compounds have manifold biological properties. We observed the influence of this flavonoid on rabbit’s liver after mycotoxin exposure.
      Adult female and male rabbits of the meat line M91 were used in this experiment. Animals were divided into three groups: control group, T-2 group (1000 μg.kg-1), and T-2 toxin combined with quercetin (T-2+Q) (1000 μg.kg-1 and 0.3 mg.kg-1).
      Light microscopy revealed the most pronounced changes in the T-2 group in the portobiliar spaces of the rabbit’s liver. They were dilated and contained inflammatory cells. The inflammation was not located only in these spaces, but was spread along the lobules. In these areas the marked proliferation of progenitor cells, oval cells were observed. These cells were oval, with light-staining cytoplasm and pronounced euchromatic oval shaped nucleus. Hepatocytes located at the borders of portobiliar space showed marked morphological changes. They were large, pale with round euchromatic nuclei. Many of them had two nuclei.
      The histological changes in the T-2+Q group were moderate in comparison with changes observed in T-2 group. We observed only moderate to slight inflammation in the portobiliar space. Sinusoids were slightly dilated and contained lymphocytes and Kupffer cells. Hepatocytes were pale with round nuclei. The number of binuclear hepatocytes increased considerably compared with T-2 group.In our study we observed partial protective effect of this dietary antioxidant to liver. Quercetin reduced the intensity of inflammation in the portal spaces. Rapid regeneration parenchyma by of activation of hepatocytes and oval cells was also seen.

      Keywords: T-2 toxin, quercetin, liver, structure, rabbit

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    3. LIVER, ONE OF THE TARGET ORGAN OF PESTICIDES [BT]

      Abstract: In our previous works we observed the morphological changes in the rabbit’s liver for the period of 3, 10, 20 and 30 days after bendiorarb exposure. The most frequent change was the inflammatory process which reached the highest intensity on day three of administration of bendiocarb. In the present study we observed the ultrastructural changes in the rabbit´s liver after 10-day of bendiocarb exposure, at a dose 5 mg/kg of body weight.
      On the tenth day of bendiorarb exposure we did not observed prominent changes in the rabbit liver. The size and shape of hepatocytes were not markedly changed. Their nuclei were centrally located, euchromatic. Intercellular contacts between adjacent cells showed no visible changes. Hepatocytes were located close to each other without extended intercellular spaces. The most numerous organelles in the hepatocytes were mitochondria. They were round or ovoid-shaped with visible cristae. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was closely associated with the mitochondria without visible dilatation. In some hepatocytes amount of glycogen was reduced. In these cells we observed dilatation of peripheral cisternae of RER was observed.
      Liver acts as a barrier or filter between the digestive system and the rest of the body and has essential role in metabolism of many chemicals and toxic substances entering the organism through the gastrointestinal system. Our study demonstrates that bendiocarb on day 10 caused less prominent ultrastructural changes in the rabbit´s liver. Inflammation, accumulation of Kupffer cells and necrotizing hepatocytes were frequently observed by light microscopy. The electron microscopy revealed less pronounced changes in ultrastructure of the hepatocytes.

      Keywords: bendiorarb, liver, ultrastructure, rabbit

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    4. EFFECT OF LIFETIME LOW DOSE EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM ON LIPID METABOLISM OF WISTAR RATS [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of exposure to low doses of cadmium dissolved in drinking water (at a concentration 200 times higher than the maximum permissible dose) on lipid metabolism in 20 Wistar rats. Animals were divided into two groups, control and experimental. Experimental animals were exposed to low doses
      of cadmium chloride in concentration of 20 μM of drinking water. The biochemical parameters determined in blood plasma included lipase, triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in blood of rats. Lipase decreased; triglycerides, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not changed in rats exposed to cadmium. The objective assessment of potential damage should consider not only the final results but also levels of the investigated parameters throughout the trial, i.e. in its individual stages.

      Keywords: cadmium, lipid metabolism, rats, toxicology

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  • Sulaiman Alnaimat

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF HONEY FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS: A COMPARSION WITH MANUKA HONEY [MB]

      Abstract: The antibacterial activity of honey is well documented, this activity is mainly due to its low pH, osmolarity and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Recently, more attention has been given to the importance of a unique extra antimicrobial activity, termed as a non-peroxide activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of selected honeys from different origins; specifically to evaluate their non-hydrogen peroxide derived activity, against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli and S. epidermidis; manuka honey was used as the control. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. noticeable variations in the antibacterial activity of the different honey samples were observed. Most of tested honeys had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly Greek Pine, Scottish Heather, Chilean Ulmo, New Zealand Beech and Jarrah Honey. Unfortunately, none of the tested honey had a detectable non-peroxide activity.

      Keywords: Antibacterial activity, manuka honey, Non-peroxide activity, MRSA

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  • Zakaria Alnaser

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF HOUSEHOLD PROCESSING ON REMOVAL OF MULTI-CLASSES OF PESTICIDES FROM TOMATOES [FS]

      Abstract: In this paper, twenty-two pesticide residues were monitored in tomatoes.72 marketed samples were extracted and purified with QuEChERS method, and analyzed with liquid and gas Chromatography. The mean recoveries ranged from 90.75%to105.31%. The relative standard deviation was 1% to 7.5%. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0231 mg.kg−1 and 0.0012 to 0.0693 mg.kg−1, and good linearity was obtained. Out of total analyzed samples, 34 samples (47.22%) were contaminated with tested pesticide residues; out of which 10 samples (13.89%) exceeded the maximum residue limits.
      The effects of four processing techniques (washing with tap water, washing with solution of acetic acid, peeling and boiling) on the residual pattern of five insecticides (dimethoate, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and fenvalerate) and one herbicide (2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4D)) were evaluated. The reaction of the pesticides depends obviously on the physico-chemical features and also on the systemic character of the pesticides. Both of the washings lowered clearly the residues for all detected pesticides with removing up to 63.08%. Peeling was found to totally remove the residues of fenvalerate, carbaryl, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos. Results obtained from the boiling indicated that a complete removal of 2,4D and dimethoate residues was finally achieved. In addition to that, the concentrations of cypermethrin and fenvalerate increased and processing factors above 1 were observed, the results can be seen as valuable base for monitoring of pesticides in tomatoes and supply more comprehension of residue demeanor after household processing. These implementations are important to protect consumer health from the damage of pesticide residues in food.

      Keywords: pesticide residues, QuEChERS, household processing, food safety

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  • A. Samir Alnori

    (1)
    1. THE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS CITRUS AURANTIUM PEELS ON HUMAN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA CELL LINE (LIM1863) [BT]

      Abstract: Citrus essential oils (EOs) contain different terpens that have been shown to possess antitumor effects. We determined the cytotoxic effect of essential oils of Citrus aurantium L. subspamara peels on a colorectal cancer cell line (Lim1863). Three samples were harvested from three locations in Syria. EOs were extracted by hydrodistilation and analyzed by GC-MS. EOs content of Limonene was96-97.7 % while α-pinene and β-myrcenewere0.35-1% and 0.9-1.4% respectively. Various concentrations of EOs (0.25-48 µl/ml) were added to cultured cells and incubated for 72 h. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT-based cytotoxicity assay. The obtained IC50 value range of C. aurantium Eos was 2.18-2.44 µl/ml. In conclosion, C. aurantium peels Eos obviously reduced the cell viability and it might have cytotoxic effect against colorectal cancer cell line.

      Keywords: Citrus aurantium, Peels, Essential oils, cytotoxicity, Lim1863

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  • Mahenaj Alo

    (1)
    1. SURVIVAL ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA WITH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE TRAITS FROM FRESH SUMMER ROYAL GRAPE: IN VITRO MICROBIAL CHALLENGE TEST [MB]

      Abstract: Table grape act as a popular and mouthwatering fruit supplement over the world. Unhygienic handling of these fruits can possess a diverse threat to public health safety. Moreover, the fruit juice can serve as a nutrient for bacterial growth as well if kept in an unsanitary condition. For this purpose, five imported grape samples (Red Globe, Perlette, Calmeria, Princess and Summer Royal) were tested to assess the presence of pathogenic bacteria and drug-resistant pattern of the isolates. The total bacterial count (TBC) and total fungal count (TFC) showed the presence large amount of bacterial (ranged from 4.4 x 104 to 8.1 x 107) and fungal population on the grapes samples, especially on the skin part of the fruits. Several pathogenic isolates, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from tested grape samples. However, the presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp. and Klebsiella spp. were not found from any of the samples. The concerning part of the present study was drug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from supplied Fresh Summer Royal Grape. The most of the isolated bacterial spp. were resistant to all most all of the commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin (10 µg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), azithromycin (15 µg), novobiocin (30 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), neomycin (30 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), kanamycin (30 µg) and cefiximycin (5 µg). No grape samples showed any kind of antimicrobial activity against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. The survival pattern of inoculated bacterial samples in the grape sample showed a slight decrease in growth in the course of time.

      Keywords: Summer Royal grape, Grape-borne bacteria, Pathogenic Microorganisms, Antibiotic susceptibility, Microbial challenge test

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  • Oluwafisayo Alonge

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS ON ACTIVITY OF α-AMYLASE FROM A TROPICAL STRAIN ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS LINK [MB]

      Abstract: An important integral part of the physiology of the fungal cell is the nature of the cascade of extracellular enzymes produced by fungi. A tropical strain Aspergillus flavus Link obtained from deteriorated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits grew in a growth nutrient medium composed of MgSO4.7H20, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, FeSO4.7H2O, potassium nitrate and starch at 30oC. Extracellular proteins produced by the isolate in the medium expressed α-amylase activity. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 35oC and at pH 6.0. It possessed an apparent Km of 7.1 mg/ml for the hydrolysis of starch. The enzyme was stimulated by Na+ and Ca2+ but inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol. It lost 64.1% of its activity within 20 min of heating at 80oC. Of the nitrogenous compounds potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and casein, casein as nitrogen source in the defined growth medium with starch as carbon source supported most activity of α-amylase by the fungal isolate. Observations during the partial purification and characterization of the enzyme are herein reported.

      Keywords: α-Amylase, Aspergillus flavus Link, tropical strain, tomato

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  • Amanda Alonzo

    (1)
    1. PREVENTIVE TREATMENT TO COMPLEMENT INFECTION CONTROL FOR CANDIDEMIA: IDENTIFICATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS THAT EFFECTIVELY INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF Saccharomyces AND B. megaterium WHILE PROLIFERATING E. coli [MB]

      Abstract: Fungal infections have a crude mortality rate of 40% among immunocompromised patients, who are very susceptible due to drug resistant yeast strains and delayed diagnosis. In fact, in the United States alone, annual therapeutic treatments cost $2.8 billion. This study aims to develop preventive treatments to complement established infection control for fungal infections. The hypothesis was that the combination of probiotics with cinnamon would be the most effective treatment. Various combinations and concentrations of over-the-counter supplements were evaluated in their ability to inhibit yeast and detrimental bacterial growth while proliferating beneficial bacteria. Saccharomyces, E. coli, and B. megaterium were grown in petri dishes to represent detrimental yeast, beneficial bacteria, and detrimental intestinal bacteria respectively. By measuring the zone of inhibition, this study shows that probiotics recreate an oxygenated, nonacidic, and beneficial bacterial habitat without interfering with the antifungal. The combination of oil of oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii) with acidophilus was the most effective treatment, not supporting the hypothesis. Overall, taking oil of oregano and acidophilus with the antibiotic regimen may reduce the risk of developing fungal infections. Further research into understanding the underlying mechanism of these results and evaluating the clinical implications of this combination is recommended.

      Keywords: Candidemia, antifungal, antibiotic regimen, oil of oregano, acidophilus

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  • Mohammed Alotaibi

    (1)
    1. LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS STRAINS FROM INTESTINAL ORGAN OF BLACK TIPS SHARK CARCHARHINUS LIMBATUS PRODUCING NISIN-LIKE BACTERIOCIN ACTIVE AGAINST SHRIMP AND FISH PATHOGENS (VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS AND VIBRIO ALGINOLYTICUS) [MB]

      Abstract: Shark can be a potential source for host-associated probiotics destined to be used in aquaculture. In this study, intestinal tissues of Black tip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) was used as the source sample for inhibition screening based on spot-on-lawn and agar well diffusion methods. Out of the 80 isolates, only four showed antagonistic activities against selected indicator strains. All of the 4 isolates FA1, FA2, FA3 and FA4 were found to be Gram positive coccus, non-spore former, oxidase and catalase negatives, as well as lactose fermenters. The isolate FA1, FA2, FA3 and FA4 were found to demonstrate broad range of inhibitory spectrum on gram-positive indicator bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and the gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus); with the highest inhibition zone at 20.0±0.1 mm, recorded on V. parahaemolyticus. The genotype of the isolates was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing. Each sequence with a given GenBank (NCBI) accession number (MN975529 for FA1; MN982712 for FA2; MN982711 for FA3; and MN982710 for FA4) showed at least 99% similarity with Lactococcus lactis subspecies. The crude cell free supernatant (CFS) of the isolates potentially contained a putative bacteriocin displaying nisin-like properties. The pH and catalase treatments showed that neither organic acid nor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was the inhibitory component. An almost 95% inactivation of the CFS’s antimicrobial activity was observed following treatment with trypsin suggested a presence of proteinaceous agent. Growth and inhibition studies on all isolated strains demonstrated that the inhibition properties were growth associated, with maximum inhibition achieved at ~20.0 ± 0.1 mm (or ~168 ± 17 AU/ml) at 17 hours by FA2 strain against V. parahaemolyticus. A study on the mode of inhibition demonstrated a bactericidal killing against V. parahaemolyticus. The isolation of Lactococcus lactis strain from shark is rather unique since it was commonly reported to be isolated from human and animals. These strains show bacteriocinogenic properties, broad spectrum inhibition, and more importantly, they are able to antagonise some pathogens implicated in fish or shrimp diseases. Therefore, these strains have potential for use as probiotics in aquaculture.

      Keywords: lactic acid bacteria, probiotic, nisin, Lactococcus lactis

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  • Mohd. Musheer Altaf

    (1)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION OF PAENIBACILLUS DURUS (PNF16) A NEW ISOLATE AND ITS SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION WITH OTHER ISOLATED RHIZOBACTERIA IN PROMOTING GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA [MB]

      Abstract: Application of PGPR in crop production and protection is well known and can also contribute in reducing use of agrochemicals. However, the performance of PGPR is influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. Isolating new efficient PGPR strain well adapted to local soil agroclimatic conditions is expected to perform with more consistency. In this study five selected rhizobacteria isolated previously were first tested in vitro for plant growth promoting (PGP) characteristics. One of the isolate PNF16 was identified as Paenibacillus durus by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. PNF16 alone and in combination with other rhizobacteria (Azotobacter (AZT3), Achromobacter (PNF11), Bacillus (Bc1), Pseudomonas (Ps5) and Mesorhizobium (IARI) were tested for plant growth promoting effect under pot conditions in two consecutive years. PNF16 was found to produce 21.7 µg ml-1 of indole acetic acid like substances, hydroxymate type of siderophores (Salicylate type 11 µg ml-1 and benzoate type 6.5 µg ml-1) and solubilized phosphate (405.33 µg ml-1). PNF16 -Mesorhizobium combination was found significantly better compared to other combinations for growth parameters, nodulation and yield of chickpea over control. Similar study was also performed for other tested strain. Significant increase in plant growth (32%), nodulation (43%) compared to untreated control was recorded. Co-inoculation also showed synergy and increased the number of pods per plant, 1000-grain weight, dry matter yield, grain yield and protein content by 23%, 22%, 21%, 18% and 4.4% respectively, compared to control. The results indicated the potential usefulness of PNF16 alone and in combinations in enhancement of nodulation and stimulation of plant growth in chickpea and adapted to soil condition of the region.

      Keywords: Paenibacillus; Mesorhizobium; PGPR, plant-microbe interaction, nodulation, chickpea

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  • Desirée Follana Álvarez

    (1)
    1. THE USE OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AS SCREENING TECHNIQUE FOR PECTIN AND PECTIN SUBSTANCES OF DIETARY FIBERS [BT]

      Abstract: The peak of the unspecified compound of quantitative analysis of organic acids in biological materials by using high-performance liquid chromatography was identified. This peak corresponded to polygalacturonic acid. A High-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to identify and quantify of water soluble pectin fraction and insoluble pectin fraction, galacturonic acid and polygalacturonic acid. The method based on the extraction of free water soluble fraction with phosphate buffer (pH 4.8) or with 0.01 N phosphoric acid and on the acid hydrolysis of insoluble pectin fraction in presence 0.1 N HNO3. The pectin fractions were separated and determined on a C610H column using elution with 0.01 N phosphoric acids and ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. Galacturonic acid and polygalacturonic acid were used as internal standard. The calibration curves were presented for each of the standards. The determinations were performed in the linear range of 0.04÷0.17% w/v for both pectin fractions. Proposed procedure can considered as a rapid method for quantitative pectin determination in the food, food nutrition’s food, and pharmaceutical agents.

      Keywords: High-performance liquid chromatography method, water soluble pectin fraction, insoluble pectin fraction, polygalacturonic acid, dietary fiber, food, nutrition’s food, pharmaceutical agents

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  • Lisandro Diego Giraldez Alvarez

    (1)
    1. AN OPTIMIZED ALTERNATIVE FOR PHENOLIC COMPOUND-EXTRACTION OF STRAWBERRY BAGASSE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES [FS]

      Abstract: The optimum extraction conditions for highest recovery of total phenolics content and antioxidant capacities were analyzed for strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) using response surface methodology. Phenolic compounds have been used in food technological processes, and thus it can contribute to the prevention of some degenerative diseases and used as antioxidant or antimicrobial. The assessment of the concentration of total phenolics, as well as their capacity to scavenge ABTS and the antioxidant capacity, determined by the modified DPPH method, were investigated based on distinct combinations of time, temperature, and solvents concentration. It was investigated that the optimum condition for getting the highest antioxidant yield was obtained under water-acetone (80:20, v/v) at 36 ºC and 36 min. We have found that the maximum yield of total phenolic was 1707.66 ± 38.43 (mg GAE/100 g), preserving the antioxidant capacity which was measured by using DPPH and ABTS assays, showing an EC50 of 1085.20 ± 32 (g fruit/g of DPPH) and 66.67 ± 2.4 (μM trolox/g fruit) respectively. This method is also easier and cheaper than other methods to perform polyphenols extractions since does not require expensive reagents or high quantities of organic solvents.

      Keywords: antioxidants, strawberry, optimization, phenolic compounds

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  • Olga B. Alvarez-Pérez

    (1)
    1. PECTIN – CANDELILLA WAX: AN ALTERNATIVE MIXTURE FOR EDIBLE FILMS [FS]

      Abstract: Edible films and coatings have received special attention in recent years due to the advantages that represent their use as edible packaging over synthetics materials. This contributes in high degree to reduce the environmental pollution with non-biodegradable materials. By functioning as barriers, such edible films and coatings can improve the recycling and/or substitute some synthetic packaging materials. New packaging materials have been developed and characterized by some scientists from natural sources (biomaterials); however, it is necessary the manufacture tailor-made to every food. The main objective of this review is to provide basic and applied information and benefits that can be generate the use of two products with low cost (candelilla wax and pectin), but with great importance in the food industry and that can be used to manufacture edible films and coatings.

      Keywords: Pectin, candelilla wax, glycerol, edible films, foods

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  • Sydney Hartz Alves

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SESQUITERPENE α-CURCUMENE AND ITS SYNERGISM WITH IMIPENEM [MB]

      Abstract: α-Curcumene was isolated from the fresh aerial parts of Senecio selloi Spreng. DC. and its activity against bacteria, yeasts and an alga was inspected by the applying the microdilution method. The strongest effect was manifested against Saccharomyces cerevisiae with estimated values of MIC and MFC 0.8 mg/mL. The α-curcumene synergism in the concentrations of 1 mM and 5 mM, respectively, with selected antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, imipenem, ceftazidim and a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Klebsiella pneumoniae by the disk diffusion assay. The results have shown the occurrence of synergism of α-curcumene with imipenem against the clinical isolate E. cloacae with a significance level of p> 0.05. Based on these informations it can be concluded that fungal strains are more sensitive for α-curcumene than the bacterial ones and the synergism of α-curcumene with imipenem can improve the antibiotic efficiency against the E. cloacae.

      Keywords: Senecio selloi; α-curcumene; antimicrobial activity; Enterobacter cloacae; imipenem, synergism

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  • Aly A. Aly

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF CULTIVAR ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FUNGICIDES IN CONTROLLING POWDERY MILDEW OF FLAX AND RELATIONSHIP OF AGRONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRAITS TO DISEASE SEVERITY [FS]

      Abstract: A two-year field study was conducted at El-Ismailiya, Egypt, to evaluate the fungicides Bellis and Sulphurs applied as a foliar sprays for controlling powdery mildew on six flax cultivars. Disease severity, straw yield, and seed yield were used as criteria for evaluating the performance of fungicide on the tested cultivars. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that each of the fungicides and cultivar was highly significant source of variation (p = 0.000), in disease severity, strae yield, and seed yieled. ANOVA also showed that fungicide x cultivars interaction was a highly significant source of variation (p = 0.000) in disease severity, while it was insignificant in straw and seed yields. Both fungicides were effective in reducing disease severity; however, sulphur surpassed Bellis in increasing straw yield and seed yield. Therefore, linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between agronomic or technological traits and powdery mildew severity (PMS). All traits showed significant negative correlations with PMS after the appliction of fungicides, which suggest that control of late-season powdery mildew could be economically important when PMS on flax cultivars is high.

      Keywords: Flax, Odium line, fungicides, agronomic traits

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  • SAVADOGO Aly

    (1)
    1. IMPROVEMENT OF BORASSUS AKEASSII WINES QUALITY BY CONTROLLED FERMENTATION USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE STRAINS [FS]

      Abstract: Palm wine produced traditionally and consumed by many people around the world and specifically in Burkina Faso posed health risks because of questionable quality of wine produced by mix culture fermentation and the use of antiseptics for the stabilization. In order to improve its quality, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Borassus akeassii wines and identified by amplification and RFLP analysis of the 5-8S-ITS region were used for in vitro fermentation of unfermented palm sap. The physicochemical characteristics of the sap were measured before and after fermentation process by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the microbiological quality were also performed. HPLC analysis showed that glucose and fructose concentration in palm sap were 37.0 and 27.6 g/L respectively, ethanol content was ranged between 2.76 and 5.31 % (g/mL) for controlled fermentation and 2.20 % (g/mL) for spontaneous fermentation. Lactic and acetic acids were ranged between 0.1 and 0.3 g/L and 1.5 and 1.6 g/L for controlled fermentation versus 2.5 and 3.1 g/L and the spontaneous fermentation respectively. Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were detected only in the unfermented palm sap and the wine fermented spontaneously.
      Principal component analysis showed a good separation between spontaneous and controlled fermentation. Sterilization and controlled fermentation of the unfermented sap with palm wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains led to the improvement of palm wine quality.

      Keywords: Borassus akeassii wine, Fermentation, improvement, quality, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RFLP, HPLC

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  • Savadogo Aly

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS AND PESTICIDES CONTENTS IN MARKET-GARDENING PRODUCTS SOLD IN SOME PRINCIPAL MARKETS OF OUAGADOUGOU (BURKINA FASO) [FS]

      Abstract: Pesticides and heavy metals are persistent organic pollutants responsible for immune deficiency, certain types of cancer, and decreased length of pregnancy.In this study, 20 chemical pesticides and 4 heavy metals were detected from 120 samples of 4 types of vegetables and 40 samples of babenda collected from Ouagadougou principal markets. The "babenda" is a Burkinabe dish made mainly of leafy vegetables (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Amaranthus hybridus, and Cleome gynandra) coarsely chopped and millet or rice that was boiled together.A multi-residue method was developed to detect the pesticides in the samples collected by gas chromatography, with micro electron capture detector. The concentration of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic were obtained from the 120 vegetables samples by using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Residues of pesticides were detected in 87% of the samples, and among the positive samples, 58.40% contained concentrations higher than the limit of maximum residue (LMR). Thirteen active pesticide residues were detected in the vegetables. The contents of the majority of pesticides residues were higher than the LMR. Seven active ingredients were detected in the babenda. 50% of the samples had more than one pesticide residue. The heavy metal concentrations ranged from 0.0098 to 2.66 mg.kg -1 for Hg; 0.01 to 1.146 mg.kg -1 for Pb; 0.016 to 1.72 mg.kg -1 for Cd and 0.012 to 1.885 mg.kg -1 for As. The relative abundance of heavy metals in the vegetables followed the sequence Cd (0.018 mg.kg -1) > Pb (0.016 mg.kg -1) > As (0.012 mg.kg -1) > Hg (0.0098 mg.kg -1). In addition, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples collected from the different markets exceeded the threshold according to the lawful maximum concentration (CMR) established in France. The continuous follow-up and a strict regulation of these pollutants in the vegetables particularly, are necessary.

      Keywords: Heavy metals; Vegetables; Pesticides; Markets; Polluant , Ouagadougou

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  • Usama Aly

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF MICRORHIZOMES IN GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCO) [BT]

      Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to highlight an effective protocol for in vitro production of ginger microrhizomes. Microrhizomes were induced at the base of the in vitro derived shoots upon transfer to MS medium containing various concentrations of (30, 60 and 90 g/L), BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine (3, 6 and 9 mg/L) and grown under varying photoperiodism in addition to the MS medium supplemented with 9 mg/L BAP and 60-90 g/L sucrose under 16-h photoperiod within 10 weeks of cultivation were the best conditions for microrhizomes induction. Ginger microrhizomes formation in vitro was found to be controlled by many factors, including the concentrations of BAP and sucrose as well as photoperiodism during culturing period.

      Keywords: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, Ginger, Photoperiodism, Sucrose, BAP and Microrhizomes

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  • Soledad López Alzogaray

    (1)
    1. BIOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE RIPENING OF ARGENTINEAN FRESH GOAT’S MILK CHEESES MADE WITH NATIVE CULTURES [BT]

      Abstract: Two different cultures with native lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were designed, S (starter culture consisting of Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus UNSE308, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus UNSE309, Streptococcus (S). thermophilus UNSE314, S. thermophilus UNSE321) and A (starter culture S plus adjunct culture consisting of L. plantarum UNSE316, L. plantarum UNSE317, Pediococcus (P). pentosaceus UNSE22, P. pentosaceus UNSE253). Cultures S, A and C (lyophilized commercial culture of Streptococcus thermophillus) were used to manufacture fresh goat cheeses (CS, CA and CC) from pasteurized milk. The impact of these cultures on the microbiological, biochemical and physicochemical parameters were evaluated during ripening (30 days). Results evidenced that CC, CA and CS did not show significant differences in protein and fat content, NaCl, acidity, fat acidity and aw, at the same time of ripening. All experimental cheeses underwent moderate lipolysis since moderate levels of free fatty acids (FFA) at the end of ripening were detected (~1.5 g kg-1) and made an important contribution to characteristic flavour and aroma. In all cases, a slight proteolysis was detected; CC showed the lowest levels during ripening. Values of NaCl (1.27%) were in accordance with those reported in most cheeses. During ripening, mesophilic LAB counts in MRS agar increased nearly 1 log cycle, total coliforms per gram at 30ºC showed counts below the maximum allowed by Argentinean legislation. Overall impression of CS and CA was qualified as good compared to CC that was scored as regular. The fresh goat cheeses made with native cultures presented suitable typical flavour and satisfying overall sensorial characteristics.

      Keywords: Fresh goat cheese, native starter culture, native adjunct culture, physicochemical analysis, microbiological analysis

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  • Benjamin A. Amadi

    (1)
    1. ANTI-NUTRIENTS, AMINO ACID QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF “NDUDUAGWORAGWO” TRADITIONAL DIET [FS]

      Abstract: A “nduduagworagwo” is a traditional food of Akokwa people in Imo State, South eastern, Nigeria. Based on the recent linkage of natural foods to health, the anti-nutrients, amino acid quality and performance characteristics of “nduduagworagwo” traditional food was studied. Low levels of cyanogenic glycoside (0.09±0.03mg/100g), phytate (0.04±0.00 mg/100g), and oxalate (0.29±0.05 mg/100g) anti-nutrients were observed in the studied food. Anti-nutrient/nutrient interactions; oxalate/calcium (0.73), phytate/calcium (0.01), and phytate/iron (0.02) in “nduduagworagwo” were lower than their critical values. Essential and non-essential amino acids were also obtained in the food. The chemical scores for observed amino acids compared favourably with those of reference food materials and some other existing traditional foods. The performance characteristics in this study indicated that “nduduagworagwo” could be an intermediate protein food that can enhance the body with good digestibility (96.00± 2.87%) and biological (58.06± 1.04%) values. The present study has revealed the anti-nutrients, amino acid quality, and performance characteristic of “nduduagworagwo” traditional food.

      Keywords: Amino acids, anti-nutrients, “nduduagworagwo”, performance characteristics, amino acids, chemical scores

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  • Andin Vita Amalia

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MARCHANTIA SP. EXTRACT: TESTING AN ALCOHOL-FREE HAND SANITIZER PRODUCT FORMULA [MB]

      Abstract: Common liverwort is widely distributed around the world, and its extract has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic activities. This research investigated the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from common liverwort (Marchantia sp.) and its potency as a material for hand sanitizer formulation. The green synthesis (eco-friendly and biosafe synthesis using the nontoxic reagents) of liverwort AgNPs (LAgNPs) was performed using the maceration technique and 1 mg AgNO3. Characterization of LAgNPs was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) was performed to determine the nanoparticle size and elements. Then, the effectiveness of LAgNPs and LAgNPs-formulated hand sanitizer to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer results from LAgNPs at wavelength ranged from 400 to 700 nm shows an absorbance peak at 422 nm. FTIR analysis indicates that the LAgNPs were stabilized by isothiocyanate and amide, which represents the presence of various phytochemicals in the liverwort extract. The SEM-EDX analysis clearly shows that the size of the nanoparticles lies between 0.020-0.040 nm, and it contains several elements O, C, N, and Ag. Also, 75% LAgNPs concentration inhibited the growth of E.coli and S.aureus with clear zone diameter at 19.75 ± 6.13 mm and 16.25 ± 0.54 mm, respectively; whereas the formulated hand sanitizer inhibition diameter for both bacterial species was at 11.33 ± 1.03 mm and 11.00 ± 0.54 mm, respectively. The LAgNPs exhibits a promising antimicrobial activity for application in a non-alcoholic hand sanitizer product formulation.

      Keywords: antimicrobial activity; common liverwort; silver nanoparticles

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  • Tivkaa Amande

    (1)
    1. PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTINASES FROM MANGO PEELS BY Aspergillus tamarii [MB]

      Abstract: Pectinases are a group of enzymes that are able to breakdown or transform pectin. Sources of pectinase comprise a wide variety of bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus sp. In this study pectinases (polygalacturonase and pectin lyase) were produced from mango peels by Aspergillus tamarii in solid state fermentation and a fraction of the crude enzyme solution obtained by ultracentrifugation was used for partial characterization assay. The maximum polygalacturonase production was 141.0095 U/g at day 3, 6 and 9 of incubation while the maximum pectin lyase production was 5670.50 U/g obtained at day 6. The optimum temperature and pH for polygalacturonase activity was between 40 – 70oC and 5.0 respectively while that of pectin lyase was 60oC and 7.5 respectively. The polygalacturonase produced was stable between pH 3.6 – 10.0 and at a temperature range of 30 – 70oC while the pectin lyase was stable between pH 7.0 – 8.5 and at 40oC. Na+, Mn+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ caused a significant increase in the activity of polygalacturonase whereas Fe2+ and Mg2+ caused a significant decrease in its activity (P≤0.05). The activity of pectin lyase was significantly increased by Fe2+, Mn+ and Zn2+ but significantly decreased by Cu2+, Mg2+ and Na+ (P≤0.05). Mango peel is a cheap, available and valuable substrate for pectinase production which could be useful for industrial applications especially in the food industry for processing fruit juices.

      Keywords: Pectinase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, solid state fermentation, mango peels

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  • Tivkaa Joseph Amande

    (1)
    1. OPTIMIZATION OF TOTAL SOLUBLE PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY Trametes sp. isolate B7 AND ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF SYNTHETIC DYES [BT]

      Abstract: Filamentous fungi as a source of bioproteins for biotechnological applications are preferred over bacteria and yeasts due to their excellent yield and total volume of production. Fungal laccases are useful because of high redox potentials and low substrate specificity to xenobiotics. However, challenges for large-scale utilizations are low enzyme yield and high cost of production. Saw-dust of Terminalia superba abounds locally and was utilized as alternative substrate for production using various optimization processes. Trametes sp. isolate B7 was isolated and identified using molecular techniques. Optimum pH and temperature for total soluble protein (TSP) and laccase activity were pH 5.0 (3.6 mg/mL, 2356 U/mL) and 25oC (2.3 mg/mL, 2395 U/mL), respectively. Enhanced production of TSA occurred in Cu2+ (2.70 mg/L) and Ca2+ (2.50 mg/L) at 3 mM. Laccase activity was recorded at 1 - 2 mM Cu2+ (2379 U/mL) and 3 - 4 mM Ca2+ (2385 U/mL). Productions of TSP and laccase activity were higher using ammonium sulphate and ammonium chloride respectively. Glucose induced the best TSP and laccase activity of 3.6 mg/mL and 2395 U/mL respectively. TSP and laccase activity were best on day 14 (3.6 mg/mL) and day 18 (2395 U/mL) respectively. Percentage degradation of synthetic dyes using crude laccase 1000 U/mL (and 2000 U/mL) were: Remazol Brilliant Blue Royal 100% (77%), Phenol red 28% (36%), Congo red 75% (64%), and Malachite green 62% (28%) respectively. The ability of laccase to degrade Phenol red and other synthetic dyes without using enzyme mediators made it a valuable tool for biotechnological applications.

      Keywords: Trametes sp., Total soluble protein, Laccase activity, Optimization, Synthetic dyes, Enzymatic degradation

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  • Amanullah

    (1)
    1. WHEAT BIOMASS AND HARVEST INDEX INCREASES WITH INTEGRATED USE OF PHOSPHORUS, ZINC AND BENEFICIAL MICROBES UNDER SEMIARID CLIMATES [FS]

      Abstract: Under semiarid climate, the higher soil pH and alkalinity reduce phosphorus (P) availability and thus crop productivity. The higher prices of P-fertilizers restrict small holders to apply the required P level to their field crops. Proper P management under semiarid climates is very essantail for increaase crop productivity of smallholders. An expriemnt was work out in 2013-15 to study the impact of P management on wheat total biomass and harvest index. The expriment was worked out at the University of Agriculture, Agronomy research farm. In experiment one, treatments were: four P levels (100, 80, 60 and 40 kg P ha-1), three levels of zinc (15, 10 and 5 kg Zn ha-1) and three timings of beneficial microbes (BM) timings of application (at sowing, 20 DAE and 40 DAE). It was concluded from the experiment one, that application of 80 kg P ha-1 + 15 kg Zn ha-1 along with BM at 20 DAE produced higher wheat biomass and harvest index. In experiment two, treatments were: four P-fertilizers sources (TSP, DAP, SSP, NP), four P levels (120, 90, 60, 0 kg P ha-1) and three varieties of wheat (Shahkar-2013, Pirsabak-2013, and Atta-Habib-2010). The results indicated that maximum biomass yield and harvest index was calculted with SSP application. Maximum biomass and harvest index was produced with 120 kg P ha-1 application to the soil. Among wheat varieties Pirsabak-2013 perform better than others by producing higher harvest index and biomass.

      Keywords: phosphorus, levels, sources, wheat, varieties, zinc levels, beneficial microbes

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  • Abid Amar

    (1)
    1. PRELIMINARY PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF SELECTED AEROCOCCUS SPP., ENTEROCOCCUS SPP., AND WEISELLA SP. FROM ALGERIAN GUEDID [MB]

      Abstract: Objective: The aim of the current study was to carry out probiotic criteria of ten candidates; 5 Aerococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp., and 1 Weisella sp. from Algerian culinary Guedid prepared traditionally to preserve and improve sensory and nutritional quality of this product.
      Methods: Antimicrobial activity, acidity, growth Kinetics, quantification, heat and enzymes sensitivities were assayed against Listeria ivanovii CECT148, Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Clostridium perfringens CECT486. Assessment of proteolysis, lipolysis, amylolysis, gelatinase, bile salts hydrolase, acetoin and exopolysaccharides production, acidity conditions, bile salts, gastric and intestinal resistances were determined. Survival lactic acid bacteria was then calculated using single plate-serial dilution spotting. Cholesterol assimilation, hemolysis and antibiotic resistance were also characterized. Statistical analysis was performed using originPro v9.5.
      Results: The neutralized supernatants of Aerococcus spp. (Lbm19, 18, 3) and Enterococcus sp. (Lbm49, 46, 50) showed 9 mm inhibition zone, Clostridium. perfringens CECT486 was the most sensitive one. Lactic acid bacteria decreased by 1-2 log CFU/mL on gastrointestinal conditions and assimilated cholesterol by up to 89%. The antagonistic peak was obtained at the stationary phase where pH 3.5 was reached. The supernatant was sensitive to enzymes and heat. All candidates showed digesting ability for proteins but not for starch, lipids, gelatin, bile salts, also showed no hemolytic activity. All candidates were found to resist against two antibiotics and three isolates exhibited negative for exopolysaccharides and acetoin production.
      Conclusion: Enterococcus sp.Lbm49, Aerococcus sp.Lbm19, Aerococcus sp.Lbm18, Enterococcus sp.Lbm46, and Aerococcus sp.Lbm3 showed the highest potential probiotic score. This study should be completed by a molecular characterization, ex vivo and in vivo tests.

      Keywords: Guedid, lactic acid bacteria, screening, probiotic potential

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  • Sonia Amariei

    (1)
    1. ROSEMARY, THYME AND OREGANO ESSENTIAL OILS INFLUENCE ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROBIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF MINCED MEAT [FS]

      Abstract: In this paper we have analysed the capacity of essential oils from aromatic plants in order to slow or stop down the physicochemical degradation and microbiological infestation of raw minced meat processes. Three essential oils: thyme, rosemary and oregano were chosen for the experimental study due to their acknowledged antiseptic effect and their flavour acceptance by consumers. The physicochemical and microbiological properties for a mixture of pork and beef meat were analysed throughout four days. Water content, total fat, total protein, easily hydrolysable nitrogen, pH and water activity were determined. The experimental measurements were performed considering the following concentrations: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% for the essential oil incorporated into meat. The evaluation of microbiological stability was determined as well. The results indicated that essential oils have a significant influence on the physicochemical properties correlated with microbiological stability when prolonging the shelf - life of minced meat.

      Keywords: Essential oils, microbiological stability, minced meat, physicochemical analysis, shelf – life

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  • Smriti Ambadgatti

    (1)
    1. A REVIEW ON RECENT TRENDS OF ULTRASOUND ASSISTED PROCESSING IN FOOD SEGMENT [FS]

      Abstract: In the food industry, ultrasound is a recent and potentially favorable technology. A number of physical and chemical changes are generated in the food by the transmission and distribution of ultrasound waves which enhance the productivity of many food processing operations. This technology is also used as a diagnostic tool in quality control of food products. Ultrasound processing falls under the category of green technology due to ecofriendly and non toxic behavior.The present review summarizes the role of this ultrasound technology along with its aids to the industry for example; improvements in cooking quality, enhancements of physicochemical properties, microbial inactivation, and also pretreatment to reduce acrylamide and to recover the valuable biomaterial from the food waste.

      Keywords: Ultrasonication, bioconversions, acrylamide, microbial inactivation

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  • Ali Amechrouq

    (2)
    1. COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE LEAVES OF ARTEMISIA HERBA ALBA ASSO (ASTERACEAE) AND ITS INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY ON CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) [BT]

      Abstract: In order to develop a strategy for the safe management of insect pests in stored agricultural commodities, the essential oil of Artemisia herba alba Asso. was tested against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius raised on seeds of Cicer arietinum (L.) at 20-30°C and 65±5% relative humidity under storage conditions. Chickpea seeds were fumigated with concentrations of essential oil and then infested by young adults of bruchids. On each treated or control lot, 10 newly emerged pairs were released. The number of dead bruchids and number of eggs hatched and unhatched from the seeds were counted. At the end of their development, adults emerged from treated and untreated seeds were counted separately by sex and the success rate was calculated. Three replicates were conducted for each treatment.
      The essential oil extracted from Artemisia herba alba Asso was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The chromatogram of the essential oil of Artemisia herba alba Asso shows 15 signals relating to the 15 compounds of which camphor is the major constituent with a percentage of 96.15%. The results of the biological tests obtained showed that the essential oil of Artemisia herba alba Asso exerts repellent and toxic effects on Callosobruchus maculatus. It causes a high mortality of adults and affects its fertility, fertility, and success rate in a very significant way compared to controls. These show that fumigation of stored commodities with the essential oil of Artemisia herba alba Asso against insect pests can be considered under storage conditions without risk to consumers and the environment.

      Keywords: Essential oils, GC/MS, Artemisia herba alba Asso, Callosobruchus maculatus, Cicer arietinum, Bioassay

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    2. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ORIGANUM COMPACTUM FROM THE SEVEN REGIONS OF MOROCCO AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of this work is to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Origanum compactum, from the region of Meknes (Morocco), and their antimicrobial effect, and on the other hand, to carry out a comparison between the chemical composition of this essential oil with the six regions of Morocco: Larache, Chefchaouen, Al Hoceïma, Tetouan, Taounate and Rabat.
      The essential oils of Origanum compactum thus obtained were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
      To determine the similarities and dissimilarities between the chemical compositions of the essential oil of Origanum compactum from the Meknes region with the other six regions of Morocco, we performed the principal component analysis (ACP).
      Regarding antimicrobial activity, the essential oils of Origanum compactum have shown significant inhibitory activity against the bacteria and molds studied.

      Keywords: Origanum compactum, Chemical composition, GC/MS, ACP, Antimicrobial

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  • Andrew Kiri Amegovu

    (1)
    1. NUCLEOTIDE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS, TOTAL VOLATILE BASIC NITROGEN, SENSORY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF NILE PERCH (LATES NILOTICUS) FILLETS UNDER CHILLED STORAGE [FS]

      Abstract: Degradation products of adenosine nucleotide and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) concentration provide means of ascertaining freshness of commercial fish products. A complementary sensory analysis has also been adopted by export markets for assessing the quality of fresh fish. Nucleotide breakdown products and TVBN was determined in fresh fillets from beach seined and gill netted Nile perch, a highly commercialized freshwater fish from Lake Victoria (Uganda), under chilled storage. Microbiological and sensory qualities were also evaluated. Total plate and Pseudomonas spp. counts positively correlated with TVBN. Basing on sensory, microbiological and biochemical attributes of the fillets, shelf-life of gill netted Nile perch was lower (13 days) than that of the beach seined (17 days). Fillets of beach seined Nile perch have a better keeping quality than that of the gill netted.

      Keywords: Nile perch, nucleotides, TVBN, microbiological, sensory, quality

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  • Alia Amer

    (1)
    1. BIOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES FOR IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF FLAVONOIDS [BT]

      Abstract: Flavonoids are small molecular secondary metabolites synthesized by plants with various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, etc. Flavonoids occur naturally in fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and beverages such as tea and wine. Biotechnology offers different in vitro systems which have been developed to exploit these active ingredients such as, in callus cultures, cell suspension cultures which are the emerging fields of biotechnology to investigate and enhance the production of these products. Along with this, hairy root culture and transformation techniques have been studied widely for flavonoid production. Nano-treatment is a novel way for improvement of flavonoids production. the present review focus on describing the flavonoids biochemistry, regulation of biosynthesis, as well as the Biotechnology and Nano-biotechnology tools for in vitro production of flavonoids.

      Keywords: Flavonoid, Biosynthesis, Medicinal Plants, In Vitro Production, Nanoparticles Applications

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  • May M. Amer

    (1)
    1. IDENTIFY THE NATURAL LEVELS OF MYCOTOXINS IN EGYPTIAN ROASTED PEANUTS AND THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION [FS]

      Abstract: A total of 36 roasted peanut samples were collected from 12 regions at 4 Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Giza, Alexandria and El-Faiyum) during 2017. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A and zearalenone were determined in the collected samples using HPLC. Seventy five percent of samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 was the most dominant type, whereas aflatoxin G2 was found only in two samples at low levels. Samples were completely ochratoxin A and zearalenone-free. Quantitative results revealed that the samples of Al-Manshieh region at Alexandria governorate had the highest averages of aflatoxins B1, B2 and G2 (33.15, 3.66 and 0.22 µgkg-1, respectively), while Al-Ajami samples at the same governorate had the highest average of aflatoxin G1 as 2.83 µgkg-1. Likewise, samples from Dokki at Giza governorate had high levels of total aflatoxins recording 26.33 µgkg-1. Regarding to the effect of gamma radiation on aflatoxin B1, the doses of 5, 10 and 20 kGy were studied. The reduction levels of aflatoxin B1 varied according to the spiking levels and dose of gamma radiation. The dose 5 KGy was ineffective, whereas, a significant reduction in AFB1 was noticed using 10 and 20KGy recording >26.7% reduction notably in samples spiked with 20 µgkg-1 AFB1 and treated with 20 KGy (59% reduction).

      Keywords: Peanut, aflatoxins, radiation, ochratoxin A, zearalenone

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  • Natalia Soledad Amerio

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF CELLULASE COMPLEX SECRETORY CAPACITY OF TRICHODERMA STRAINS AND MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOLATE WITH THE HIGHEST ENZYMATIC SECRETION CAPACITY [BT]

      Abstract: The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into monomeric sugars is a key economic difficulty hindering the profitable use of plant biomass as energy. The production of cellulase is a main factor in the cellulose hydrolysis. Among the main cellulase producers are the filamentous fungi. Therefore, many efforts have been made in obtaining new microorganisms with high cellulase secretion capacity. The cellulase secretory capacity of 28 isolates of Trichoderma was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. The detection of cellulolytic fungi was correlated with both Congo red and the dinitrosalicylic acid reagent methods. Based on qualitatively assays, sixteen of the isolates revealed carboxymethyl cellulose degradation ability, where the Trichoderma POS7 isolate showed the highest increase in filter paper activity, endo-1,4-β-glucanases and β-glucosidases activities (p<0.05) in a short incubation time. This isolate was molecularly identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis, based on internal transcribed spacer sequences. Our results provide new information and reveal new microorganism in the hydrolysis of cellulose material. The phylogenetic analysis revealed close positioning of T. koningiopsis clade with T. viride, T. viridescens and T. petersenii clades in a closely related group, in concordance with the current taxonomic classification of Trichoderma genus.

      Keywords: fungal isolate; cellulase activity; morphological characters; ribosomal DNA; Trichoderma koningiopsis

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  • Eshraq Abdul-WahapAL- Amery

    (1)
    1. FUNGAL DIVERSITY ASSOCIATED WITH PEARL MILLET PENNISETUM GLAUCUM L.) GRAINS FROM TAIZ GOVERNORATE, YEMEN AND THEIR AMYLASE PRODUCTION [MB]

      Abstract: In Yemen, this is the first record on fungal diversity associated with millet grains. Grain- borne fungi were tested for NaOCl- treated and non- treated samples of millet grain collected from Taiz Governorate, Yemen using direct plate method on Czapek’s (Cz) and Czapek’s supplemented with 40% sucrose (Cz40S) agar media. A total of 48 species belonging to 20 genera were isolated. The highest count and number of genera and species were recorded in non- treated grains on Cz40S medium. This means that the majority of fungi associated with grains were osmotolerant/osmophilic. The highest frequencies were represented by Aspergillus flavus, A. niger aggregate, A. vadensis, Eurotium amstelodami, Pencillium duclauxii and Rhizopus stolonifer. Among 109 isolates screened for their ability to produce amylase enzyme, 81.65% could produce the enzyme, of which Aspergillus homomorphus (a new record in Egypt), Emericella nidulans, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium griseofulvum were the best producers. Hence, these fungi may cause degradation of cell walls and spoilage of grains. Moreover, it is important to determine which organisms might be associated with seeds and grains in storage causing quality loss through their growth and enzyme production. The early detection of these organisms is required to prevent their harmful effects.

      Keywords: Millet, fungal diversity, amylase, Czapek’s agar, Czapek’s 40% sucrose, treated and untreated grains

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  • Bianca A. Amézquita-López

    (1)
    1. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF OZONIZED OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA L.) AND VENADILLO (SWIETENIA HUMILIS ZUCC.) OILS AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS [MB]

      Abstract: Ozonized oils are antimicrobial agents obtained from the combination of ozone and unsaturated fatty acids of vegetables oils. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of ozonized olive oil (OOO) and ozonized venadillo oil (OVO) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity was conducted by the agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the bacterial Log10 reduction. The lowest MIC (4.5 mg/mL) against E. coli was obtained when OOO and OVO were ozonized during 12 and 6 hours, with 2.5 Log10 of bacterial reduction, respectively; while, the lowest MIC against S. aureus (1.5 mg/mL) was obtained when OVO was ozonized during 6 hours, with 3.4 Log10 of bacterial reduction. The OOO reached peroxide values of 642.53 and 703.7 mmol-equiv/kg after 6 and 12 hours, respectively, while an 892.12 mmol-equiv/kg was obtained after 6 hours for OVO. Data reported here suggest that both ozonized oils are promising effective treatment for bacterial infections.

      Keywords: Bactericide; Ozonized oils; Venadillo oil; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus

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  • Juliecar Faith R. Amian

    (1)
    1. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS OF PECTINS FROM VARIOUS FRUIT PEEL WASTES EXTRACTED USING ACID AND MICROBIAL ENZYMES [FS]

      Abstract: The potential of microbial enzyme-aided extraction of pectin from fruit processing wastes was evaluated to assess its possible use as an environment friendly alternative to acid extraction methods. Peel wastes from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Slims var. flavicarpa), ‘Saba’ banana (Musa ‘saba’ [Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana]), ‘Carabao’mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Carabao’) and soursop ‘guyabano’(Annona muricata) were extracted of pectin using different microbial enzymes namely cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and α-amylase. The efficiency of the enzymatic extraction as well as pectin quality were compared with acid extraction. Generally, high yields were obtained using cellulase and α-amylase. The yields from enzymatic extractions were however significantly lower compared with the acid extraction. Highest yields were obtained from ‘Carabao’ mango peels. The chemical properties of the pectins extracted from the fruit peels highly varied depending on the fruit and the extraction method. Pectin from yellow passion fruit peels was classified as low methoxyl (LM) based on the degree of esterification values while the rest of the pectins were classified as high methoxyl(HM). Analyses of the anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content showed that ‘Carabao’ mango peel pectins had high purity while the pectins from the other fruits had low purities. Equivalent weights of the fruit peel pectins from microbial extraction were significantly higher than that from acid extraction and from commercial citrus peel pectin. ‘Carabao’mango, ‘Saba’ banana, yellow passion fruit and soursop ‘guyabano’ peels are potential sources of pectin for food applications. Acid extraction was found to be more efficient compared with microbial enzyme-aided extraction.

      Keywords: pectin, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, α-amylase, acid extraction, ‘Saba’ peel pectin

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  • Tawheed Amin

    (1)
    1. MICROENCAPSULATION-THE FUTURE OF PROBIOTIC CULTURES [MB]

      Abstract: In the recent past, there has been an explosion of probiotic cultures based health products in Indian markets. The survival of the probiotic bacteria in gastro-intestinal gut is questionable, because of the poor survival of probiotic bacteria in these products. Basically the viability of probiotic cultures is very weak in these food products. Probiotic based products are health potentiators and are associated with many health benefits. Microencapsulation of the probiotic cultures is one of the recent, demanded and highly efficient techniques. Among the different approaches proposed to improve the survival of probiotics during food manufacturing process and passage in the upper part of gastrointestinal tratct (GI tract), microencapsulation has received considerable attention. Encapsulated probiotic cultures have longer shelf life of the products. This microencapsulation technology is used to maintain the viability of probiotic bacteria during food product processing and storage. This article reviews the principles, techniques and need for microencapsulation of probiotic cultures.

      Keywords: Microencapsulation, probiotics, viability, health potentiators

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  • Zergui Amina

    (1)
    1. ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LACTOBACILLI ISOLATED FROM CAMEL’S MILK BIOTOPE IN THE SOUTH OF ALGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: Antifungal activity has been the subject of numerous recent works to fight the development of molds in food products and to reduce alteration. The objective of this study is the detection of new indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from Algerian camel’s milk which have an antifungal activity. A number of 264 LAB were isolated from fermented camel’s milk where 80 rods isolates were identified by phenotypical, physiological and biochemical tests. All retained isolates belong to the genus Lactobacillus (Lb.). The antifungal activity was determined by using confrontation and overlay techniques. The screening of antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. showed that 14 strains have an antifungal activity. These later isolates were identified as Lb. plantrarum, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lb. brevis, Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. pentosus. These strains have shown an effect on mycelial growth and spore germination. Penicillium sp. is the most inhibited followed by Aspergillus ssp. No inhibitory activity could be detected against fungi with the supernatant. However, supernatant have an inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria ivanovii. P. aeruginosa is the only specie who has been affected by the neutralized supernatant. The redissolved dry supernatant of Lb. brevis revealed an inhibition of both fungal and bacterial indicator strains. Results suggest that camel’s milk LAB’s strains could be selected for application to control spoilage, fungal growth and pathogenic bacteria. The use of LAB producing antifungal metabolites represents a technological advantage for the food industry.

      Keywords: Antagonism, Antifungal activity, Antimicrobial, Biopreservation, Camel’s milk, Lactobacillus

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  • Kiumars Amini

    (1)
    1. AROMA PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS FROM ROOT, LEAF AND STALK OF NETTLE (Urtica dioica L.) [MB]

      Abstract: Medicinal plant can be considered as a great source of new antimicrobial agents due to their enormous therapeutic potential and limited side effects. Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a widespread and common medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine. The present study investigates the antimicrobial potency of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Urtica dioica on some gram positive and negative bacteria and also a particular type of fungi and analyzes the extracts to find the active ingredients by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method. Results from disc diffusion assay indicated that water extract of root, leaf and stalk had the highest antimicrobial activity respectively and caused significant inhibition zones in P. vulgaris, L. monocytogenes and K. pneumoniae cultures. Antimicrobial efficacy of ethanol extracts was higher in root extract which caused high growth inhibition zones in P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus cultures. MBC and MIC experiments of the ethanol extract illustrated that the most powerful antimicrobial effect was related to the stem organ extract on K. pnuomonae and S. aureus bacteria. Highest level of antibacterial effects in root can be due to its higher concentration of contents compared to other organs. Based on these results it can be suggested that Urtica dioica and its water and ethanol extracts have noticeable antimicrobial effects against gram negative, positive and Candida albicans fungi that may be applicable as a prophylactic or therpeutic antimicrobial agent in both human and animals.

      Keywords: Nettle (Urtica dioica L.), alcoholic extract, aqueous extract, antimicrobial properties, GC-MS

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  • Samiya Amira

    (1)
    1. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FOOD STRESS CONDITIONS ON THE VIABILITY OF ENCAPSULATED Lactobacillus plantarum AND Lactobacillus casei ISOLATED FROM KLILA (AN ALGERIAN TRADITIONAL FERMENTED CHEESE) [MB]

      Abstract: Klila is one of a variety of Algerian traditional cheeses. The present work aimed to study the viability of two lactobacilli: Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei isolated from Klila and immobilized by extrusion in 2% sodium alginate under different stress conditions (different NaCl concentrations, sugar stress, different pH values and simulated gastrointestinal conditions) during storage at 4oC.
      Results showed that viability of encapsulated cells was enhanced at high salt concentration; at 9%, viability of free Lb. casei cells decreased by 9 Log CFU/ml 14 days, and by only 0.2 Log CFU/ml for encapsulated cells. Encapsulated Lb. plantarum resisted up to 28 days while viability of free cells decreased by 9 Log CFU/ml in the 7th day at 9%.
      pH 2 showed the lowest viability which is decreased as the time of storage increased. After 14 days of storage, Lb. casei free cells decreased by 9 Log CFU/ml, encapsulated ones by only 2.8 Log CFU/ml, Lb. plantarum free cells by 9 Log CFU/ml and by 2.6 Log CFU/ml for encapsulated cells. Exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions showed that Lb. casei resisted such conditions compared to non-encapsulated cells which was not the case with Lb. plantarum.
      Storage in a commercial strawberry beverage showed that free cells did not resist more than the7th day while coated cells resisted till the 14th day. We conclude that encapsulation enhance the viability of bacteria in harsh conditions.

      Keywords: Klila, lactobacilli, encapsulated, extrusion, viability, stress conditions

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  • Ahmed M. Ammar

    (1)
    1. CAMPYLOBACTER AS A MAJOR FOODBORNE PATHOGEN: A REVIEW OF ITS CHARACTERISTICS, PATHOGENESIS, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND CONTROL [MB]

      Abstract: Campylobacter, mainly Campylobacter jejuni is viewed as one of the most well-known reasons of foodborne bacterial diarrheal sickness in people around the globe. The genus Campylobacter contains 39 species (spp.) and 16 sub spp. Campylobacter is microaerophilic, Gram negative, spiral-shaped rod with characteristic cork screw motility. It is colonizing the digestive system of numerous wild and household animals and birds, particularly chickens. Intestinal colonization brings about transporter/carrier healthy animals. Consequently, the utilization of contaminated meat, especially chicken meat is the primary source of campylobacteriosis in humans and chickens are responsible for an expected 80% of human campylobacter infection. Interestingly, in contrast with the most recent published reviews that cover specific aspects of campylobacter/campylobacteriosis, this review targets the taxonomy, biological characteristics, identification and habitat of Campylobacter spp. Moreover, it discusses the pathogenesis, resistance to antimicrobial agents and public health significance of Campylobacter spp. Finally, it focuses on the phytochemicals as intervention strategies used to reduce Campylobacter spp.in poultry production.

      Keywords: Campylobacter, Campylobacter jejuni, foodborne, campylobacteriosis, poultry, phytochemicals, virulence

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  • El-Tahra M. A. Ammar

    (1)
    1. IMPACT OF FORTIFICATION WITH HONEY ON SOME PROPERTIES OF BIO-YOGHURT [FS]

      Abstract: The effect of supplementation with honey on yoghurt quality was studied. Five treatments of yoghurt were made from buffaloe's and cow's milk mixture (1:1). Control yoghurt was made using classic yoghurt culture, whereas the other four treatments were made by ABT culture and milk fortified with 0, 2, 4, and 6% honey. Changes in rheological, chemical, microbial and organoleptic properties of yoghurt were monitored during refrigerated storage (4°C) of yoghurt for 15 d. Results showed that addition of honey to milk had no significant effect on ABT starter activity. A curd tension increased, whereas curd syneresis decreased in bio-yoghurt fortified with honey. Acidity, TS, WSN and TVFA contents of yoghurt supplemented with honey were higher than those of control. The contents of fat, ash and TN were similar in both. Addition of honey to yoghurt improved the viability of bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria counts were similar to accepted threshold (106 cfu g-1) for a probiotic effect. Also, addition of honey improved the body, texture and flavour of the yoghurt.

      Keywords: Yoghurt, bifidobacteria, acidophilus, ABT, honey

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  • Mohammad Ali Amoozegar

    (1)
    1. DIVERSITY OF CULTIVABLE MICROORGANISMS IN THE EASTERN PART OF URMIA SALT LAKE, IRAN [MB]

      Abstract: In this study we employed culture techniques to study microbial diversity in Urmia Lake, a hypersaline lake in northwest of Iran. Water, soil and salt samples were taken from the Eastern part of Urmia Salt Lake in September 2011. A total of 11 water samples and 30 soil and salt samples were taken from 41 sites in the Lake. Bacterial isolates were cultured on different growth media and taxonomically affiliated based on their 16S rDNA gene sequence. Three hundred bacterial isolates were obtained from samples collected. Of these, 53 bacterial isolates were selected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, based on their growth characteristics and colony morphology. Results showed that these 53 isolates represented 39 species, belonging to 18 genera (Bacillus, Oceanobacillus, Thalassobacillus, Planomicrobium, Halobacillus, Planococcus, Terribacillus, Staphylococcus, Piscibacillus, Virgibacillus, Gracilibacillus, Ornithinibacillus, Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Providencia, Salicola, Psychrobacter, Kocuria) and they were from 9 families (Bacillaceae, Planococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Halomonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Micrococcaceae) pertaining to three phyla (Actinobacteria 1.8%, Firmicutes 78.6%, Proteobacteria 21.4%). The present study showed that Urmia Lake is a rich source for moderately halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences from Urmia Lake had some common 16S rDNA sequences from other hypersaline lakes previously reported.

      Keywords: Halophilic bacteria, phylogenetic diversity, Urmia salt lake, 16S rDNA gene

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  • Dinakara Rao Ampasala

    (1)
    1. ANTI QUORUM SENSING AND ANTI BIOFILM POTENTIAL OF ANOGEISSUS ACUMINATA AND MALLOTUS ROXBURGHIANUS MUELL. AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PAO1 [MB]

      Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe persistent infections in immunocompromised patients by showing tolerance conventional antibiotic therapy by virtue of specialized hierarchy of quorum sensing (QS) network. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of two Mizoram medicinal plants i.e., Anogeissus acuminata and Mallotus roxburghianus Muell. in attenuating QS regulated P. aeruginosa virulence. The crude leaf extracts were tested for their ability to combat QS associated virulence phenotypes such as pyocyanin production, LasB elastase and Staphylolytic activity and production of biofilm determinants such as alginate and exopolysaccharide in P. aeruginosa PAO1. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of phytocompounds, the synergistic activity of which is responsible for the anti QS activity. The in silico studies provide the binding efficacy of obtained phytochemical with QS receptor protein, LasR. The in vitro studies followed by in silico analysis demonstrated the efficacy of phytochemical of A. acuminata and M. roxburghianus Muell. in competitively inhibiting the binding of natural ligand with LasR and thereby altering production of virulence phenotypes. The efficacy in down regulating bacterial virulence shown by A. acuminata and M. roxburghianus Muell. provides promising alternatives to develop next generation anti-pathogenic agents.

      Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Biofilm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Quorum sensing, Virulence factors

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  • Abdeltif Amrane

    (2)
    1. KINETIC OF SUGAR CONSUMPTION AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION ON VERY HIGH GRAVITY FERMENTATION FROM SYRUP OF DATES BY- PRODUCTS (Phoenix dactylifera L.) BY USING Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida pelliculosa AND Zygosaccharomyces rouxii [FS]

      Abstract: Three yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Candida pelliculosa, were tested for ethanol production on dates’syrup. In batch fermentation, the ethanol concentration depended on the initial sugar concentration and the yeast strain. For an initial sugar concentration of 17.4°Brix, maximum ethanol concentration was 63 g/L during S. cerevisiae growth, higher than the amounts achieved during Z. rouxii and C. pelliculosa growth, 33 g/L and 41 g/L respectively. On 35.8°Brix initial sugar amount, only Z. rouxii was able to grow, resulting in 50 g/L ethanol production, showing an inhibitory effect on S.cerevisae and C. Pelliculosa due to the osmotic stress resulting from the high sugar concentration.

      Keywords: Ethanol, production, Yeasts, Sugar, Dates ‘syrup, Osmotic stress

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    2. BY-PRODUCTS OF DATES: OPTIMIZATION OF THE EXTRACTION OF JUICE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION [FS]

      Abstract: The optimal extraction conditions were determined for by-product of date fruit by using the response surface design method. The obtained juice was used for the production of ethanol by fermentation of free cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Optimal conditions for date juice extraction were found to be 80°C, 60 min, 1:2 dilution (fruit on water ratio) according to the result of response surface analysis (Equivalents glucose: 219 g.L-1). Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed a preference for glucose over fructose and among the tested total sugar concentrations, namely 50, 100, 174 and 358 g.L-1, 174 g.L-1 appeared to be the optimal amount, leading to 70 g.L-1 ethanol concentration after 66 h of fermentation,; while an inhibitory effect of a high sugar content, 358 g.L-1 of total sugars, namely about 2 mol/L of monosaccharide like glucose or fructose was also shown. Overall, this study suggested that date juice can be utilized for ethanol production.

      Keywords: by-product, optimal extraction, response surface analysis, fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ethanol

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  • Nagoth Joseph Amruthraj

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIUM PAENIBACILLUS ILLINOISENSIS STRAIN NAGOTH JAR 007 FROM SEEDS OF CAPSICUM CHINENSIS BHUT JOLOKIA [BT]

      Abstract: The present study investigated the identities of endophytic bacteria isolated from the seeds of dry fruits of Capsicum chinensis Bhut Jolokia using PCR analysis with the view of food products quality. The bacteria were isolated from the seeds soaked in peptone broth followed by serial dilution. Standard molecular methods were used for DNA extraction (UniFlexTM DNA Isolation kit method), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Amplification, Electrophoresis, Purification and Sequencing of generated PCR products. The partial sequences obtained were deposited in the database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Based on genotypic characteristics, these strains belonged to the genus Paenibacillus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that they clustered with Paenibacillus illinoisensis (99 % similarity). It was assigned Paenibacillus illinoisensis strain Nagoth JAR 007 and was submitted to Genbank (KC886309). The research findings concluded that presence of the endophytic Paenibacillus are nonpathogenic and has a role in plant resistance to abiotic or biotic stress.

      Keywords: Paenibacillus illinoisensis, Capsicum chinensis Bhut Jolokia, endophytic, molecular characterization, phylogenetic tree

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  • Olukayode Amund

    (2)
    1. UTILIZATION OF TANNIC ACID BY BACTERIA IN TROPICAL AQUATIC AND SOIL ENVIRONMENTS [BT]

      Abstract: Two bacterial strains designated as EO1 and EO2, were isolated by selective culture enrichment from Lagos lagoon water and mangrove soil samples. They were subsequently identified based on morphological and physiological characteristics as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Klebsiella pneumoniae strain EO1 and Pantoea cypripedii strain EO2 with accession numbers KX355800 and KX355801. Microbial growth assessment was performed in triplicates under aerobic batch conditions. The two isolates were capable of utilizing tannic acid, gallic acid, glucose, succinate, benzoic acid, and protocatechuic acid as sole carbon sources. Growth experiments along with enzymatic studies indicated that the organisms hydrolyzed tannic acid through gallic acid and pyrogallol as metabolic intermediates. The organisms have potential for the elimination of polyphenolic pollutants such as gallotannins associated with wood residues in Nigerian estuarine environments.

      Keywords: Lagoon, Mangrove forest soil, Biodegradation, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea cypripedii and gallotannin

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    2. PYRENE BIODEGRADATION POTENTIALS OF AN ACTINOMYCETE, MICROBACTERIUM ESTERAROMATICUM ISOLATED FROM TROPICAL HYDROCARBON-CONTAMINATED SOIL [MB]

      Abstract: A novel pyrene-degrading actinomycete, phylogenetically identified as Microbacterium esteraromaticum strain SL9 was isolated from a polluted hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in Lagos, Nigeria. Growth of the isolate on pyrene was assayed using total viable counts, pyrene degradation was monitored using gas chromatography (GC-FID) while UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to detect metabolites of pyrene degradation. The isolate tolerated salt concentration of up to 6%, grew luxuriantly on crude oil and exhibited weak utilization of fluorene, acenaphthene and engine oil. It resisted cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and amoxicilin, but was susceptible to meropenem, linezolid and vancomycin. It also resisted elevated concentrations of heavy metals such as 1-5 mM lead and nickel. On pyrene, the isolate exhibited growth rate and doubling time of 0.023 h-1 and 1.25 h, respectively. It degraded 55.16 (27.58 mg L-1) and 89.28% (44.64 mg L-1) of pyrene (50 mg L-1) within 12 and 21 days respectively, while the rate of pyrene utilization was 0.09 mg L-1h-1. Catechol dioxygenase assay using UV-Vis spectrophotometry revealed the detection of meta cleavage compound, 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde in the crude cell lysate. The results of this study showed the catabolic versatility of Microbacterium species on hydrocarbon substrates and their potential as seeds for bioremediation of environments co-contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals.

      Keywords: Biodegradation; pyrene; Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils; Microbacterium esteraromaticum

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  • Olukayode Oladipo Amund

    (1)
    1. KRAFT LIGNIN DEGRADATION BY AUTOCHTONOUS STREPTOMYCES STRAINS ISOLATED FROM A TROPICAL LAGOON ECOSYSTEM [MB]

      Abstract: Kraft lignin contributes to the toxicity of the pulping plant effluent and is known to resist microbial treatment.The lignin component must be removed from lignocellulose biomass to enhance the release of fermentable sugars for the production of biofuel and other value-added end products. Lignin-degrading bacteria provide an advantage due to their ease of isolation,wider tolerance of environmental conditions and genetic manipulations compared with their fungal counterparts. There is no documented evidence on the degradation of kraft lignin by bacteria in the tropical estuarine ecological niche in Nigeria. Bacterial growth and assessment of kraft-lignin degradation in submerged fermentation was carried out for a period of 10 days using Streptomyces spp isolated from a tropical lagoon as the inocula. The organisms utilized 23 to 99 % kraft-lignin at the rate of 2.3×10-5 to 9.9×10-5 g.d-1cm-3 with specific growth rates of 0.020 - 0.084 h-1and doubling times of 8.3 - 35.1 h. Maximum values obtained for laccase and peroxidase activities were 9.5x10-2 and 400 μ mol mg -1min -1 respectively.
      The aim of this study was to obtain evidences for Kraft lignin degradation by indigenous tropical estuarine Streptomyces species from Lagos, Nigeria.
      The Autochthonous bacterial species of the Lagos lagoon utilize kraft lignin as a sole carbon source and may be good candidates for biotechnological purposes. The outcome of this study has bridged an information gap in the tropical environment and will complement existing global data because the information on the degradation of kraft lignin by marine Streptomyces is not common.

      Keywords: Kraft lignin, Streptomyces, biodegradation, enzyme, lignocellulose, estuarine, lagoon

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  • Saaïd Amzazi

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE MICROALGAE ISOLATED FROM MOROCCAN COASTLINES [MB]

      Abstract: The present investigation aimed to study antimicrobial activities in marine microalgae, screened from Moroccan coastlines. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from the microalgae and evaluated each against the bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the yeast Candida albicans and the fungus Aspergillus niger. The highest antibacterial activity was found in the extract of Tetraselmis sp. which exhibited an inhibitory effect against the three bacteria with a MIC of 2.6 to 3.0 mg extract per mL culture. Extracts from the other microalgae: Dunaliella Salina, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Dunaliella sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrisis sp. each showed inhibitory activity against E. coli or P. aeruginosa with a MIC of 2.6 to 4.3 mg extract per mL. The extract of N. gaditana also inhibited S. aureus growth. However, the extracts from the microalgae, Chaetoceros sp. and Chlorella sp. showed no effect under the applied experimental conditions. All the tested extracts inhibited the growth of C. albicans; the highest activity was obtained from N. gaditana with a MIC of 4.0 mg extract per mL culture. Aspergillus niger appeared to be resistant to the effect of the extracts. The observed antimicrobial activities were linked to the contents of the extracts in fatty acids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. In conclusion, the studied microalgae could be considered as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activities.

      Keywords: Marine microalgae, antimicrobial activity, phenolic content, carotenoids, fatty acids

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  • Anil K. Anal

    (1)
    1. MODULATION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM BY ALPHA MANGOSTEEN EXTRACTED FROM MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA) FRUIT PEELS [BT]

      Abstract: The present work deals with the potential of Garcinia mangostana L. (Mangosteen, Clusiaceae) for modulation of digestive and plasma lipid transfer protein as an approach to discover novel inhibitors. Garcinia mangostana (in methanol, dicholromethane and hexane) extracts were screened for alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition assays. TLC, HPLC, LC-MS analysis were performed and was compared with reference standard. Alpha amylase results obtained were 39.4 µg/ml, 11.87 µg/ml and 9.048 µg/ml respectively. For CETP inhibition assay the dose response was done only for the hexane extract as others were not showing potent inhibition. Thus an IC50 of 10.89 µg/ml was obtained and the hexane extract was taken for further analysis to discover the compound responsible for the activity. Alpha mangosteen was found to be the active compound in Garcinia mangostana responsible for the potent inhibitor activity of alpha amylase and CETP enzyme in plant raw material.

      Keywords: α-mangosteen, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, CETP inhibition, LC-MS

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  • MK Anand

    (1)
    1. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY ENDOPHYTIC Thielaviopsis basicola ISOLATED FROM Ximenia americana, WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA [BT]

      Abstract: The objective of the present study was the bioprospection of bioactive compounds from endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola with therapeutic applications, isolated from Ximenia americana, Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The fresh and healthy leaves and roots of Ximenia americana were collected from the forests of Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The collected explants were submerged for the enumeration and purification of fungal endophytes by using selective, and different media. Isolated fungal endophytes were processed for the production, extraction, phytochemical analysis, purification and evaluation of bioactive compounds by referring standard protocols. At a glance, endophyte derived bioactive compounds were used in in-vitro antagonistic, antioxidant antiurolithisis, and anticancer activity. A total of 32 pure isolates were obtained, 8 morphologically distinct fungal endophytes were identified from 200 explants of X. americana. Endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola was a core candidate identified and cultivated in solid-state fermentation on corn bran under the dark condition at 25℃ ± 2℃ for 15 days. Obtained 5.30g of aqueous crude extract per 100g of cornmeal were processed for qualitative phytochemical analysis, in alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and glycosides were found. The aqueous crude extract showed 0.761g of phenol and 0.276g of flavonoids content. From these crude extract TbCC1 and TbCC2, two fractions were purified by column chromatography and spotted potent bioactive compounds on thin layer chromatography. The FTIR data of TbCC1 and TbCC2 showed different functional groups such as alcohol, phenols, alkanes, alkenes, aromatic, alkyl halides, amines, ether, and nitrile. The TbCC1 exhibited prominent antagonistic activity and MIC against Staphylococcus aureus (24mm with 100µg/mL) and Candida albicans (22mm with 75µg/mL) while TbCC2 exhibited against Salmonella typhi (22mm with 75µg/mL) and Aspergillus fumigatus (18mm with 75µg/mL). The TbCC1 showed potent antioxidant activity (86.24±0.35) with 5.26µg/mL of IC50 value as compared with TbCC2. The maximum antiurolithiasis activity showed with 100% concentration at the rate of 67.5±1.49 of aqueous crude extract. The Sulphorodamine B assay showed MCF7 human breast cancer cell line viability 98.39±0.0250 at 100µg concentration and 40.81±0.0470 at 500µg with an IC50 value of 459.60μg.This is the first innovative report of endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola for their phytochemicals detection and prominent in-vitro activities from the selected plants.

      Keywords: Endophytic Thielaviopsis basicola; microbial pathogens; kidney stone; MCF7 human breast cancer cell line; phytochemicals; Ximenia americana

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  • K. T. K. Anandapandian

    (1)
    1. PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKALOPHILIC PROTEASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA [MB]

      Abstract: Partial purification and characterization of alkalophilic protease production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the gut of marine and coastal waters shrimp Penaeus monodon. The protease production was assayed in submerged fermentation to produce maximum protease activity (423 ± 0.09 U/ml). The enzyme was precipitated with ammonium sulphate and partially purified by ion exchange chromatography through DEAE Sephadex A-50 column. In 10th fraction showed maximum protease activity (734 ± 0.18 U/ml) with increase in purification fold. The molecular weight of protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recorded as 60 kDa. The stability of protease was tested at various pH and temperature; it showed maximum protease activity at pH-9 and temperature 50ºC. Among the various surfactants tested for enzyme stability, maximum activity was retained in poly ethylene glycol. The compatibility of protease enzyme with various commercial detergents; the enzyme retained maximum protease activity in tide. The results are indicated that all these properties make the bacterial proteases are most suitable for wide industrial applications.

      Keywords: Alkalophilic Protease; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Penaeus monodon

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  • Laxmi Ananthanarayan

    (1)
    1. ESTIMATION OF STARCH AND SUGARS FOR DETECTION OF POTENTIAL ADULTERATION IN KAJU KATLI, A POPULAR CASHEW NUT BASED INDIAN CONFECTION [FS]

      Abstract: India has rich varieties of different confections, amongst them kaju katli is highly popular and has great commercial values. Many small and medium scale manufacturers produce kaju katli because of high consumer demand. Because of expensive ingredients, it is more prone to adulteration. This work has attempted to detect starch, sugar, lactose and skim milk powder (SMP) in kaju katli which are most easily available and cheap ingredients for adulterations or dilutions. Cashewnut (65%), and sugar (35%) were the optimum ingredients for kaju katli preparation as studied from sensory analysis. Further, the amount of adulterant and/or diluent in the prepared kaju katli was determined by varying the ingredients and along with adulterant and/or diluent viz. starch (5-35%), sugar (25-50%), lactose (5-30%) and SMP (5-30%), respectively. The quantification of amount of adulterant and/or diluent added and their actual value determined were determined by the correlation and regression studies. The values quantified had very strong relations with quantity added (R2>0.99). This method will be very useful in quantifying the adulterants and/or diluents in kaju katli.

      Keywords: confections, kaju katli, adulteration, correlation and regression

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  • Abdulaziz Anas

    (1)
    1. EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF CYANOBACTERIA, LIMNOTHRIX SP. AND LEPTOLYNGBYA SP. FROM ARABIAN SEA [MB]

      Abstract: The hexane fractions of the marine cyanobacteria: Leptolyngbya sp. and Limnothrix sp., collected from Arabian Sea were found to display promising antioxidant properties than their ethyl acetate fraction during radical scavenging ABTS/DPPH assays (IC50=30/330 and 60/260 µg ml-1 respectively). Phytochemical analyses of the fractions indicated presence of carbohydrates, flavanoids and steroids in both organisms. The hexane fraction of Limnothrix sp exhibited higher UV-Vis (300-450 nm) absorption, indicating presence of aromatic antioxidant compounds like flavanoids. This fraction was relatively non-toxic towards mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells (IC50 400 µg ml-1) and in fact, protected live cells from UV induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. On the contrary, the hexane fraction of Leptolyngbya sp. had lower UV-Vis absorption, richer in alkaloids and also more cytotoxic (IC50 200 µg ml-1) towards the mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells. In short the hexane fraction of Limnothrix sp. is a safe antioxidant additive for food and healthcare products. On the other hand, the hexane fraction of Leptolyngbya sp. is rich in alkaloids and was cytotoxic, with potential application in cancer therapy.

      Keywords: Marine cyanobacteria, Arabian Sea, antioxidant, UV, ROS, Cytotoxicity

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  • Priyanka Anbuganthi

    (1)
    1. SYNTHESIS AND IMPREGNATION OF Fe2O3 NANOPARTICLES ON CELLULOSE PAPER AND SODIUM ALGINATE FILMS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES [FS]

      Abstract: In this study, development of nanocoated paper and film to increase the shelf life of food has been demonstrated. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by neem leaves extract and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, exhibited an absorption peak at 326 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed the nanoparticles ranges between 5 nm to 50 nm and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis revealed the amorphous in nature of nanoparticles. The biomolecules involved in the reduction of Fe2O3 nanoparticles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. The characterized nanoparticles were coated on cellulose paper, which was characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Coated paper was wrapped with fruit, and vegetables. Similarly, fruit and vegetables were also dipped in nanoparticle-incorporated sodium alginate solution. As a result, protein estimation and water loss were estimated on regular basis to determine the shelf-life of fruit and vegetables. The shelf-life of fruit and vegetables increases while evaluated with control and uncoated on weight loss and soluble protein content. Hence, the nanomaterial-coated paper and sodium alginate film prove its potential application as food packaging materials for longer shelf-life of food.

      Keywords: Fe2O3 Nanoparticles, TEM, SEM, FTIR, Packaging, Shelf-life of food

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  • Carmen Andara

    (1)
    1. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR HARVESTING Trichoderma asperellum SPORES [MB]

      Abstract: The fungus Trichoderma asperellum has a great potential to be used as biocontrol agent against plant pathogens in field. For this purpose it is necessary to optimize mass production on an industrial scale. This work proposes a method for the recovery and concentration of T. asperellum spores. The addition of the fertilizer Urfos 44®, decreased pH value of spore suspension from 6.31 to 1.76. This condition allowed spores to flocculate in few hours, rendering a more concentrated suspension by a factor of 6 - 7. Spore viability did not significantly decreased in 72 hours under these conditions. These results will contribute to obtain more concentrated products based on T. asperellum using a fast and low cost method.

      Keywords: Solid state fermentation, flocculation, aggregation, Urfos 44®, urea, phosphoric acid

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  • Robin Anderson

    (1)
    1. EFFECTS OF BREED, SPERMATOZOA CONCENTRATION, AND STORAGE ON PROGRESSIVE MOTILITY OF EXTENDED BOAR SEMEN [BT]

      Abstract: The classic technology of artificial insemination (AI) often requires insemination doses to be kept for more than 24 hours, with a requirement that the degree of progressive motility at the moment of insemination not be below 65%. The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of breed, spermatozoa concentration, and storage time on the fertilization capacity of extended semen from native ejaculates of boars. The research included the following boar breeds: Duroc (n=34), Hampshire (n=30), Large White (n=42) and Swedish Landrace (n=32), from large pig farms in Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia). Two ejaculates were collected from each boar once monthly for 12 months (a total of 24 ejaculates per boar). There was statistically significant (p<0.01) influence of breed on the number of spermatozoa samples that maintained ≥ 65% progressive motility during 48 hours of storage in 1:4 dilution. There was also an influence of spermatozoa concentration on progressive motility. As spermatozoa concentration increased during storage, ≥ 65% progressive motility declined (P≤0.01) within 24 hours. The results show that it is necessary to determine the adequate dilution rate and storage time for each ejaculate, while taking into account spermatozoa concentration in the native semen.

      Keywords: breed, spermatozoa concentration, liquid extended semen, motility, storage time, boar

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  • Stephen Anderson

    (1)
    1. MOLECULAR AND EVOLUTIONARY INSIGHTS INTO YERSINIA PESTIS; HARBINGER OF PLAGUE [MB]

      Abstract: Plague has been the scourge of mankind for millennia; yet it was not until the late 18th Century that its causative agent was identified. Prokaryotic Y. pestis is responsible for plague; bacilli are consumed through arthropod feeding on infected rodential reservoirs. Arthropod uptake is essential for transmission as the bacilli proliferate within their gut before being refluxed into new mammalian hosts. Genomic analysis has elucidated the mechanisms facilitating this cycle along with the means by which bacilli acquire their characteristic virulence. Increasing our understanding of the evolution of Y. pestis provides putative avenues for future research. Whilst plague is considered a disease of the past by many, it interaction with humanity continues across various geographic foci. The rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria threatens to bring this ancient foe once again to the fore through the acquisition of drug resistance. This review will detail notable advances of the past decade enabling the elusive possibility of a universal vaccine for the three manifestations of plague. Development of suitable vaccines before drug resistant strains emerge is paramount. Researchers are pitted in an on-going race against bacterial evolution.

      Keywords: Evolution, Virulence, Plague, Yersinia Pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

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  • Marina Morena Pereira Andrade

    (1)
    1. THERMAL ANALYSIS, RHEOLOGY, X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY IN THE EVALUATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF “STARCH-HYDROCOLLOIDS” [FS]

      Abstract: Starch is arguably the most investigated biopolymer in the world and the cassava starch that is extracted from Manihot esculenta Crantz, represents an important vegetal crop in tropical countries, where its roots and derivatives serve as food and a source of energy. The main composition of these roots is 70-80% water, 16-24% starch and small quantities (<4%) of protein, lipids vitamins and minerals. Hydrocolloids, or gums, are substances consisting of a hydrophilic long-chain with colloidal properties that, in water-based systems, produce gels. Starches and hydrocolloids are often used together in food systems to provide texture, water mobility, control moisture, improve product quality and stability, facilitate processing and reduce costs. In this study, the interactions between cassava and starch-hydrocolloids (1% of the following gums: CMC, jatahy, pectin and xanthan) were investigated. The TG/DTG method made it possible to determine the thermal decomposition of each sample, which under air atmosphere occurs in three steps. Little difference was observed in the degree of relative crystallinity (XRD) and in the average roughness or average diameter of the starch granules (NC-AFM). The viscosity and pasting properties (RVA) increased, and were higher for starch treated with jatahy gum. A large decrease was observed in peak temperature and gelatinisation enthalpy for the treated samples (DSC).

      Keywords: Modified starches, hydrocolloids, thermal analysis, enthalpy, pasting properties

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  • Bebejová Andrea

    (1)
    1. ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACID CONTENT OF RAW MIANALYSIS OF FATTY ACID CONTENT OF RAW MILK [FS]

      Abstract: In this work was analysedquality of raw cow’s milkof dairy cows which was fed with winter food ration of feed. Milk was observed in terms of the composition of milk fat and fatty acids during the months of August, October, December and February. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in milk fat was 63.22 % and it was found the highest proportion of palmitic acid 34.85%myristic acid accounted for 11.44 % and 10.86 % stearic acid. Linoleic acid, which is given special attention in view of the favourable effect on cholesterol, consisted of 3.48 % milk fat. The average proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat was 36.76 % of which 32.77 % were monounsaturated and polyunsaturated 4.0 %. A high proportion of milk fat formed monounsaturated oleic acid 30.92 %. The proportion of linoleic acid in milk fat was 3.48 % and 0.31 % linoleic acid.

      Keywords: raw cow milk, fat, fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids

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  • Jaroslav Andreji

    (1)
    1. CADMIUM, LEAD AND MERCURY CONTENTS IN FISHES – CASE STUDY [FS]

      Abstract: Fish meat is a perfect foodstuff which is up to standard of rational nourishment. It is source of healthy and good digestible material rich on proteins, minerals and vitamins. Fish muscles especially back and lateral muscles are the most important parts of fish organism consumed for escellent chemical composition. Proteins in fish meat are rich on high aminoacids content. The content of fish fat is usually low with the high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Also minerals and B, A and D vitamins are very important components of this foodstuff. According to rational nourishment the fish meat should be consumed minimal 2 times weekly. Our research was focused on analysis of bottomn sediments in water reservoir Kolinany from the aspect of Cd, Hg and Pb contents, the determination of observed heavy metal contents in different parts of carp body and the evaluation of hygienic status and suitability of fish meat for the human consumption. Our results have confirmed the hygienic wholesomeness of bottom sediments in water reservoir Kolinany. The Cd, Pb and Hg contents in sediments represent no risk of their input into the fish organisms. The Cd content in fish meat was lower than maximal available amount given by legislative norms, but in selected parts of fish organism such as skin, gills and fins the Cd hygienic limit is 2.9 – 6.6 times exceeded. The Pb content in fish meat was under the hygienic limit, however in skin, gills and fins the content of this heavy metal was 1.31- 2.64 higher than maximal legislative given value. Fish skin, gills and fins belong to the non cosumed parts of fish body by people. The Hg content in fish meat was also lower than hygienc limit. The highest Hg content was observed in fish muscles (0.0544 mg.kg-1) and the lowest one in fish gonads (0.0058 mg.kg-1). The results of Cd, Pb and Hg content determination in carp body confirmed that fish muscles belong to suitable foodstuffs for the human consumption.

      Keywords: cadmium, lead, mercury, fish, carp, food hygiene

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  • Alena Andrejiová

    (2)
    1. DESIGN OF OYSTER (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) PRODUCTION UNIT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ITS AGROTECHNIC OF GROWIGN AND QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ITS PRODUCTION [FS]

      Abstract: According to influence of population increasing followed by agricultural soils decreasing there is noticed a necessity of individual food commodities production intensification. There is also needed to think about some new unconventional and alternative sort of food-stuff. An edible mushroom growing is one of the relatively new agricultural branches, whereby on a large scale there are grown species which belong to saprophytic group. The aim of task was the building – technological and equipment – technological proposal of oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus, Jacq. P. Kumm) production unit with taking account to its specific agro technical requirements and valid legislative. In the next part of task there were evaluated and compared qualitative and quantitative parameters of sporocarps from two variants which were collected in the first growth wave and accuracy of the proposed oyster production unit. In case of variant A there were used sacks with substrates, which have been exposed to cold shock by 6°C temperature for 4 days and in variant B were used substrates without cold shock. According to reached results the cold shock had almost neither influence on production quantity. There was found out an important fact that crop height from first growth wave wasn´t identical with well-known literature sources. The low crop is connected with high CO2 content in oyster production unit room, according to our opinion. Other equipment aimed to air humidity regulation, air temperature regulation and room lights was designed correctly.

      Keywords: Oyster mushroom , growing , oyster production unit

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    2. QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF EDIBLE TOMATO VARIETIES INTENDED FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING [FS]

      Abstract: Most of the global production of tomatoes is used for tomato products. The fruits to be processed are evaluated on the basis of important technological quality parameters, such as the content of dry matter and organic acids. Recently, among important qualitative characteristics of fruits has been included colorant content, especially lycopene. Aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of selected tomato varieties for industrial processing. Tested were varieties Uno Rosso, San Marzano 4, Brixol, Strombolino, UG. 8168, Diana and Nemarock cultivated in very hot and dry agro-climatic region. The dry matter content was determined by the gravimetric method, the content of organic acid by titration and the content of colorants spectrophotometrically. The dry matter content of the samples ranged from 4.65% (Nemarock) to 5.93% (San Marzano 4). Content of organic acids ranged from 0.33% (Nemarock) to 0.59% (Strombolino), content of carotenoids in tomato samples ranged from 111.288 mg.100 g-1 DM (Nemarock) to 198.365 mg.100 g-1 DM (San Marzano 4). Lycopene was present in the amount of 99.438 mg.100 g-1 DM (Nemarock) to 192.687 mg.100 g-1 DM (San Marzano 4). In terms of treatment the best properties showed San Marzano 4, which is characterized by high dry matter content, low organic acids and high content of colorants.

      Keywords: Tomato, technological characteristics, dry matter, carotenoids, lycopene

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  • Blandine Andrianarisoa

    (1)
    1. MALAGASY TRADITIONAL TREATMENTS OF INFECTIOUS PLANT DISEASES EXERT ANTI-VIRULENCE ACTIVITIES AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM [MB]

      Abstract: Traditional Malagasy farmers have developed a range of biological methods to restrict plant diseases without reliance on external or synthetic inputs. Five common Malagasy traditional practices demonstrated to be efficient against potato crop bacterial disease in experimental fields have been investigated for their antibacterial (i.e. bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects) and anti-virulence (i.e. anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm) activities against two phytopathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ralstonia solanacearum. Results show that polar (methanolic) extracts of recipes exert anti-virulence activities rather than bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activities. Indeed, three recipes (R5, R7 and R9) reduce the expression of QS-dependent virulence factors whereas only recipe (R5) exhibit anti-biofilm activities without affecting bacterial growth. R4 and R6 were not active, suggesting other bacterial targets and/or other bioactivity properties. Innovative approaches, inspired from ancestral practices, should be considered in the struggle against infectious diseases to limit the overuse of antibiotics for controlling infectious plant diseases and to reduce the overspread of multidrug resistant bacteria.

      Keywords: Biofilm, Quorum sensing, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia

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  • Berhanu Andualem

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AMYLASE PRODUCING YEASTS IN ‘TELLA’ (ETHIOPIAN LOCAL BEER) AND THEIR AMYLASE CONTRIBUTION FOR ‘TELLA’ PRODUCTION [MB]

      Abstract: ‘Tella’ is local beer which is used in most part of Ethiopia. It is made from cereals, such as barley, wheat, maize and other crops. Rhamnus prinoides is also used to provide a special aroma and flavor as well as antiseptic agent. The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of amylases from tella yeast isolates and compare with the role of amylase from malt. House hold ‘tella’ samples were collected and plated on starch agar and then amylase positive isolates of yeast were identified by folding iodine solution over the starch agar. Amylase assay and activities were investigated by standard methods and compared with amylase from malt. According to this study, the activity of amylases which was extracted from yeast isolates was very low and may have no contribution in the conversion of starch into fermentable sugars. Thus, it is better to avoid such organisms from ‘tella’ fermentation in order to discriminate unwanted bio-products. In conclusion, the substrates and ingredients should be sterilized and introduced into the fermentation system aseptically.

      Keywords: Amylase, malt, starch, tella, yeast isolates, enzyme activity

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  • K.R. Aneja

    (1)
    1. IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA AGAINST THE MICROBES ISOLATED FROM FRUIT JUICES [MB]

      Abstract: The present work has been conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Terminalia chebula against microorganisms associated with juices. Methanol, ethanol, acetone, and aqueous ( hot and cold) extracts from fruits of T. chebula were tested for their antimicrobial activity through agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined through the macrodilution broth method against Bacillus cereus, Serratia sp. and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Their total phenolic content and total tannin content were also evaluated. Organic and cold aqueous extracts displayed activity against all three tested microbes. There were highly positive relationship between antimicrobial activities and phenolic and tannin content of the tested extracts against each microorganism. Methanolic extract was found to be best against all tested microbes with lowest MIC of 0.78 mg/ml and MBC of 1.56 mg/ml and showed better antimicrobial activity than sodium benzoate. Therefore, methanolic extract of T. chebula has a biopreservative potential in fruit juices.

      Keywords: Terminalia chebula, preservative, MIC, MBC

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  • Lukáčová Anetta

    (1)
    1. CONCENTRATION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS IN RAW AND ULTRA HEAT TREATED COW MILK [FS]

      Abstract: The potential presence of toxic metals in food is being recognized as a priority by standards organizations and constitutes an analytical challenge. The toxic metal content of milk and dairy products is due to several factors: environmental conditions, the manufacturing process and the possible contamination during several steps of the manufacturing processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate samples of raw milk with fat contents 3.8% obtained at randomly from animal farms in around Nitra, western Slovakia region and ultra – heat treated cow milk (UHT) with fat contents 1.5% commercially available from local market in Nitra. Samples of milk were analysed for metal contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). UHT milk showed higher levels of cadmium, nickel and iron. Higher levels of zinc, copper were detected in raw milk. Significant differences in the concentration of copper between raw and UHT cow milk were found.

      Keywords: metals, raw milk, ultra – heat treated cow milk

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  • Latifa Anga

    (1)
    1. DETECTION OF HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS AND ADENOVIRUS IN SHELLFISH COLLECTED IN MOROCCO MEDITERRANEAN COAST [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of this study was the screening for the presence of enteric human virus in shellfish (clam and cockle) collected from two production area in Moroccan Mediterranean coast. Between October 2006 and April 2008, forty four samples were collected and tested for viral contamination using cell culture (HEp-2 and Vero cells) and integrated cell culture PCR. Overall, 88.6 % of all analysed samples were contaminated by at least one of the studied viruses, Adenovirus was detected in 52.3 % of the samples and Enterovirus in 36.3%. The presence of viruses in shellfish production area can represent a potential health risk by causing gastroenteritis. The procedure used in this study may be a tool for monitoring shellfish viral contamination in Morocco.

      Keywords: Enterovirus, Adenovirus, cell culture, ICC-PCR, shellfish

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  • Galena Angelova

    (1)
    1. BIODEGRADATION OF BISPHENOL A DURING SUBMERGED CULTIVATION OF TRAMETES VERSICOLOR [BT]

      Abstract: Bisphenol A is a persistent chemical, which is widely distributed in the environment despite its short half-life. The continuous release of BPA may cause a chronical exposition of the organisms during sensitive life stages. The chemical possesses not only endocrine disrupting functions but also by oxidative stress may cause damage to the liver cells. In this study the ability of Trametes versicolor 8979 to degrade Bisphenol A during submerged cultivation was exanimated. The chemical was introduced to the medium in 500ppm concentration and the laccase and MnP activities, as well as the residual BPA concentration were monitored. The strain was able to remove completely Bisphenol A from the medium in 6 hours.

      Keywords: Trametes versicolor, Bisphenol A, Laccase, Biodegradation

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  • Maria Angelovičová

    (1)
    1. OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF CHICKEN MEAT AFTER USE OF OREGANO ESSENTIAL OIL [FS]

      Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oregano essential oil on the oxidation stability of chicken meat. Oregano essential oil was applied in a different way, on the one hand in a feed for broiler chickens and on the other hand on a surface of chicken thighs.
      The oxidative stability of the chicken meat was investigated in the same way, i.e. 30 minutes after vacuum-packed at room temperature and 6 months after vacuum-packed and storage at -18 °C. The samples of the 1st experiment consisted breast and thigh muscles and skin and of the 2nd experiment thigh muscle and skin. Broiler chickens were fed during the experimental period in the control group with commercial feed mixtures and in the experimental group with similar diets as in the control group but with the addition of 0.05% oregano essential oil. Application of oregano essential oil on surface of thighs was realized 1 ml per 60 g of meat. The impact of oregano essential oil was measured by acid value. Number of acid value 30 minutes after oregano essential oil application in control group was significant higher (6.69 g KOH g -1) than in experimental group (5.39 g KOH g -1). Results of our experiments indicate that the oregano essential oil statistically significant (p 0.05) manifested an impact on the oxidative stability of chicken meat 30 minutes its action. The results impact of oregano essential oil on chicken meat stored at -18 °C for 6 months were comparable to control group, but a tendency to improve oxidative stability was indicated. Feed addition of oregano essential oil did not show any effects on oxidative stability chicken meat.

      Keywords: oregano essential oil, application, feedstuffs, chicken meat, storage, oxidative stability, acid value

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  • Mária Angelovičová

    (4)
    1. COMPARISON OF MEAT OXIDATIVE STABILITY FREE-REARING AND FARM-REARING PHEASANTS [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of this work was to compare contents of fat and oxidative stability of farm-rearing and free-rearing common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). For experiment were used pheasants from two types of breeding. The first group came from free-rearing and it was fed by a natural way and in the winter months were fed with wheat, maize and barley. For the experiment analysis were used from free and farm-rearing 10 male of pheasants and 10 female of pheasants. The second group was created by pheasants, which came from farm breeding from VPP Kolíňany farm, Žirany resort. The group of farm-rearing pheasants was reared in farm conditions until the time of hunt (70 days). The pheasants were fed by special feed mixtures (BŽ1, BŽ2, BŽ3) intendent for fattening of pheasants. All pheasants were caught on common hunting in Nitra area. The first meat analyzes were carried out 1 day after the pheasants hunting. Other samples were analyzed after 6 months of freezing storage. The different contents of fat in breast muscle was significant (P0.05) between groups farm-rearing and free-rearing and contents of fat was significant (P0.05) between male and female into group too. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in breast muscle was in range from 0.025 to 0.056 mg.kg-1 at the start of storage (1st day) and at the end of storage (6th month) was in range from 0.113 to 0.197 mg.kg-1. The significant differences (P0.05) in contents of MDA were between male and female from farm-rearing in sixth month of storage. The significant differences (P0.05) in contents of MDA were between group farm-rearing and free-rearing at the beginning and at ending of storage.

      Keywords: oxidative stability, malondialdehyde, pheasant, free-rearing, farm-rearing

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    2. SENSORY EVALUATION OF FISHERY PRODUCT - COD IN MAYONNAISE [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of this work was to compare the quality of selected fish product samples (cod in mayonnaise) of Slovak and Czech producers at the beginning and end of durability by sensory analysis. The products were approximately the same expiration date and were stored in a refrigerator. The samples were evaluated by a 5 point evaluation system with trained evaluators. The following descriptors have been assessed: general appearance, color, smell, harmonicity taste, palatability of the product, balance of fish-mayonnaise taste, salted, acidity, bitterness and possible foreign flavor. The results of evaluation were that product exhibits characteristic sensory properties during its use. The approaching ending of the durability date is the gradual overlapping of fish taste, such as an acetic taste, as reflected assessors' evaluation. Assessors put emphasis on balance of taste.

      Keywords: fishery product, sensory evaluation, cod in mayonnaise, salad, durability

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    3. EFFECT OF ADDITION OF ALFALFA MEAL ON CHICKEN MEAT QUALITY [FS]

      Abstract: The aim of the experiment was to analyse the effect of alfalfa meal addition into fed mixtures on chicken meat quality. The quality of chicken meat was influenced by the feed mixture according to age period. The feed mixture was prepared with addition of alfalfa meal. Alfalfa meal was produced by drying and milling the tops of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) at the stage of bugs and was added to feed mixture at relevant percentages: control group – feed mixture without of alfalfa meal addition, experimental group (E1) – feed mixture was supplemented with 2% of alfalfa meal, experimental group (E2) – feed mixture was supplemented with 4% of alfalfa meal, experimental group E3 – feed mixture was with 6% of alfalfa meal in proportion).The experimental period of chickens rear for meat production were divided into three phases according to the type of feed mixtures: a) the starter period, for chickens from hatching to 18 days of age; chickens was fed by starter feed mixture, b) growth period, for chickens from 19th to 31st day of age; chickens was fed by grower feed mixture, c) final period, for chickens from 32nd to 38th day of age; chickens was fed by finisher feed mixture. Chickens were fed ad libitum. For the experiment was used chicken hybrid combination ROSS 308. The chickens were killed after age 38 days. The right half of carcasses were deboned after 24 hours and the breast and thigh muscle with skin was separated and analysed (dry matter and fat). The left half of chicken carcasses was stored at -18 °C. Peroxide value was analysed after 12 and 18 months of storage. The additives of alfalfa meal had a little impact on meat quality parameters except the significant difference (p ≤0.05) in fat between groups with 4% and 6% alfalfa meal proportion. Alfalfa meal can be recommended as a feed additive for chicken.

      Keywords: alfalfa meal, chicken meat, dry matter, fat, peroxide value

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    4. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PLANT SUPPLEMENTS APPLIED IN CHICKEN NUTRITION ON QUALITY OF THEIR MEAT [FS]

      Abstract: Within the experiment, three groups were created (one control and two experimental groups). We studied the influence of following supplements: alfalfa (Medicago sativa) meal (4% - experimental group I) and origanum (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) oils together (0.05% - experimental group II) in mutual rate of 3:2:1, on technological and sensorial parameters of poultry meat in nutrition of chickens of Ross 308. Broilers were fattening for 36 days. Chickens were fed by the system ad libitum by the feed mixture HYD-01 from the 1st to the 18th day of age, by the feed mixture HYD-02 from the 19th to the 31st day of age and by the feed mixture HYD-03 from the 32nd day of age to the end of fattening (36th day of age) in loose form. By application of plant oils into the feed mixture, we recorded slightly positive influence on decrease of losses of cooling after 24 and 48 h, on decrease of losses of freezing and on shear force in mammary muscle and on overall sensorial evaluation of breast and thigh muscle (P≥0.05). Conversely, slightly negative influence was recorded on baking losses and on shear force in thigh muscle (P≥0.05) in compare with control group. In application of alfalfa meal, positive influence (P≥0.05) on losses of cooling (24 and 48 h), losses of freezing, baking losses, on shear force of breast muscle and on overall sensorial evaluation of thigh muscle was found. Conversely, shear force of thigh muscle and overall sensorial evaluation of breast muscle after application of alfalfa meal showed slightly negative values (P≥0.05) in compare with control group.

      Keywords: alfalfa meal, plant oils, poultry meat, technological and sensorial quality

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  • Paola Isabel Angulo-Bejarano

    (1)
    1. STRUVITE PRODUCTION BY PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV PHASEOLICOLA [MB]

      Abstract: Struvite is a biogenic mineral of low solubility. For many years, it has been considered as a fertilizer, but due to the additional cost of manufacture, its use has been limited to only high-value crops. Struvite production by some bacterial strains have been previously reported. However, this is the first study that reports struvite production in Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola strain. Crystal formation was observed within four days of incubation on solid media. Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the crystal structure as Struvite. Moreover, this study suggests a possible biotechnological use of P. syringae pv phaseolicola for struvite production for agricultural applications.

      Keywords: Struvite, Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola, Crystallization

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  • Paul Oyieng’ Ang’ienda

    (1)
    1. BACTERIAL BIOFILM CELLS QUANTIFICATION TECHNIQUES: WHERE IS CONSENSUS IN OVER TWO DECADES? [MB]

      Abstract: It is widely accepted that bacterial biofilms are overly resistant to antibiotics, host immunity and disinfectants. Biofilms develop on various food-processing surfaces hence pose major risks in food industries. Biofilms serve as protective niches for pathogens in food and water thus enhance transmission of food borne pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms are implicated in medical implant infections. The serious problems associated with bacterial biofilms in food, biomedical and environmental fields have stimulated active research on biofilms for over two decades. Biofilm cells quantification is important in many research applications especially in anti-biofilm efficacy studies and quality controls in many industries. However, to date there is no consensus on which technique is most suitable for quantifying bacterial biofilm cells. This apparent lack of a standard technique has hindered effective comparison of results from different bacterial biofilm studies since each technique has a unique readout. Furthermore, it appears that the choice of a biofilm cells quantification technique is largely a matter of convenience and availability of a technique. This may introduce biasness. Consequently, this review critically assesses the availability, suitability and limitations of different techniques for quantifying biofilm cells. This could inform better control and management of bacterial biofilms in environmental and clinical settings.

      Keywords: Biofilm quantification, CFU, Metabolic assays, FISH, NGS

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  • I. Anibijuwon

    (1)
    1. FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SPOILAGE OF DRIED COCOA BEANS DURING STORAGE IN EKTI STATE OF NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: Fungi associated with cocoa beans during storage were surveyed in some stores in Ado, Ise, Emure and Ikere in Ekiti State of Nigeria during July-December 2010. The following fungi were consistently isolated from mouldy cocoa bean samples, namely; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Neurospora spp., Penicillium spp., and Phytophthora palmivora. The various fungi were isolated using washing, direct and dilution plate methods respectively. At Ado, the following fungi; Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Mucor spp., Neurospora spp. Penicillium spp., Phytophthora palmivora, Rhizopus spp. were occasionally isolated from stores that were not properly ventilated. At Ise, Phytophthora palmivora, Mucor spp. and Penicillium spp. were commonly isolated, while Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus spp. were occasionally isolated in stores where the bags were kept on the bare floor. At Emure, Aspergillus spp. and Phytophthora palmivora were commonly isolated, while Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., Neurospora spp., Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium spp. and Mucor spp., were occasionally isolated from stores with leaking roofs. At Ikere, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Phytophthora palmivora, Fusarium spp., Mucor spp. and Penicillium spp. were consistently isolated while Rhizopus spp., and Botryodiplodia theobromae were occasionally isolated. Some of these fungi gain access to the beans during fermentation, drying, storage and shipment to the foreign countries. Some of these isolated fungi have been reported by many workers to produce toxic substances which have serious health implications in both man and animals.

      Keywords: Survey, fungi, spoilage, storage, cocoa bean

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  • Anika

    (1)
    1. METAGENOMICS IN-SIGHT INTO THE MICROBIAL STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTER UTILISING FRUIT WASTE AS SUBSTRATE [MB]

      Abstract: Anaerobic digester has emerged as a technology of choice in management of waste and production of biogas. However, the microbial ecology of digesters utilizing various substrates are very poorly understood. The ecology of anaerobic digester utilizing Citrullus lanatus fruit waste was analyzed using metagenomics. Slurry substrate sample was collected from a functional digester aseptically and anaerobically. Metagenomic DNA was extracted using ZYMO DNA extraction Kit (Model D 6001, Zymo Research, USA) following manufacturer’s instruction. Extracted DNA was amplified using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon PCR primers set and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform. Taxonomic analysis of the reads was performed using NCBI-BLAST-2.2.24 and CLC bio Genomics workbench v7.5.1. Taxonomic classification of the sequences revealed that bacteria and archae were the top two kingdoms with reads counts of 57,554 and 80, respectively. The top 7 phyla were Unknown, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota in decreasing order of counts. A total of 30 microbial classes, 43 orders, 79 families and 210 species were further classified. Over half of the 210 species detected were not routinely cultured species in the laboratory, indicating that there is still a relatively wide gap between culturable and non-culturable species in an anaerobic digester. The Acidogens captured in this study were Clostridium, Uncultured rumen bacteria and Bacteroidetes species. Furthermore, we also detected uncultured syntrophic Acetogens such as Syntrophomonas species and the hydrogenotrophic thermophile, Methanothermobacter sp. The Syntrophomonas species is known to breakdown short chain fatty acids, like propionate and butanoate in concert with hydrogenotrophic Methanogens indicating methane generation was via the hydrogenotrophic route. However, the main representative hydrogenotrophic methanogens detected were Methanoculleus bourgensis and Methanoculleus marisnigri, with the former being more abundant. In addition to the aforementioned species, other species captured were largely classified as unknown or uncultured species and they include Uncultured species of Clostridium, Syntrophomonas, Synergistetes, Synergistaceae Anaerobic sp, Ruminococcaceae, Rumen sp, Thermomonas, Thermoanaerobacteriales, Bacterium, Compost, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Clostriaceae, Acetobacter. Eubacterium, Alpha and Aacteroides. The results of the study revealed that culture-independent approach is better able to capture the anaerobes including both culturable and unknown that dominate anaerobic digesters and are responsible for the bioconversion of organic waste into biogas.

      Keywords: Metagenome; 16S rRNA; Illumina MiSeq; Syntrophic Acetogens; Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens

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  • Aftab Ahmad Anjum

    (1)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE SESAME SEED OIL AND ITS BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS [FS]

      Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of white sesame seed oil (WSSO) (PB-Till 90) along with their bioactive components. Among physicochemical properties; free fatty acids (0.95 ± 0.05 %), peroxide value (0.88 ± 0.03 meq/kg), thiobarbituric acid value (0.045 ± 0.0 mg malonaldehyde/kg-oil), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) (85.07 ± 0.01 %), and iodine value (113.4 ± 1.46 g/100gm) were observed. Fatty acid (%) profile, determined by gas chromatography, mostly comprised of unsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive components were determined using HPLC and include tocopherol mg/kg (α 8.12 ± 0.0, δ 23.98 ± 0.02, γ 3.125 ± 0.01), polyphenol mg/kg (Gallic acid 0.985 ± 0.001, protocatechuic acid 0.018 ± 0.001, syringic acid 0.024 ± 0.002, ferulic acid 0.134 ± 0.001), stigmasterol 6689.34 ± 0.02 and lignans mg/kg (sesamin 18340 ± 8.5, sesamolin 28340 ± 13.7 and sesamol 224 ± 2.0) were quantified. The results show that WSSO from variety PB-Till 90 has good physicochemical properties and contain appreciable quantities of bioactive components to make its usage as a functional food ingredient.

      Keywords: Bioactive components, Fatty acid profile, Physicochemical properties, Sesame oil

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  • Saba Anjum

    (1)
    1. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL SOLVENT STABLE BACILLUS CEREUS PI-C4 PROTEASE FROM POULTRY WASTE [MB]

      Abstract: A total of sixty-four bacterial isolates producing enzyme protease were isolated and screened from soil samples obtained from industries. A new potent solvent stable and alkaline protease producing isolate PI-C4 was isolated from Ghazipur Poultry waste site which was identified to be Bacillus cereus based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Consensus sequence of 1398 bp of the strain PI-C4 has been deposited in GenBank with accession number KM211501. Furthermore, the PI-C4 enzyme was subjected to precipitation using ammonium sulphate (70% saturation), dialysis and was further concentrated by ion exchange chromatography which resulted in purification fold of 2.47 and 57.7% yield. The alkaline protease was found to be 46 kDa. Enzyme PI-C4 was also characterized with respect to temperature and pH and was found to be active at pH 9.0 and 450C. The protease possesses significant stability (64.7-82.2%) in the presence of surfactants tested. The alkaline protease possesses higher stability in solvent DMSO (107%) followed by acetone (91%) and isopropanol (82%). The protease could therefore be useful for various applications like enzymatic leather treatment, feather degradation and recovery of silver.

      Keywords: Alkaline protease; Bacillus cereus; Characterization; Purification; Solvent stable protease

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  • Rubina Ansari

    (1)
    1. CHARACTERIZATION OF DYE DEGRADING POTENTIAL OF SUSPENDED AND NANOPARTICLE IMMOBILIZED CELLS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AR-7 [MB]

      Abstract: The commercial use and unrestricted disposal of synthetic dyes in soil and water-bodies, following the industrial revolution, has led to a major threat towards environmental safety. The azo-dye, Remazol Black B (RBB) is one of the most commonly used synthetic reactive dyes in textile industries. In the present study, the decolourization and biodegradation of RBB were investigated using a bacterium isolated from the marine environment, which was later identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR-7 by 16S rRNA analysis. P. aeruginosa AR-7 showed 99% decolourization at 100mg/L dye concentration when cultured at optimum conditions of incubation i.e., 96h at 37⁰C under static conditions using minimal salts medium (pH 7-9) supplemented with 0.1% glucose and yeast extracts. However, the dye degradation ability of the isolate was reduced to 29% on increasing the dye concentration to 500mg/L. In addition, P. aeruginosa AR-7 showed decolourization and degradation of RBB in wastewater obtained after dyeing a cotton fabric. In further experiments, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation method and were used to immobilize the cells of P. aeruginosa AR-7 by adsorption, in order to compare the RBB degrading abilities of the free and coated cells. The prepared nanoparticles (50-150nm) were characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis to study its structural properties. Also, upon magnetization studies using SQUID magnetometer, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were shown to have a magnetization of about 63emu/g. Interestingly, the coated cells not only showed better degradation ability of RBB but also produced simpler products such as alkane, carboxylic acids, ketone, etc. on complete degradation. On the other hand, the free cells mainly produced esters as indicated by the comparison of GC-MS results.

      Keywords: Biodegradation, Decolourization, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR-7, GC-MS, Remazol Black B, Azo dyes

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  • Masoud Ansarin

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF THE ALTERNARIA MYCOTOXIN TENUAZONIC ACID IN FRUIT JUICE SAMPLES [FS]

      Abstract: Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is a secondary toxic metabolite that is produced by some Alternaria species. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of TeA in fruit juice samples. A total of 50 (40 Grape; 5 Apple; 5 Orange) fruit juice samples were collected from Tabriz, Iran local market and were analyzed for TeA contamination via HPLC-UV. Analyte extraction was done by acetonitrile/water/formic acid (84/16/1 v/v/v). Lower limit of quantitation and upper limit of quantification for the developed method were 10 µg/L and 4000 µg/L respectively. Recovery ranged was between 96 to 108 %. The results showed 42.5% of grape juice samples were contaminated with TeA and the average concentration of TeA was 139.2±115.5 µg/L. However, it was not detected in apple and orange juice samples. This is the first study on the presence of TeA in Iranian food samples and showed that the necessity of more supervision on the production of grape juice.

      Keywords: Mycotoxins; Alternaria; Fruit Juices; HPLC; Tenuazonic Acid; Iran

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  • Sylvester Antai

    (2)
    1. CRUDE OIL TOXICITY TOLERANCE OF HYDROCARBONOCLASTIC STRAIN OF Citrobacter amalonaticus -Y2ESW1 ISOLATED FROM ESTUARINE SEDIMENT IN THE NIGER DELTA OF NIGERIA [MB]

      Abstract: Crude oil toxicity possess a major threat to the aquatic ecosystem in the Niger Delta. This study investigated the inherent tolerability potential of hydrocarbon degrading strain of Citrobacter amalonaticus - Y2ESWS1 to crude oil toxicity. Sediment samples were obtained from selected locations and subjected to bacteriological analysis using standard methods. Bacterial identification result revealed taxonomic group of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria species including Citrobacter amalonaticus strain Y2ESWS1. Toxicity testing revealed that the toxicant concentration and exposure time were key variables that mediated toxicity. A second-order polynomial regression model revealed significant (P<0.05, 0.01; R2=0.9852) relationship between exposure time and bacterial growth at 20% crude oil. Citrobacter amalonaticus strain - Y2ESWS1 was tolerant to crude oil toxicant concentrations as was evidenced in its prolonged acclimation periods. In this study the toxicity of pollutants to bacteria cultures (Citrobacter amalonaticus strain Y2ESW1,) was highly dependent on the concentration of the toxicants. The bacterial proliferation was hindered by 20% toxicant. It is a pointer to its poor activity when exposed to hydrocarbon however it can be used in a consortium with other microbes including potent degraders to achieve enhanced degradation of contaminated site.

      Keywords: Citrobacter amalonaticus strain Y2ESW1, crude oil, toxicity

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    2. MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS OF FERTILITY PARAMETER FLUXES IN CEMENT-DUST-POLLUTED SOILS IN MFAMOSING, NIGERIA: IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE [O]

      Abstract: This study investigated the impact of cement-dust pollution on the fertility status of agricultural soils to ascertain their health and suitability for cropping. Relevant soil nutrients and enzyme activities were determined from 12 control soil, 12 NPK-treated polluted soil and 12 un-amended polluted soil samples, using standard soil analytical and biochemical procedures. Soil microbial biomass-carbon was quantified by chloroform-fumigation-extraction (CFE) method. Cultivable aerobic bacterial count was determined on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) while cultivable fungal quantitation was performed on Czapek-Dox agar. Corn (Zea mays) yield served to evaluate pollutant effect on tested parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted two components, PC1 and PC2, from nine studied dependent variables (DVs) which explained 68.33% variability about the data. Number and membership of extracted components were confirmed by two clusters obtained by agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHCA). Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed significant effect of soil type on the combined DVs when the effect of the covariate (planting period) was controlled. One-way analysis of covariance (one-way ANCOVA) revealed non-significant effect of planting period but a significant main effect of soil type on corn yield when controlling for the effect of the covariate. Relative to control soil, per cent loss in corn yield was 55.69% in cement dust-polluted soil but reduced to 36.07% in polluted soils treated with NPK. The research findings have shown that cement dust pollution significantly reduced corn yield and the stress may persist in agricultural soils amended with fertilizer.

      Keywords: Cement-dust pollution; Multivariate statistics; Nutrient dynamics, Enzyme activity fluxes; Microbial biomass; Corn yield

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  • Sylvester P. Antai

    (1)
    1. INORGANIC NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTATION AND MICRO-FUNGAL FERMENTATION OF WHITE YAM PEELS (FLOUR) INTO SINGLE CELL PROTEIN [MB]

      Abstract: Solid state fermentation (SSF) technique was employed for the production of single cell protein (SCP) using white yam peels as a substrate. Commercial baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae) and a local isolate of A. niger were used for the fermentation process to generate crude protein. The effect of supplementation by various inorganic sources of nitrogen on the crude protein yields was compared. Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4], one of the inorganic nitrogen source used, supported the highest crude protein yields of 16.78% and 21.30% respectively for A. niger and S. cerevisiae while the lowest yield of 13.92% and 18.00% were supported by potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate respectively.

      Keywords: fermentation, microscopic fungi, microbial proteins, nitrogn salts, white yam peels

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  • ADINGRA Ama Antoinette

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM ABY LAGOON IN IVORY COAST [MB]

      Abstract: The aim of the present research was to assess the resistance to antibiotitcs of enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli (ETEC) from surface water, sediment, crab and fish. The genes (elt and est) of ETEC were assessed by duplex PCR using specif primers. The antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was conducted according to the method of disc diffusion on Mueller Hinton agar. Fifty six (56) isolates were identified as ETEC strains. The resistant were 9.7% for amoxicillin, 3.3 % for amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, 19.4% for chloramphenicol, 1.7% for nalidixic acid and 13% for tetracycline. No resistance of the strains was observed with the different antibiotics: imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, gentamicin and colistin. The presence of antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli indicates that other antibiotic-resistant fecal bacteria may be present.

      Keywords: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, antibiotics, resistance, Aby lagoon

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  • Kováčik Anton

    (1)
    1. INTERNAL MILIEAU OF DAIRY COWS AT THE BEGINNING OF LACTATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON COMPOSITION OF RAW MILK [BT]

      Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate selected blood biochemical parameters and milk composition of dairy cows at the beginning of lactation and to observe the correlations between blood and milk parameters. In total, 15 Holstein cows at the beginning of lactation were chosen. Blood and milk samples were collected. Energetic (glucose - GLU, d-beta-hydroxybutyrate - D-BHB, triglycerides - TG), nitrogenous (total proteins - TP, UREA), hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase - AST, alanine aminotransferase - ALT, gamma-glutamyltransferase - GGT, alkaline phosphatase - ALP, bilirubin - BILI, cholesterol - CHOL) and mineral (sodium - Na, potassium - K, chlorides - Cl-, calcium – Ca, phosphorus – P, magnesium - Mg) profiles were determined in the blood serum. Levels of lactose, fat, proteins and minerals (sodium - Na, potassium – K, calcium – Ca, phosphorus – P, magnesium - Mg) were determined in milk. Most of the parameters outside physiological limits were found among mineral and hepatic profile. Levels of calcium, phosphorus and sodium were decreased in comparison to reference values. Average concentration of urea was also lower. On the other hand, increase of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase were observed. Levels of lactose (4.82 g.100g-1), fat (4.21 g.100g-1), protein (3.14 g.100g-1) and calcium (4.82 g.l-1) in milk complied with Slovak national standard (STN 57 0529). In our study, ratio of fat to protein lower than 0.75 was observed in 13 % of cows (risk of ketosis) and higher than 1.4 in 40 % (NEB). Strong negative correlation between serum cholesterol and milk fat (-0.716; P<0.01) and middle strong negative correlation between cholesterol and milk protein (-0.397; P<0.01) were observed.
      ALT affected negatively amount of phosphorus in milk (-0.417; P<0.001), which complied with demineralization of the organism and following restriction of liver detoxification activity. On the other hand, strong positive correlation was observed between serum ALT and milk sodium (0.738; P<0.05), what points to close relationship between hepatic enzymes and mineral composition of raw milk.

      Keywords: Dairy cows, metabolic test, milk quality, beginning of lactation

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  • Anusha

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION OF NOVEL AEROBIC DENITRIFIER AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION USING RSM [MB]

      Abstract: The study was aimed to isolate and characterize a high efficiency novel denitrifier bacterium for reducing nitrate in wastewater and the optimization of the process parameters for biological denitrification. One of the bacteria among four chosen for study displayed maximum of 98% reduction of nitrate. The strain was identified as Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 by biochemical tests and further identified based on similarity of PCR-16S rRNA using universal primers. The parameter (pH, temperature, agitation speed, C:N ratio) which affect the denitrification were screened using one factor at a time approach. The pH, temperature and C:N ratio exhibited significant affect on the denitrification using Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29. The levels of these parameters were optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The denitrification of 98% was achieved at optimized conditions (pH 6.5, temperature 30°C and C: N ratio of 3:1). The second order model was generated and found to have good fit with R2 value of 0.93.The investigation revealed the ability of Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 to remove nitrate under aerobic conditions.

      Keywords: C:N ratio, Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29., pH, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RSM, Temperature

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  • Zahid Anwar

    (1)
    1. AMINO ACID PROFILING OF YEAST CREAM; A POTENTIAL PROTEIN ENRICHED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY FEED [FS]

      Abstract: Yeast cream, an extremely good source of single cell protein (SCP), is formed as a by-product after the fermentation of molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bioethanol industry. A huge amount of yeast cream is produced annualy but seldom has destined as protein source in food industry therefore, produced yeast cream, is discarded due to no utilization especially in under developed countries including Pakistan. The yeast cream can be utilized in various food and feed industries (espcially in poultry industry) in a promising way to solve the protein shortage problems. Although, in previous century, several attempts have been under taken at larger scale to opt SCP as a potential human food ingredient to combat the protein shortage but failed due to its potential hazardous ingredients. However, adopting SCP as a potential poultry feed ingredient can potentially alleviate the such effects. This current study was aimed at deciphering the amino acid level in yeast cream in order to investigate its potential usage in poultry industry . To meet the objectives, three different independent yeast cream samples of two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Instant saf and Thermophilic yeast (Red) were collected from Shakarganj sugar mills distillery, Jhang and their amino acids profiling was determined with the help of HPLC. Our results pinpointed that yeast cream produced by Thermophilic yeast (Red) contains optimal level of essential amino acids. Thus, we hereby recommend that yeast cream produced by Thermophilic yeast (Red) can potentially be employed, as a protein source, in poultry feed. However, careful and sophisticated experimentation is required before adopting yeast cream as a protein substitute in poultry feed.

      Keywords: Yeast cream, Single cell protein, Sacchromycescerevisiae, HPLC, poultry feed

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  • Deborah Oluyinka Anwooko

    (1)
    1. BIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIOCINS FROM SOME Lactobacillus species ISOLATED FROM FOODS [MB]

      Abstract: Lactobacillus species isolated from ogi, kunnu, yoghurt and palm-wine were found to produce bacteriocins. The bacteriocins had broad spectra of antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The effects of the bacteriocins on Escherichia coli infections in rats were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with E. coli and treated with 1280 AU/ml of the bacteriocins from L. plantarum MO21, L. plantarum MP12, L. casei MK21, L. casei MO11, L. brevis MK11 and L. buchneri MY21. Escherichia coli infection caused upregulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, globulin, cholesterol, bilirubin and glucose levels in sera of the infected rats which were down-regulated in the bacteriocin treated rats. Gastric and GIT damage caused by E. coli infection were reduced in the bacteriocin-treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that these bacteriocins may have useful biomedical applications.

      Keywords: Lactobacillus species; bacteriocin; gastric tissue; total protein and globulin

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  • A. Aparicio-Saguilán

    (1)
    1. USE OF ZEIN AND ETHYLCELLULOSE AS BIODEGRADABLE FILM ON EVALUATION OF POST-HARVEST CHANGES IN TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentum) [FS]

      Abstract: The worldwide pollution index registered in the last decades has conducted to develop methods for biodegradation and reutilization of contaminant materials. From here rises the necessity to elaborate biodegradable packaging materials. In this study, a biodegradable zein and ethylcellulose based film was developed and used as a covering material to evaluate its effect on the enzymatic activity of pectinmethylesterase and polygalacturonase, texture, respiration rate and weight loss of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum). Biodegradable film decreased the weight loss rate and softening of the fruits. However, enzymatic activity and respiration rate were not affected by the film application. The results showed that the changes in tomato are due to physical effects of water loss more than a metabolic change. By using this material, it was possible to lower tomato’s respiration rate in comparison with controls causing a lesser loss of weight. Biodegradable film delayed change in color as well as texture compared with controls. There was a significant difference in pectin methyl esterase activity in the covered tomato, but there was no difference in polygalacturonase activity.

      Keywords: Tomato, preservation, biodegradable film, modified atmosphere

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  • Igor Apić

    (1)
    1. ESTRUS INDUCTION IN THE SOWS WITH eCG INJECTION 24h AFTER WEANING WITHIN WARM AND COOL SEASON [BT]

      Abstract: Numerous studies show significantly reduced sows fertility in the warm period of the year. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sows treatment with eCG preparation, 24h after weaning, on the estrous reaction level in the cool and warm season of the year. A significantly (p<0.01) higher number of sows, treated in warm season with single eCG injection of 1,000IU (primiparous) or 1,500IU (older sows), manifested estrus within 7 days after weaning (83.7%) in comparison with the sows which were not treated (63.9%). In addition, the treatment with eCG results in a high level of estrus synchronization, both in the warmer and in the cooler season of the year. Namely, on day 4 and day 5 after weaning, estrus was detected in 81% of eCG treated sows within the cooler season, and in 78% of sows treated in the warmer season. These values were significantly (p<0.01) lower in the control (untreated) sows (41.1% in the cooler, vs. 33.3% in the warmer season). The obtained results show that the treatment with placental gonadotropin can be an effective method of increasing sow fertility in the wormer season of the year.

      Keywords: Estrus, induction, eCG, weaning, season, sow

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  • Jelena Apić

    (2)
    1. EFFECT OF PROTEINE CONTENT IN BOAR SEMINAL PLASMA ON THE SPERM MOTILITY IN DILUTED SEMEN STORED FOR 3 DAYS [BT]

      Abstract: Recently, it was frequently demonstrated that fertility of sows after artificially inseminated is lower than after mating. This is associated with a reduced fertilization capacity of overdiluted insemination doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the sperm motility in the semen samples, forming from the ejaculates with high or low protein content, stored in vitro on 17oC for 3 days. Progressive motility was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the ejaculates with high, compared to the ejaculates with low protein content (82% vs. 76%). After 3 days of storage, in the1:4 dilution proportion, the average progressive motility was significantly (p<0.01) decreased in relation to this value in native semen from the boars with high (82% to64%), as well from the boars with low protein content in seminal plasma (76% to48%). However, the average diluted semen progressive motility was significantly greater (p<0.01) in the boars with high (64%), compared to the boars with low protein content in seminal plasma (48%). The number of good diluted semen samples (≥65% progressive motility), was also significantly (p<0.01) greater in the boars with high (41%), compared to the boars with low protein content in seminal plasma (12%). These results show that seminal plasma proteins play an important role in maintaining the sperm progressive motility of diluted semen in vitro stored for 3 days.

      Keywords: Semen, protein, dilution, storage, motility, boar

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    2. ESTRUS INDUCTION IN THE SOWS WITH eCG INJECTION 24h AFTER WEANING WITHIN WARM AND COOL SEASON [BT]

      Abstract: Numerous studies show significantly reduced sows fertility in the warm period of the year. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sows treatment with eCG preparation, 24h after weaning, on the estrous reaction level in the cool and warm season of the year. A significantly (p<0.01) higher number of sows, treated in warm season with single eCG injection of 1,000IU (primiparous) or 1,500IU (older sows), manifested estrus within 7 days after weaning (83.7%) in comparison with the sows which were not treated (63.9%). In addition, the treatment with eCG results in a high level of estrus synchronization, both in the warmer and in the cooler season of the year. Namely, on day 4 and day 5 after weaning, estrus was detected in 81% of eCG treated sows within the cooler season, and in 78% of sows treated in the warmer season. These values were significantly (p<0.01) lower in the control (untreated) sows (41.1% in the cooler, vs. 33.3% in the warmer season). The obtained results show that the treatment with placental gonadotropin can be an effective method of increasing sow fertility in the wormer season of the year.

      Keywords: Estrus, induction, eCG, weaning, season, sow

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  • Anjali Apte-Deshpande

    (1)
    1. STANDARDISATION OF PAPER BASED PCR FOR DETECTION OF BACTERIA USING 16S rRNA GENE [BT]

      Abstract: Reliable procedures are necessary to preserve, transport and test clinical, water or food samples, frequently requiring a challenging and costly cold chain to be in place. Effective disease surveillance or detection is thus severely hampered in resource-limited settings, such as those currently present in rural India, where procedures for appropriate laboratory based detection are suboptimal. Hence the recent scientific research is been focused to develop laboratory techniques/devices that can be applied in point of care settings. Point-of care (POC) techniques are getting increasingly popular, due to the advantages provided by them like ease of use, variety of applications, cost effectiveness and ease of disposal. This study deals with the standardization of method for microbial detection from sample collected on filter paper by direct amplification of a gene using PCR. Bacterial presence in a sample is confirmed by amplification of 16S rRNA gene as a proof of concept. 16S rRNA gene detection directly from sample spotted on Whatman filter paper no.3 without any pre-treatment to extract DNA is demonstrated, which is different from the currently practiced methods that include an additional step of DNA extraction from the paper. Robustness of the method was tested using Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cultures and the sensitivity of detection on Whatman filter paper no. 3 was found to be 40-50 cells.

      Keywords: 16S rRNA, PCR, Whatman paper, Point-of-care

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  • Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi

    (1)
    1. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF SALVADORA PERSICA (MESWAK) EXTRACTS ON JURKAT T-CELLS [BT]

      Abstract: Salvadora persica (S. persica), Meswak, is an evergreen shrub to 6-7 m. It has many biological activities such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities. This study evaluated in vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of S. persica extracts on human oral Jurkat (T leukemia cells). Extracts from Meswak stick and leaves were tested in different concentrations for their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities on human oral Jurkat T- cells. So treated cells viability with increasing concentrations of S. persica stick extract (0.008-0.2 μg/ml) and leaves extract (0.016-0.5 μg/ml) for 24, 48 or 72 hours was assessed by using the mitochondrial dependent reduction of yellow MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) to purple formazan. Also Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed on supernatants from treated Jurkat T-cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and both extracts to quantify IL-6, IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statistically significant differences were indicated by p <0.05. Incubation of Jurkat cells with sterile distilled water, negative control, didn't show any mortality through the incubation period. Against PHA, positive control, both stick and leaves extracts of S. persica like resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion (p <0.01). Although both extracts significantly inhibited survival of Jurkat cells (p < 0.01) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, stick extract exerted more cytotoxic effects on Jurkat cells than leaves extract of S. persica (p <0.03). In conclusion, although with increasing concentrations of both extracts anti-inflammatory properties were boosted, S. persica extracts had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on human oral Jurkat T-cells.

      Keywords: Salvadora persica, Jurkat T- cells, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, MTT assay, ELISA

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  • Majid Arabameri

    (1)
    1. PHYTASE FROM BACILLUS SP. STRAIN LA12: ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION [MB]

      Abstract: Phytate take effect as an anti-nutrient element in food and feed materials. Thus, phytase, by catalyzing phytate, hydrolyzing the phosphomonoester bonds and releasing the inorganic phosphorous, decrease the phytate and enhance their nutritional value. Therefore, in this study, Bacillus sp. strain LA12was isolated from natural origins and the phytase production activity was evaluated. The novel extracellular phytase was produced and precipitated by saturated ammonium sulfate. The ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-sepharose and the size-exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100 were used to purify the enzyme. The results showed that the purification yield and concentration of final enzyme were 5.9% and 18.4%, respectively. Based on SDS-PAGE results the molecular weight of the phytase was determined about 73 kDa. Optimal activity of the enzyme was obtained at pH of 5.5 and 60 ºC. Kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were 0.197 mM and 1.174 µmol/min, respectively. Mg2+, Co2+ and EDTA accelerated the effect on phytase activity; whilst adding other metal ions such as Ca2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+ in both concentrations could decrease its activity. Moreover, ‏ Mn2+ ion didn’t show indicative effect on its activity. The purified phytase exhibits good thermal stability after incubation at 50-70°C for 30 min, whereas the phytase activity drastically decreased up to 61% at 80°C. This study indicated that the purified phytase has the desired characteristics and can promisingly be used for hydrolyzing of phytate in food and feed.

      Keywords: Bacillus sp. strain LA12, Phytase, Catalytic activity, Thermo-stability

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  • Rawhiaa A. Arafa

    (1)
    1. BIOSYNTHESIS OF Mg AND Mn INTRACELLULAR NANOPARTICLES VIA EXTREMO-METALLOTOLERANT Pseudomonas stutzeri, B4 Mg/W and Fusarium nygamai, F4 Mn/S [MB]

      Abstract: Thirteen microbial isolates were evaluated for green synthesis of Mg and Mn nanoparticles. The isolates were come from soil and wastewater samples from detergent processing industry. Metallotolerance ability of isolates was assessed towards these metals. Bacterial isolate B4 Mg/W was selected as highly extremo-tolerant for Mg+2 and can grow between 800 to 15000ppm (80-1500%)and was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri, B4 Mg/W. Fungal isolate F4 Mn/ S was selected as extremo-tolerant for Mn+2 and grow in the range 800 to 45000ppm (80-4500%) and was identified as Fusarium nygamai, F4 Mn/ S. Biosynthesis of the Mg and Mn nanoparticles was achieved in both cases extracellular and intracellular. The nanoparticles were characterized using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pseudomonas stutzeri, B4 Mg/W nanoparticle size was ranges from (229.3-553.2 nm) with different mean number for each size, the maximum mean number 33.7% was that of the particles with size 356.2 r. nm and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) revealed uptake percentage of the metal was 35.17%. Fusarium nygamai, F4 Mn/ S nanoparticles ranges from (61.21-127.5 to 412.5 nm) with different mean numbers for each size, the maximum mean number 23.1% was that of the particle size 82.09 nm and range from 23.1 to 28.1 % and AAS was 27.07%. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes RCMB010015, 31.25 and 62.5 mm followed by Candida albicans RCMB05035, 15.63 and 62.5; then Staphylococcus aureus RCMB010027 and Eschericia coli RCMB010056 gave7.81and 62.5mm for both; while for Aspergillus fumigates RCMB02564 gave the least amount of inhibition 1.95 and 15.63mm; moreover Pseudomonas aeruginosa RCMB010043 was very resistant for both Pseudomonas stutzeri, B4 Mg/W and Fusarium nygamai, F4 Mn/S inracellular nanoparticles, respectively.

      Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, extremo- metallotolerance, Fusarium nygamai, nanoparticles, Pseudomonas stutzeri

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  • Kudirat Titilayo Araoye

    (1)
    1. QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF COOKIES MADE FROM COMPOSITE FLOUR OF WHEAT, SORREL SEED PROTEIN ISOLATE AND YELLOW CASSAVA FLOURS [FS]

      Abstract: An investigation to examine the impart of replacement of wheat flour with sorrel seed protein isolate and High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) made from yellow flesh cassava (TMS/BA/1368) on the attributes of cookies made from their blends was carried out. Wheat flour was blended with Sorrel seed protein isolate and cassava flour at the ratios of 100:0:0 (W100:0:0), 85:5:15 (W85:5:10), 70:10:20 (W70:10:20) and 55:15:30 (W55:15:30) respectively. The proximate, functional, mineral, pasting and sensory attributes of composite flours were evaluated using standard methods.
      The results obtained showed that crude protein content, crude fat content, ash and crude fibre increased significantly (p< 0.05), as the level of replacement increased, while the moisture and carbohydrate contents were significantly decreased as the level of inclusion increased. The level of carotenoids in the cookies sample also significantly increased along the level of inclusion. Functional characteristics such as water and oil absorption, foaming and swelling capacities increased significantly (p< 0.05) as the wheat flour reduced, while packed and loose bulk densities and pH, decreased accordingly. The mineral constituent of the cookies were significantly (p<0.05) elevated as the wheat flour substitution increased. The pasting characteristics of the blends showed an increase in peak viscosity, trough viscosity as well as final viscosity from 1382 to 1708, 926.7 to1314.3, and 1810.7 to 2092 RVU, respectively. While, setback viscosity decreased from 883.70 to 780.00 RVU as the level of wheat substitution increased. The sensory quality of the cookies were not significantly different at all levels of incorporation except crispness that was reduced significantly (p<0.05) after 30% substitution.

      Keywords: Cookies, Sorrel, Cassava, Composite Flour

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  • Sigurjón Arason

    (1)
    1. MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF FRESH PACKAGED TILAPIA FILLETS STORED UNDER DIFFERENT CHILL TEMPERATURES [MB]

      Abstract: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farmed in recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) was filleted and packaged in 100% air and 50% CO2: 50% N2 modified atmosphere (MA) prior to storage at 1˚C and -1˚C for up to 27 days. Fillets were sampled regularly and analysed for headspace gas composition, sensory and microbial changes. Shelf life varied with apparent relation to storage temperature, package atmosphere and microflora. Pseudomonads were reported as the main spoilage organisms in tilapia fillets during chilled storage conditions. Sensory analysis of cooked samples as well as microbial growth indicated fillets packaged in 100% air had a shelf life of 13-15 days during storage at 1˚C and 20 days at -1˚C. At the end of shelf life in 100% air packaged groups, TVC and pseudomonads counts reached log 7 colony-forming units g-1 in flesh. Whereas in 50% CO2: 50% N2 packaged fillets, the lag phase and generation time of bacteria was extended and recorded counts of < log 4 colony-forming units g-1 up to 27 days of storage at both 1˚C and -1˚C. However, 50% CO2 : 50% N2 conditions restricted fillets shelf life to 23 days based on sensorial changes mainly fillets colour characteristics.

      Keywords: Shelf life, tilapia fillets, microbial, modified atmosphere

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  • Jayaseelan Aravind

    (1)
    1. A STUDY ON EFFECT OF MUTAGENIC AGENTS ON POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHA) PRODUCTION [BT]

      Abstract: The effect of mutagenic agents on Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation was investigated in two micro-organisms Cupriavidus nectar and Kluyvera intermedia. Three mutagenic agents- ultraviolet light, heat, chemical mutagens (acriflavin and 5 bromouracil) were selected for the study. The cultures were treated at various time intervals and chemical at varying concentration and cultured using hydrolyzed grass (cyanodon dactylon) as a substrate. It was found that higher accumulation was obtained in C. nectar when treated at a concentration of 50µg/ ml acriflavin and 5 bromouracil (25µg/ ml). K. intermedia showed a higher accumulation at acriflavin concentration of just 25µg/ ml and 5- bromouracil at 50µg/ ml concentrations. It was observed that % PHA accumulation significantly decreased with increase in exposure to UV in both C. nectar (17 % - 1.18%) and K. intermedia (15 % - 7%). Exposure of culture to heat resulted in less PHA accumulation in C. nectar (16 % - 11%), K. intermedia (17 % - 19 %) compared to their parent strain C. nectar (17 %) and K. intermedia (25 %). FTIR spectra revealed the presence of characteristic medium chain length (mcl) PHA in the obtained sample.

      Keywords: PHA, mutation, mutagenic agents, FTIR

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  • Chetan Arekar

    (1)
    1. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF YEAST FROM ANTHOCYANIN RICH TROPICAL FRUITS AS WINE STARTER CULTURE [MB]

      Abstract: Tropical fruit wines are gaining importance for its health benefits. However, the potential is unexplored in India and this work of isolation of indigenous yeast strains from the tropical fruit was undertaken. 28 strains of yeasts were isolated from tropical fruits, Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeel (Jamun) and Garcinia indica (Choisy) (Kokum) on a selective medium. The screening parameters were glucose and ethanol tolerance. Three most glucose and ethanol tolerant cultures were selected by testing tolerance for glucose (10-25% w/v) and ethanol (6-15 % v/v). Further characterization of these 3 cultures was carried out using biochemical and molecular test by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Infer molecular phylogeny established that the three isolates viz, FJ 10, JR 01 and KF 01 were Saccharomyces sp. FJ 10, Candida tropicalis JR 01, Saccharomyces sp. KF 01 respectively. Till date to the best of our knowledge we are the first to report the isolation of tolerant Saccharomyces species from Jamun and Kokum fruits. Further studies on fruit wine production from the selected isolates showed promising results.

      Keywords: Jamun, Kokum, yeast isolation, internal transcribed spacer

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  • Musa Olusegun Arekemase

    (1)
    1. ASSESSMENT OF BITTER LEAF (Vernonia amygdalina) ON SOME SELECTED PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS FROM UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN TEACHING HOSPITAL [MB]

      Abstract: Vernonia amygdalina is a medicinal plant which is employed to cure various infections in traditional medicine. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of this plant were analyzed phytochemically and screened against different microorganisms responsible for various human infections. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of many secondary metabolites including tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phylobatannins, steroids and phenolics. The result shows that the ethanolic extracts showed more antibacterial activity than the aqueous extracts. The extracts displayed potent antimicrobial activity against the test organisms which were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, the minimum inhibitory concentration ranges from 2.5-15mg/ml in all the plant extracts. The results confirmed the potency of this plant in treating human infections.

      Keywords: Aqueous, bitter leaf, chemotherapy, extracts, incubation, phytochemicals

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  • Mohammedi Arezki

    (1)
    1. ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF ZIZIPHUS AND EUPHORBIA HONEYS HARVESTED IN SEMI-ARID REGION OF ALGERIA AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN SOFT MEDICINE [MB]

      Abstract: Two different botanical origin honey types (Ziziphus lotus and Euphorbia bupleuroides) from semi-arid regions in Algeria consisting of twelve samples were tested for their antimicrobial efficiency. Global assessment of antimicrobial activity was made by wells method on integer samples and by turbidity test to locate fraction responsible of this activity. Honeys have been tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Fungal strain was resistant to all honeys at all concentrations, whereas E. coli and S. aureus were sensitive presenting minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) between 10 and 50%. Euphorbia honeys appeared to be more active. The fractionation shows that volatile fraction can have great antimicrobial effect, followed by the acidic one. Correlations reveal good relation between inhibitory effect, free acidity and polyphenols. These facts show large possibilities for honey use in soft medicine against some bacterial infections.

      Keywords: Honey; Ziziphus lotus; Euphorbia bupleuroides; Antimicrobial activity; soft medicine; Algeria

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  • Antoine Tamsa Arfao

    (1)
    1. COMBINED EFFECT OF EUCALYPTUS MICROCORYS AQUEOUS EXTRACT AND LIGHT ON PATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI SURVIVAL IN AQUATIC [MB]

      Abstract: Microcosm experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of Eucalyptus microcorys aqueous plant extract on pathogenic Escherichia coli survival in water. The results clearly showed that the combined effect of light and extract concentration impacted significantly survival of the bacteria. The dark inhibition coefficient (KD) was 0.102 h-1, 0.116 h-1, 0.111 h-1, 0.123 h-1, 0.136 h-1 and 0.146 h-1 with 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of extract concentration respectively. In the light conditions, we noted a relative increase of light inhibition coefficient (KL). The Self-Organizing Map according to incubation duration of cells in the extract solution permitted to group bacterial abundances in three clusters. Cluster I is the abundance of cells registered after 24 hours incubation in the plant extract solution. Cluster II is made up of all cells abundances registered after 9 and 12 hours incubation and Cluster III is constituted by cells abundances obtained after 3 and 6 hours incubation. Globally, for extract concentration 1, 1.5 and 2%, a calculation using Chick-Watson model resulted to a value of log(N/No) = -0.1Ct which is very close to chlorine disinfectant Chick-Watson model log(N/No) = -0.16 Ct. These results can improve in the process of disinfecting water by plant extracts.

      Keywords: E. microcorys, aqueous plant extract, light, pathogenic E. coli, inhibition, aquatic microcosm

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  • Eldrin DLR. Arguelles

    (1)
    1. NEW RECORDS OF CORTICOLOUS MICROALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA FOR PHILIPPINE ALGAL FLORA FROM MT. MAKILING FOREST RESERVE [MB]

      Abstract: Diversity and species composition of corticolous microalgae and cyanobacteria from Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve showed the occurrence of 15 taxa belonging to the class Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Klebsormidiophyceae. The collection reported in this study represents 12 orders, 13 families, 14 genera and 15 species based on morphotaxonomic characterization supported by microscopic studies. Of these taxa, the occurrence of six corticolous algae namely: Chroococcidiopsis cubana Komárek & Hindák, Pseudanabaena galeata Böcher, Pseudanabaena catenata Lauterborn, Parachlorella kessleri (Fott & Nováková) L. Krienitz, E.H. Hegewald, Hepperle, V. Huss, T. Rohr & M. Wolf, Desmococcus olivaceus (Persoon ex Archerson) J. R. Laundon, and Apatococcus lobatus (Chodat) J.B. Petersen are reported for the first time in the Philippines. These taxonomic records are considered important information in enhancing our knowledge about the diversity and habitat distribution of this important group of primary producers found in forest reserves of the Philippines.

      Keywords: Corticolous algae, diversity, Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, new record, taxonomy, Philippines

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  • Marbel Torres Arias

    (1)
    1. THE DEVELOPMENT, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI- VITELLOGENIN ANTIBODIES RAISED IN HENS (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS) AGAINST TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) VITELLOGENIN PROTEIN [BT]

      Abstract: ABSTRACT
      This study was conducted to induce, isolate and characterize and determine the role of Vitellogenin (Vtg) which is used as a biomarker of environmental quality and steroidogenesis in oviparous organisms. We have purified Vtg from male adult tilapia scientifically known as Oreochromis niloticus previously treated with estradiol 5 μg/g body weight (BW). By using ion exchange chromatography Vtg was purified from blood plasma yielding 1.13 mg Vtg/ml. Subsequently, Lohmann Brown hens were immunized at a 125 and 100 μg Vtg/ml, including three antigen treatments of booster doses of 75 and 50 μg Vtg/ml, respectively. At day 30 post-immunization, posture eggs were collected, we have successfully optimized the extraction of anti-VtgIgY antibody. The purified anti-VtgIgY was validated with SDS-PAGE, detecting heavy and light chains of 70 kDa and 30 kDa, respectively. Further, we have developed ELISA using anti-VtgIgY. To estimate the Vtg specificity, commercial anti-Vtg antibodies of dorada (Sparusaurata) were used and validated for tilapia by Western Blot. Detection of the Vtg monomer was at a dilution of 1/2000 IgY primary antibody. The antibodies thus obtained through the conventional techniques of production and validation of IgY antibodies for Vtg of tilapia demonstrate that they are viable under local conditions, can be successfully used for programs of environmental monitoring and reproduction control in oviparous species.

      Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, Vitellogenin, IgY, Western Blot, ELISA

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  • Muhammet Arici

    (1)
    1. IDENTIFICATION OF FILAMENTOUS FUNGI IN TURKISH MOLD-RIPENED CHEESES AND SCREENING OF MYCOTOXIN GENES OF PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI ISOLATES [MB]

      Abstract: Turkish mold-ripened cheese varieties are traditionally produced by spontaneous fungal growth during the ripening process in cellars or caves. In this study, fourty strains of filamentous fungi were isolated from mold-ripened cheeses of different regions. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing identified the most common species as Penicillium roqueforti (52%). The two key genes, roqA/rds and mpaC, involved in the biosynthesis of roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid, respectively, were screened by PCR. The presence of fragments of these genes in all P. roqueforti isolates indicates the potential of the isolates for production of these metabolites. Four selected strains of P. roqueforti produced roquefortine C, but mycophenolic acid was detected in only two strains. Variability in the production of the metabolites might indicate the presence of polymorphisms outside of the region amplified or in other genes or their regulatory regions in the biosynthetic pathway.

      Keywords: Mold-ripened cheeses, filamentous fungal diversity, P.roqueforti, roquefortine C, mycophenolic acid

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  • Arbakariya B. Ariff

    (1)
    1. COMPARISON OF HYALURONIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS BY THE RECOMBINANT Escherichia Coli STRAINS IN DIFFERENT MODE OF BIOREACTOR OPERATION [MB]

      Abstract