Index of JMBFS authors
A
E. A
(1)- OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS SPECIES); A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD [FS]
Abstract: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) is commercially important in the world mushroom market. It is widely cultivated and consumed in different parts of the world. Many people admire the mushroom due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional values, and some medicinal properties. Pleurotus are generally rich in proteins with essential amino acids, physiologically important polysaccharides and essential fatty acids, dietary fibers, important minerals, and some vitamins. The presence of some bioactive substances, majorly polysaccharide-protein complex in the genus Pleurotus has been reported to confer some pharmacological potential such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and anti-allergic activities. The high nutritional value and potential medicinal uses suggest that the oyster mushrooms are pharmacologically important as functional foods.
Keywords: Oyster mushroom, nutritional, medicinal, polysaccharide
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Jabar A
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Aparna A.
(2)- ISOLATION OF NOVEL AEROBIC DENITRIFIER AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION USING RSM [MB]
Abstract: The study was aimed to isolate and characterize a high efficiency novel denitrifier bacterium for reducing nitrate in wastewater and the optimization of the process parameters for biological denitrification. One of the bacteria among four chosen for study displayed maximum of 98% reduction of nitrate. The strain was identified as Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 by biochemical tests and further identified based on similarity of PCR-16S rRNA using universal primers. The parameter (pH, temperature, agitation speed, C:N ratio) which affect the denitrification were screened using one factor at a time approach. The pH, temperature and C:N ratio exhibited significant affect on the denitrification using Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29. The levels of these parameters were optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The denitrification of 98% was achieved at optimized conditions (pH 6.5, temperature 30°C and C: N ratio of 3:1). The second order model was generated and found to have good fit with R2 value of 0.93.The investigation revealed the ability of Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29 to remove nitrate under aerobic conditions.
Keywords: C:N ratio, Enterobacter sp. NCCP-29., pH, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RSM, Temperature
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OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED H2SO4 HYDROLYSIS OF COCOA POD SHELLS: COMPARISON BETWEEN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL THEREOF [BT]Abstract: To release reducing sugars from cocoa pod shell, sulphuric acid pre-treatment was adopted where the variables affecting H2SO4 pre-treatment i.e., cocoa pod shell weight, H2SO4 concentration, microwave irradiation time and power were screened using one factor at a time approach. The weight of cocoa pod shell, concentration of H2SO4 showed a significant effect on the pre-treatment process and the levels of these factors were further optimized by central composite design using response surface methodology .The optimized conditions were found to be 15.65g ofcocoa pod shell, 6% v/v H2SO4 at 8 min of irradiation, released maximum reducing sugar of 9.10 g/L. A second order model was generated and validated, which was found to be a good fit with R2value of 0.89. Artificial neural network modelling proved validation R2 of 0.94 comparatively better than Response surface methodology R2 of 0.89. The reducing sugars released after acid hydrolysis at optimized conditions were subjected to fermentation by Pichia stipitis to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol produced was 3.2g/L at 2% (v/v) inoculum concentration after 72h of fermentation.
Keywords: Cocoa pod shell, Acid hydrolysis, Optimization, Microwave
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Laith A.A
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Rathiesh. A.C
(1)- VARIATIONS IN THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE HEAD AND BONE FLOURS OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS) ADAPTED TO ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS [FS]
Abstract: Consumption of fish and fish by products assures various health benefits, but on the other hand the fish processing wastes if not discarded properly pose a serious environment threat. Tilapias are commonly available cichlid fishes which are considered to possess various biological importance. The objective of the work is to analyze and compare the similarities and differences in the nutritional quality of the exotic fish Oreochromis mossambicus found in brackish water and fresh water environments. The estuary adapted tilapia and freshwater tilapia was collected and processed as head and bone flours. The samples were further analyzed and the results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Head Flour (ETHF) was composed of moisture (5.87 ± 0.003%), protein (32.06 ± 0.02%) total lipids (0.202 ±0.003 %), carbohydrates (1.44 ± 0.005%) and ash (1.15 ± 0.006%). The results in 100 g of Estuarine Tilapia Bone Flour (ETBF) was found as moisture (4.20 ± 0.006%), protein (31.48 ± 0.07%), total lipids (0.217 ± 0.002), carbohydrates (0.13 ± 0.004%) and ash (0.89 ±0.004%). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Head Flour (FTHF) ranged as moisture (5.79 ± 0.01%), protein (32.50 ± 0.02%), total lipids (0.202 ± 0.009%), carbohydrates (1.54 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.16 ± 0.003). The proximate content in Freshwater Tilapia Bone Flour (FTBF) ranged as moisture (5.77 ± 0.01%), protein (32.58 ± 0.03%), total lipids (0.200 ± 0.005%), carbohydrates (1.48 ± 0.02%) and ash (1.23 ± 0.01%). The fatty acid occurring in the highest proportions was alpha linolenic acid both ETHF (2.492±0.003mg) and ETBF (2.374±0.002mg). The fatty acid composition in FTHF occurring in the highest proportion was palmitic acid (0.983±0.002mg) and in FTBF the highest proportion was found in stearic acid (0.785±0.005mg). In the amino acid analysis, the highest values were recorded in phenyl alanine for ETHF (1.986±0.002%) and lysine in ETBF (1.364±0.003%). Phenyl alanine content was found higher in both FTHF (1.889±0.002%) and FTBF (1.981±0.003%). The essential vitamins and minerals were also analyzed and the results are discussed in detail.
Keywords: Fish, nutrition, protein, amino acids, essential, tilapia
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Mazlan A.G
(1)- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Elizabethkingia meningoseptica FROM DISEASED AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus [MB]
Abstract: Two isolates of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica were successfully isolated from kidney and skin tissue of diseased African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Malaysia. The percentage similarity of both physical and biochemical characteristics for the isolates from kidney (K1) and skin samples (S1) as determined by BBL-Crystal and API 20E were 99 % and 95.4%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed more than 97% homology to sequences deposited in GenBank. The API ZYM results were analogous for both strains, with only minor quantitative variations. However, the isolates from kidney sample (K1) showed higher levels of enzymatic activity reaction towards esterase lipase and leucine arylamidase. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase was detected at low level in kidney isolate and absence in skin isolate.
Keywords: Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, polymerase chain reaction, Clarias gariepinus, BBL-Crystal, Enzymatic activity
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Priyanka A.Naik
(1)- FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE PRODUCTION USING UNCONVENTIONAL SEASONAL FRUITS THROUGH BATCH FERMENTATION [FS]
Abstract: The attempt was made in the present work to ferment the juice of unconventional fruits. Jamun (Syzgium cumini L.), pomegranate, Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) were chosen for the study. Fruits were collected from local market and farmers. Juice was extracted from the fruits and initial sugar was maintained between 13 to 26 °Brix. Fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at room temperature. Fixed acidity estimated in terms of tartaric acid equivalent was determined in the range of 4.2 to 6.9g/L. Radical scavenging activity of the fermented juice was between the range of 1.42 to 1.96 mmol TE/L. Metals such as Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were estimated. Residual sugar was within 3mg/ml. Ethanol concentration was estimated in the range of 5.25 to 10.67% (v/v).
Keywords: Jamun, Pomegranate, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ethanol
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A.Thamizharasan
(1)- AN EVALUATION OF ELISA USING RECOMBINANT P17 ANTIGEN FOR CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS [BT]
Abstract: Brucellae are Gram-negative cocccobacilli, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens of both humans and animals. Brucellosis is an important disease that is difficult to diagnose and treat that causes heavy economic losses and human suffering. Diagnosis of brucellosis plays a vital role for control and prevention of the disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) shows false positivity due to cross-reactivity with other gram-negative bacteria LPS. The present investigation was undertaken to assess the diagnostic potential of the recombinant P17 protein of Brucella. P17 gene of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) was amplified, cloned and subcloned into pQE 30 vector yielding high levels of protein expression. The purified recombinant P17 (rP17) protein was used to develop an indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) test for brucellosis. The rP17-ELISA was compared with RBPT (Rose Bengal Precipitation Test) and LPS-ELISA using 530 cattle sera. The concordance percentage and kappa statistics of P17-ELISA is greater in compression with LPS-ELISA. Relative sensitivity and relative specificity of P17-ELISA shows a positive trend with RBPT. The data suggest that P17-ELISA can be a useful method for Brucella diagnosis and recombinant P17 protein is a potential antigen for diagnosis of cattle brucellosis.
Keywords: Brucellosis, Recombinant P17 antigen, ELISA, Cattle, RBPT, Diagnosis
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Michael Kolawole ADEWUMI
(1)- NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF PROCESSED Spondias mombin FOLIAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS TO THE EXTRACTS [MB]
Abstract: Spondias mombin foliage was processed into fresh (as control), air-dried and sun-dried samples and were analyzed for proximate, fibre, minerals, vitamins and antinutrients. Also, Identified rumen microorganisms were exposed to non-reconstituted ethanol extract of the foliage. The results showed that crude protein, crude fibre and gross energy were greatly improved by drying from 4.9% to 15.1%, 2.1% to 18.4% and 0.9 kcal/g to 2.9kcal/g in that order. Fibre constituents improved from 11.5% to 67.9%, 7.2% to 53.6% and 2.9% to 9.3% for neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin. Similarly, all the mineral components were improved from 0.083% to 0.21%, 0.193% to 0.533% and 0.073% to 0.23% for Calcium, Phosphorus and Sodium respectively by drying. Drying decreased the Ascorbic acid, Riboflavin and Niacin contents from 27.8mg/100g to 9.1mg/100g, 0.083mg/100g to 0.033mg/100g and 0.323mg/100g to 0.143mg/100g in that arrangement. Above all, it was observed that drying tremendously improved the nutritional value of S. mombin foliage by reducing tannin from 2.2% to 1.64%, oxalic acid (2.1% to 1.38%), phytic acid (1.15 to 0.45%), saponin (1.18% to 0.72%) and trypsin inhibitor from 39.74% to 16.57%. However, drying did not influence the toxic potential of the foliage as indicated by susceptibility of all the rumen microorganisms except the mould species. The nutritional quality potentials observed in the present study suggested that S. mombin foliage may be efficiently utilized by ruminants for optimal performance.
Keywords: Feed processing, novel feed resource, nutritional quality, rumen microorganisms susceptibility, ruminant nutrition
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Alena ANDREJIOVÁ
(1)- THE INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND STORAGE CONDITION ON THE CONTENT OF SELECTED BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE FRUIT OF PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA MOSCHATA DUCH.) [BT]
Abstract: Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) is a significant crop in terms of the content of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties – vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenol compounds – as well as B-complex and potassium vitamins are appreciated by the consumer both raw and heat treated. It is suitable for storage, consumption in the fresh state or heat treatment thanks to its interesting sensory properties. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the influence of genotype and storage conditions on the content of selected bioactive substances in the fruit of these six varieties: Liscia, Matilda F1, Orange, Serpentine, UG 205 F1 and Waltham F1. From bioactive substances we determined the content of total carotenoids and total polyphenols in the flesh of the fruits before and after storage. The total carotenoid content in the fruit before storage was in the range of 40.62 mg.100 g-1 DS (dry substance) to 76.78 mg.100 g-1 DS, after storage the range transformed into 50.58 mg.100 g -1 DS to up to 109.81 mg.100 g-1 DS. The total polyphenol content before storage ranged from 109.95 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS to 198.96 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS, after storage in the range of 152.51 mg of GAE.100 g-1 DS to 199.83 mg of GAE.100 g-1 DS. The results show that the highest content of total carotenoids in fresh fruits after harvest was determined in the pulp of the varieties UG 205 F1 (76.78 mg.100 g-1 DS), Orange (71.40 mg.100 g-1 DS), and high content of total polyphenols was determined in the Matilda F1 strains (198.96 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS) and Orange (166.09 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS). After two months of the fruit’s storage, the total carotenoid content significantly increased in Liscia by 91%, Orange and Waltham F1 both by 54%. The total polyphenol content considerably rose in Liscia and UG 205 F1 varieties by 39%. The highest content of total polyphenols after storage was found in Serpentine fruit (199.83 mg GAE.100 g-1 DS). It follows that from the point of view of the content of total carotenoids it makes sense to store the fruits of the Orange and Waltham F1 varieties and, in terms of total polyphenols content, the fruits of the Serpentine variety. Taking into account the development of the contents of both groups of bioactive substances, storage of the Liscia variety is recommended. The effect of genotype on total carotenoid and polyphenol content in fruit was statistically significant. Storing these pumpkin varieties resulted in an increment of their total carotenoid and polyphenol content, but it did not have any statistical significance.
Keywords: Cucurbita moschata, carotenoids, polyphenols, storage
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E. Sümer ARAS
(1)- ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]
Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.
Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP
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Cumhur AVŞAR
(1)- ANALYSES OF parC AND gyrA MUTATIONS IN CIPROFLOXACIN-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY PCR-RFLP AND SSCP METHOD [MB]
Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from soil and to evaluate the suitability of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques as screening methods for molecular characterizations of ciprofloxacin resistance. From the examined 21 P. aeruginosa isolates 9 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. These 21 P. aeruginosa isolates and one control strain were analyzed for alterations in the ciprofloxacin resistance determining region of gyrA and parC by RFLP and SSCP analyses. The PCR reaction confirmed the presence of the gyrA and parC genes in all of the strains. PCR-RFLP analyses with SacII for gyrA and HinfI for parC were performed as a screening method. We found that 18 and 17 out of 22 isolates have SacII and HinfI restriction site and 4 and 5 strains did not have the site recognized by these enzymes, respectively. Seven for gyrA and fourteen for parC PCR products were electrophoresed for SSCP. By SSCP analysis, 21 (in parC) and 15 (in gyrA) different band patterns were detected, and each pattern corresponded to a distinct mutation. As a result, the RFLP and SSCP methods are suitable for a molecular screening of ciprofloxacin resistant and susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates. SSCP analysis can also provide advantage for the detection of novel and multiple mutations. In addition, we can say that environmental monitoring followed by clinical surveillance can be successful in uncovering previously unrecognized cases of infection.
Keywords: gyrA, parC, PCR-RFLP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SSCP
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Qotaibah Ababneh
(1)- STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM CAMELS DIFFER IN COAGULASE PRODUCTION, GENOTYPE AND METHICILLIN RESISTANCE GENE PROFILES [MB]
Abstract: Accurate and rapid typing of S. aureus is crucial to the control of its infections and minimizing its leakage to the food chain. The primary purpose of this research was to isolate S. aureus from camels’ meat and nasal swabs and to characterize the isolates for coagulase production and the presence of methicillin gene using PCR-RFLP of coagulase gene. A total of 264 camel’s meat and nasal swabs were collected from abattoirs or meat markets and were used in the study. Ninety two percent of samples showed typical colonies of S. aureus on Baird-Parker agar with a mean count 2.5 × 104 ± 1.8 × 104 CFU g-1. Upon confirmation of the isolates using S. aureus specific thermonuclease gene (nuc) PCR primers, only 64 isolates contained the specific product and thus were confirmed as S. aureus. However, when tested for the presence of coagulase gene, only 48 of them were positive while the other 16 were coagulase negative. Coagulase gene-RFLP revealed 19 distinct patterns when the gene was digested with Alu I and Cfo I. The typing revealed that the 48 classified isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 14 genotypes at a 44.4% similarity level. When the coagulase positive isolates were tested for the presence of methicillin resistance (mec A) gene, 37 of the isolates were positive while the other 11 isolates were negative. The high heterogeneity among S. aureus isolates might be due to cross contamination between camel carcasses in slaughter houses and from handlers and their utensils.
Keywords: Coagulase gene, Staphylococcus aureus molecular typing camel, MRSA
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Mohamed Abbas
(1)- IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF MICRORHIZOMES IN GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCO) [BT]
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to highlight an effective protocol for in vitro production of ginger microrhizomes. Microrhizomes were induced at the base of the in vitro derived shoots upon transfer to MS medium containing various concentrations of (30, 60 and 90 g/L), BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine (3, 6 and 9 mg/L) and grown under varying photoperiodism in addition to the MS medium supplemented with 9 mg/L BAP and 60-90 g/L sucrose under 16-h photoperiod within 10 weeks of cultivation were the best conditions for microrhizomes induction. Ginger microrhizomes formation in vitro was found to be controlled by many factors, including the concentrations of BAP and sucrose as well as photoperiodism during culturing period.
Keywords: Ginger, Zingiber officinale, Ginger, Photoperiodism, Sucrose, BAP and Microrhizomes
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Najmeh Abbasi
(1)- THE STUDY OF SEASONAL STEROID HORMONES IN MALE SIBERIAN STURGEON (Acipenser baerii) FOR DETERMINING GONADAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES [BT]
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate of steroid hormones of male Siberian sturgeon in different seasons. For this, blood sampling was taken seasonally from 11 male Siberian sturgeons (7 years old) and then steroid hormones including testosterone and 11-keto testosterone were analyzed by using ELISA. The results showed that testosterone had no significant differences during all the seasons (p>0.05) and the maximum level was in autumn. But 11ketotestesterone had significant differences between winter with other seasons (p<0.05). The min and max level of 11ketotestesterone was in autumn and winter, respectively. 11-keto testosterone hormone levels based on sexual maturation stages showed significant difference between stages III and IV with stage II (p<0.05). Also, there was significant differences between stage II with others in testosterone levels (p<0.05).
Keywords: Siberian sturgeon, testosterone, 11keto testosterone, sex determination
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Mohamed Salah Abbassi
(1)- THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS RBS 5 ISOLATED FROM HOT TUNISIAN SPRING CO-PRODUCING ALKALINE AND THERMOSTABLE α-AMYLASE AND PROTEASE ENZYMES [MB]
Abstract: Bacillus licheniformis RBS 5 was isolated from thermal spring in Tunisia. The isolate coproduce α-amylase and protease enzymes. The α-amylase activity showed an optimal activity at approximately 65°C and in wide pH interval ranging from 4 to 9. This enzyme was stable over the range of 45 to 70°C after 30 min of incubation and in the pH range of 8 to 10. Protease activity was optimal; at 80°C, pH 12. This enzyme was stable until 60°C over the pH range of 10 to 12. EDTA at concentration of 5 mM reduces slightly both activities evoking the serine alkaline protease. Cationic ions (Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mg 2+) have an inhibition effect on α-amylase. However, protease activity was enhanced by Ca2+, Cu2+ and Mg 2+); the other cations reduce slightly the proteolytic activity. SDS and H2O2 were found as inhibitors for both activities whereas Triton X-100 and perfume have no effect. Taken together, these traits make protease activity of B. licheniformis RBS 5 as efficient for use in detergent industry.
Keywords: Thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis, α-amylase, protease, detergent additive
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Abdelmoez M. Abdallah
(1)- PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF MILK-CLOTTING ENZYME FROM THE SEEDS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA [FS]
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to search for milk clotting substitute from different parts (flowers, seeds, stem, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits) of Moringa oleifera. The samples were blended and extracted using different types of extracting solutions. The most reliable, quick and efficient enzyme extracting solution was found to be 5% NaCl in 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, which was used throughout the study. The milk clotting activity was only observed in the seeds extract while the other parts were either deficient or has very low milk clotting activity. Thus, the moringa seeds were used as source of milk clotting enzyme. The extracted proteins were fractionated with ammonium sulfate at concentration of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 %. Highest milk clotting activity was observed in the 20 % fraction. This fraction was assumed to contain the clotting enzymes and characterized for its heating stability (30 – 90°C) and optimum temperature (30 – 90°C). The results demonstrated that moringa seeds milk clotting enzyme is stable up to 50°C with an optimum milk clotting activity of 70°C. The high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity of the partially purified enzyme indicates the potential of this enzyme as suitable rennet substitute in dairy industry. However, further study is needed to completely purify and characterize this promising milk clotting enzyme from moringa seeds.
Keywords: Ammonium sulfate fractionation, Milk-clotting activity, Moringa seeds, Rennet substitutes
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Nasser Abdel-Atty
(1)- IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF CHILLED FRESH SAUSAGES USING NATURAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR EXTRACTS [FS]
Abstract: Natural additives are very important additives that can improve the oxidative and bacterial quality of meat products. Therefore, the main goal of the current study was to include green tea, clove and their extracts as well as fresh garlic and garlic powder during formulation of fresh sausages to improve the physico-chemical, sensory and bacterial quality of this product. Seven formulas were prepared; the 1st one was prepared from base batter and used as control and six formulas were prepared by addition of green tea powder 0.5%, green tea extract 0.03 %, clove powder 0.5 % clove extract 0.5%, fresh garlic 3 % and garlic powder 0.9 %. All formulas were processed into fresh sausages and chilled stored until appearance of signs of spoilage. Chilled sausages were examined for pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile base nitrogen, bacterial counts and sensory attributes. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pH, TVB-N, TBARS and mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts were observed in all formulas treated with all natural additives. The sensory attributes of all formula treated with natural additives were acceptable. Green tea powder and clove powder were superior to their extracts as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Moreover, fresh garlic was superior to garlic powder as antioxidant and antibacterial agents and for extending the shelf life of fresh sausage. Therefore, these natural additives can be safely used by meat processors to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of meat products.
Keywords: green tea, clove, garlic, sensory attributes, natural antioxidants
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Maher Abdel-Aziz
(1)- IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]
Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Khayria M. Abdel-Gawad
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Mahfouz Abdel-Gawad
(2)- IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]
Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Ezzat Abdel-Lateef
(2)- IN VITRO ANTISCHISTOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM CEPA L. (RED ONION) EXTRACTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION BY GC-MS [MB]
Abstract: Allium cepa L. (red onion) is one of the most famous vegetable crops grown in Egypt due to its medical and nutritional importance. In vitro antischistosomal bioassay of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (BuOH) fractions derived from methanolic (MeOH) extract of A. cepa as well as the essential oil of plant bulbs was carried out using ascending doses. The chemical constituents of essential oil were further investigated using GC-MS analysis. The results revealed that the MeOH extract, EtOAc fraction, BuOH fraction and essential oil have a significant effect on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. The essential oil of A. cepa gave high worm mortality (%) at the concentration 500 µg/mL (75%), 250 µg/mL (50%) and 125 µg/mL (30%) death rate after 24 hours. GC-MS analysis of A. cepa essential oil exhibited different chemical volatile constituents such as organosulfur compounds, alcohols, acids, esters, furans, phenols, and aldehyde. 3, 5-Diethyl -1, 2, 4-trithiolane (10.17%), 1, 3, 5-trithiolane (7.80%), and 3-(2H-furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl) (7.74%) represented the highest contents percent in essential oil of A. cepa bulbs.
In conclusion, the bulbs of A. cepa exhibited antischistosomal activities and contain a variety of bioactive chemical constituents and can be considered as a natural antischistosomal agent.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., antischistosomal activity, GC-MS analysis
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IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF SIX ALLIUM SPECIES GROWING IN EGYPT [FS]Abstract: This study was designated to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as evaluation the in vitro antioxidant activity of the defatted methanolic extracts of six Allium species growing in Egypt. Three of them are subspecies of Allium cepa L. (ssp. red onion, ssp. white onion and ssp. green onion), the other three species are Allium sativum L. (garlic), Allium porrum L. (leek) and Allium kurrat L. (kurrat baladi). The results exhibited that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have the highest phenolic contents. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant activity using three methods, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, phosphomolybdate and reducing power assays revealed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high antioxidant activities. Moreover, there was positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of the tested Allium species. Therefore, the two plant species A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum were submitted to fractionation process using chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of the two plants have high phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as have high antioxidant activities. Also, the preliminary phytochemical screening of the tested Allium species showed that A. cepa (ssp. red onion) and A. porrum have high quantities of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins.
Keywords: Allium species, plant extract, antioxidants, phenolics, flavonoids
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Gihan K. Abdel-Latef
(1)- IDENTIFICATION OF VIRULENCE GENES, β-LACTAMS AND QUINOLONES RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED GENES AND INTEGRONS IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM RETAIL CHICKEN MEAT AND GIBLETS IN EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The study investigated the prevalence of virulent and antibiotic resistant Salmonella (S) in retail chicken meat (CM) and pooled giblets (PG) in Egypt. Seventy-two and 64 % of examined CM and PG samples harbored Salmonellae, respectively. When S. Infantis was the most predominant serovar, followed by S. Kentucky, and then S. Virchow. The antibiotic resistance experiment showed a high rate of multiple drug resistant (MDR) Salmonellae. Remarkably, 64.7% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (the drug of choice for Salmonella infection). Molecularly, a noteworthy correlation between the MDR and the presence of integrons class 1 and 3. When, integrons 1 and 3 were detected in 100 and 92 % of identified MDR isolates, respectively, while class 2 integrons were not found. Surprisingly, 53.8 and 100% of the molecularly identified isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, despite the absence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-associated genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA) from all MDR isolates. This indicates that other genetic factors could be incriminated in this pattern. Beta-lactam resistance was explored by the existence of blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaCMY-2 genes in most MDR isolates. Additionally, 4 virulence genes were detected in almost all serovars. Concerning virulence genes, invA, hilA, sopB, and stn were detected in 100, 100, 100 and 94.7 % of MDR serovars, respectively. While, spvC was detected in only 7.6 %, and pef was absent. The high prevalence of MDR virulent Salmonella strains in retail chicken meat and giblets in Egypt should be faced with a great worry, as consumers could be under a great public health risk.
Keywords: Salmonella, Foodborne pathogens, zoonoses, antibiotic resistance, integrons, virulence genes
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Ahmed Y. Abdel-Mallek
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Heba H.S. Abdel-Naeem
(1)- COMPARING THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF IMPORTED BRAZILIAN BEEF MEAT AND IMPORTED INDIAN BUFFALO MEAT [FS]
Abstract: The main objective of the current study was to compare the physico-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of imported Brazilian beef meat and imported Indian buffalo meat. Chuck samples were collected and examined for proximate chemical composition, soluble proteins, pH, TVB-N, TBA, color, shear force, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes. The results revealed higher total protein, fat, total soluble protein and lower collagen solubility of imported frozen Indian buffalo meat chuck samples. However, there is non-significant difference in pH, TVB-N, TBA, fatty acid profile. Sensory attributes indicated significantly higher appearance, tenderness and juiciness scores for imported Brazilian beef meat. Moreover, the significant decreasing shear force, a* and significant increasing L* values were observed in imported frozen Brazilian meat chuck samples. These attributes can make Indian buffalo meat a good choice for meat processing after Brazilian beef meat. Moreover, these results will help meat processors to find an alternative source for raw meat materials for production of high quality meat products.
Keywords: Imported Brazilian meat, Imported Indian meat, technological properties, sensory
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Ismail R. Abdel-Rahim
(1)- DIVERSITY OF MYCOBIOTA ASSOCIATED WITH ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CULTIVATED IN ASSIUT, WITH A NEWLY RECORDED FUNGAL SPECIES TO EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
Keywords: Soil, onion, Allium cepa, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere, phylloplane, Zopfiella latipes
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Gomaa N. Abdel-Rahman
(1)- IDENTIFY THE NATURAL LEVELS OF MYCOTOXINS IN EGYPTIAN ROASTED PEANUTS AND THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION [FS]
Abstract: A total of 36 roasted peanut samples were collected from 12 regions at 4 Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Giza, Alexandria and El-Faiyum) during 2017. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A and zearalenone were determined in the collected samples using HPLC. Seventy five percent of samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 was the most dominant type, whereas aflatoxin G2 was found only in two samples at low levels. Samples were completely ochratoxin A and zearalenone-free. Quantitative results revealed that the samples of Al-Manshieh region at Alexandria governorate had the highest averages of aflatoxins B1, B2 and G2 (33.15, 3.66 and 0.22 µgkg-1, respectively), while Al-Ajami samples at the same governorate had the highest average of aflatoxin G1 as 2.83 µgkg-1. Likewise, samples from Dokki at Giza governorate had high levels of total aflatoxins recording 26.33 µgkg-1. Regarding to the effect of gamma radiation on aflatoxin B1, the doses of 5, 10 and 20 kGy were studied. The reduction levels of aflatoxin B1 varied according to the spiking levels and dose of gamma radiation. The dose 5 KGy was ineffective, whereas, a significant reduction in AFB1 was noticed using 10 and 20KGy recording >26.7% reduction notably in samples spiked with 20 µgkg-1 AFB1 and treated with 20 KGy (59% reduction).
Keywords: Peanut, aflatoxins, radiation, ochratoxin A, zearalenone
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I. Abdel-Rahman
(1)- ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS ORGIN IN THE NORTH-EAST MOROCCO [BT]
Abstract: The objective of this work is to characterize the phenols and flavonoids compounds of extracts of Pelargonium Graveolens from North-East Morocco (TAZA) in terms of antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of this aromatic plant was determined according to the DPPH radical scavenging assay to suggest it as a new potential source of natural antioxidants. The quantification of phenolics and flavonoids compounds of solvent extracts (diethyl ether and ethyl acetate) were determined spectrometrically. The DPPH scavenging activity of extracts increased in the order diethyl ether extract < ethyl acetate extract < ascorbic acid. Based on these results, we suggest that the phenols and flavonoids compounds of Pelargonium Graveolens have significant potential as a natural antioxidant.
Keywords: Pelargonium Graveolens, Phenols, Flavonoids, DPPH method, Antioxidant activity
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Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman
(1)- BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]
Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.
Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed
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Gherib Abdelaziz
(1)- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND MINERAL CONTENT OF ARBUTUS UNEDO (LEAVES AND FRUITS) [FS]
Abstract: Arbutus unedo is widely used in traditional medicine and is an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic antioxidants. The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the leaves and fruits extracts (after maceration and sonication) were studied. The mineral analyses exhibited large quantities of many essential minerals in fruits and leaves, especially interesting were the levels of macronutrients (K and Ca) in fruits and micronutrients (Fe) in leaves. The GC–MS analysis of essential oils of leaves and fruits led to the identification of 32 and 35 compounds, respectively. The major components in leaves were camphor, cymenene, and bornyl acetate, and in fruits, camphor, ethyl palmitate and bornyl acetate. The extraction method significantly affected the contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, with the maceration method rendering the best results in leaves and the sonication in fruits. All maceration extracts had the highest antioxidant activity (assayed by 3 methods DPPH•, ABTS+ and FRAP; besides, A. unedo leaves showed higher activity than fruits. As a conclusion, it can be stated that Arbutus unedo is a plant rich in polyphenols, volatile compounds, and minerals, and that it can be used as a potential source of bioactive compounds, especially from the leaves
Keywords: Camphor, Ericaceae family, essential oil, iron, maceration, potassium, sonication
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Mouhamed-Cherif Abdeldjalil
(1)- SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF AIRBORNE BACTERIA IN THE MUNICIPAL SLAUGHTERHOUSE OF CONSTANTINE - ALGERIA [MB]
Abstract: The spatial distribution of airborne bacterial contamination (with Total aerobic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Coliforms, Staphylococci and Streptococci) was studied within the municipal abattoir of Constantine (North-East of Algeria).
Open plate air samples were collected at twenty sampling locations weekly during two months. At the same chosen locations, temperature and humidity of the air were measured. The spatial distribution of bacterial contamination was studied using a Geographic Information System.
The viscera processing section recorded the highest bacterial concentration and poor correlations had been recorded between bacterial counts and the environmental conditions within the abattoir. The high air bacterial loads recorded all over the slaughterhouse were consequence of the execution of all processing operations within the same section (for both bovine and ovine carcasses) associated to the absence of structural barriers, spatial separation between processing operations and uncontrolled airflow.
This study highlights the poor hygienic level of the municipal slaughterhouse of Constantine. The implementation of serious measures is needed to reduce the risk of contamination and proliferation of pathogens in meat during slaughtering processes.
Keywords: Airborne contamination, spatial distribution, slaughterhouse, North-East of Algeria
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Jawher Abdelhak
(1)- SYNTHESIS, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, SPECTROSCOPY PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIALITIES OF A NEW SYNTHETIC COMPOUND: AMINO- CHLOROPYRIDINIUM DIAQUA DIOXALATO IRON(III) [BT]
Abstract: We report herein the synthesis and the physicochemical characterization of a new mixed-ligand iron(III) complex of formula (C5H6ClN2)[Fe(C2O4)2(H2O)2].2H2O. This compound has been prepared by slow evaporation at room temperature and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It has been characterized by IR and UV-VIS spectra and thermal analysis (TG and DTA). In this compound, the iron ion has a slightly distorted square bipyramidal environment, coordinated by two chelating oxalate ion and two water molecules. Structural cohesion is established essentially by π-π interactions between the rings of pyridine groups and intermolecular hydrogen bonds connecting the ionic entities and uncoordinated water molecules.
In vitro antimicrobial activities of the amino- chloropyridinium diaqua dioxalato iron (III) against pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria were studied in this work. On the whole, our new compound has high antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua. The amino- chloropyridinium diaqua dioxalato iron (III) used at 200µg m-1, can reduce Candida albicans survival of about 45.45%, and destruct hyphe mycelial of Trichophyton rubrum. High lysozyme activities were expressed especially against Listeria innocua with 17 times more than Staphylococcus aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are ranging from 16 µg ml-1 for bacteria to 256 µg ml-1 for yeast and IC50 values varying from 1.44 to 10.45 µg ml-1 for bacteria and 45.8 for yeast.
Keywords: Iron (III) complex, antifungal antibacterial activity, spectroscopy studies, single crystal structure
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Ouahbi Abdelilah
(1)- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF CISTUS LADANIFER VAR. MACULATUS DUN [MB]
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify chemical composition and evaluate antimicrobial effectiveness of the essential oil of Cistus ladanifer var. maculatus Dun. The essential oil of C. ladanifer’s leaves was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 28 compounds were identified, representing 88.67% of the total constituents. The main compound was identified as Verticiol (18.16%), followed by Camphene (17.70%), γ-Gurjunene (7.15%), n-Butylcyclohexane (5.95%) and Bornyl acetate (5.86%). The oil was found to be rich in Monoterpene Hydrocarbons (32.05%), followed by Diterpenic alcohol (18.16%), Oxygenated hydrocarbons (13.27%), Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (12.40%), Monoterpenic ester (5.86%), Cyclic ether (4.36%) and Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.57%).
Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. ladanifer was tested against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, and three fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger), by the microdilution method. In fact, strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect has been shown against all tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Indeed, strongest inhibitory and fungicide effect was exerted against the yeasts and molds studied.
It seems following this study that the essential oil of C. Ladanifer has very significant antimicrobial activity, it shows a broad spectrum covering Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi.
Keywords: Cistus ladanifer var. maculatus Dun., Cistaceae, essential oil, composition, gas chromatography, Verticiol, Monoterpene Hydrocarbons, antimicrobial activity
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Eman S. Abdelkhalek
(1)- L-ASPARAGINASE AND L-GLUTAMINASE: SOURCES, PRODUCTION, AND APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND INDUSTRY [BT]
Abstract: Amidases (L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase) catalyze the deamination process of L-asparagine and L-glutamine to their corresponding acidic form with ammonia releasing. Both enzymes are considered one of the most biomedical and biotechnologically important groups of enzymes, besides their international contributing as an important commercial products. L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase have been receiving more attention as antileukemic agent for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other types of cancer. On the other hand, these enzymes also used in food manufacture for their hydrolysis effect and is a possible way to decrease the amount of free L-asparagine in the preliminary ingredients of food making, thus minimize the imminent risk of causing neurotoxic and carcinogenic acrylamide compound which formed when food heated above 120 °C. Glutamic and aspartic acid are important amino acids in food processing achieve a delicious, fine, sour and umami taste beside their nutritional important to food. A recent review discusses the mode of action of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase. Also, this review lists the sources of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase, production optimization of enzymes, and uses of the two enzymes in cancer therapy and other industrial purposes.
Keywords: L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, Sources, Fermentation, Applications
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Nayera A. M. Abdelwahed
(1)- STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF ERYTHROMYCIN PRODUCTION BY Saccharopolyspora erythraea UNDER SOLID STATE FERMENTATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY [BT]
Abstract: In this work, erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea NCIMB 12462 was investigated under solid state fermentation (SSF) using beet sugar root (BSR) and agro-industrial materials. Among them oat meal (OM) has given maximum yield. The combination of OM with BSR (3:3 g/flask) proved to be an efficient mixture for erythromycin production as they gave the highest erythromycin level (6531 μg/flask) when compared to BSR and peptone. Supplementation of BSR and OM mixtures with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as inert support with different inoculum size and additional water enhanced erythromycin production with 3.1-fold higher production than BSR- OM medium. However, increasing SCB content more than 3g/flask always showed an inhibitory effect on erythromycin production. Box-Behnken response surface methodology was applied to further optimize SCB content, inoculum size and moisture level for erythromycin production. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the linear of the selected terms, their interactions and quadric terms of these three variables had significant effects. The moisture level was the key factor influencing erythromycin production, due to its largest F-value (48.01) and the lowest p-value (0.0002) among the three variables. The interactions between SCB content and moisture level had also the most significant effect (F-value = 32.51) on erythromycin production. The optimized medium produced 29884 ug/flask of erythromycin under SSF, which is 1.1% higher than the unoptimized medium.
Keywords: Box-Behnken design, Erythromycin, Medium optimization, Solid state fermentation, Saccharopolyspora erythraea NCIMB 12462
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Mohamed Ahmed Abdel–Sater
(1)- BIODIVERSITY OF FILAMENTOUS AND YEAST FUNGI IN CITRUS AND GRAPE FRUITS AND JUICES IN ASSIUT AREA, EGYPT [MB]
Abstract: Mycobiota diversity associated with fruits and juices of citrus and grapevine plantations in Assuit Governorate, Egypt were evaluated during the period between April 2008 to February 2009. Identification of fungi was performed using the morphological and microscopical characteristics in addition to the biochemical in case of yeasts. In suspected isolates, molecular techniques were employed to confirm their identification. High counts of yeasts were recorded from the juice of both fruits (almost more than 95 % of total fungi), followed by citrus carposphere and carpoplane where they constituted about one-fifth to one-third of total fungi. High numbers of taxa were recorded from carposphere of both fruits than those recorded from carpoplanes or juices. The peak of total propagules of carposphere fungi was recorded in primordial fruit in citrus and in senescent fruit in grape, while the peaks of carpoplane fungi of both fruits and juices were recorded in mature fruits, while the troughs of all sources were regularly recorded in immature fruits. Aspergillus provided lower count in citrus than in grape carposhere and carpoplane while the reverse was recorded in juice. A. niger predominated in carposphere, carpoplane and juice of both plants, followed by A. aculeatus in all sources from grape and A. brasiliensis in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. Penicillium contributed small proportion of propagules in both plants. P. oxalicum was the most dominant species in all sources from grape but less common in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. P. digitatum and/or P. italicum were recorded in citrus only. Cladosporium contributed the highest counts (41.9 %-59.8 %) of all fungi in boh carpospheres, while contributing minor proportions in carpoplane and juice. It was recorded in high frequency in grape while less frequent in citrus for both carposphere and carpoplane but the reverse was recorded in juices. C. cladosporioides was the most dominant species in grape while C. sphaerospermum was the most dominant in citrus carposphere and carpoplane. The peak of yeast fungi was drawn in mature fruits of both citrus (December), grape carpospheres and carpoplanes; and juices of both fruits (Ocober). Of 22 yeast species recorded, only 2 were recovered from all sources of both plants (Hanseniaspora occidentalis and Issachenkia orientalis), 3 from carposphere, carpoplane and/or juice of citrus only (Candida catenulata, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Kodemaea ohmeri) and 7 from grape only (Candida prunicola, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, R. diobvatum, Rhodotorula glutinus, Sporidiobolus pararoseus, S. ruinenniae and Sporobolomyces roseus). Ascomyceteous yeasts were dominant over basidiomyceteous ones in all subsrates. Since, mature fruits are succeptable to fungal attack, and almost all juice fungi, including yeasts and filamentous fungi, originated from fruit fungi, precautions during selecting fruits, transportation, handling and juice-making should be taken into accounts.
Keywords: mycobiota, juice, citrus, grape, fruits, biodiversity, rDNA sequencing
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Zukhra Abdisheva
(1)- ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PRE-TREATED ADUWA (BALANITES AEQYPTIACA) SEED MEAL FOUR [FS]
Abstract: Effects of pretreatments on the phytochemical properties of Balanites aeqyptiaca seed meal were investigated. Balanites aegyptiaca, belongs to the family Balaniteceae, that grows in tropical zones and is employed as animal forage. Its leaves are cooked and the seeds contains high quality oil and protein content. In this experiment, Balanites aeqyptiaca seeds were subjected to three treatments: First was toasting just before milling, oil extraction and finally meal cake production. Second was boiling, drying, toasting, milling, oil extracting and finally meal cake production. The third one was soaking overnight at ambient temperature, toasting, oil extraction and ultimately production of meal cake. In addition, raw seeds were marked as control. The main constituents were reported as 13.3-24.01% for water, 14.4-24% for lipid, 1.43-4.02% for crude fiber, 7.36-8.97% for moisture content and 43.79-52.50 % for carbohydrates. Further experiments also were performed to evaluate photo-chemicals like saponnins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins in pre-treated samples. These compounds were ranged between 5.81-8.63 mg/g in saponnins, 0.65-1.42 mg/g in alkaloids, 9.28-11.17 mg/g in flavonoids, 2.00-4.00 mg/g in phenols and 0.00-2.40 mg/g in tannins. To characterize deeply the pre-treated samples, some of the functional properties like bulk density, least gelation capacity, oil and water absorption were also examined. The results indicated that foaming capacity ranged between 16.06-67.3 %, bulk density value ranged from 60-75 g/ml, Least gelation capacity was 11.03-12.74 g/ml, oil absorption and water absorption capacity values ranged between 0.00-0.01g/ml and 0.08-0.26g/ml respectively.
Keywords: Balanites aeqyptiaca, Pretreatments, phytochemical, Functional properties
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Diana Bayshagylovna Abdraimova
(1)- SOME PROPERTIES OF ENDOGENOUS α-AMYLASE INHIBITOR FROM WHEAT GRAIN [FS]
Abstract: The protein with endogenous α-amylase inhibitor activity was extracted and purified from wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains through 70% ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel-chromatography on Toyapearl HW-50. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of protein were estimated about 21 kD and 7.0 respectively. The inhibitor repressed of high pI wheat α-amylase isozymes, but had no effect on amylases of microbial and animal origin. The inhibitor also exhibited activity towards serine protease subtilisin. The inhibitor was the most active at pH 7.8 to pH 8.0 and was stable up to 90° C for 10 minutes. The protein is localized in the peripheral parts of the seed, and in the starchy endosperm.
Keywords: α-amylase, isoenzymes, subtilisin, inhibitor, wheat
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Abzal Abdramanov
(1)- THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA) EXTRACT ON THE ACTIVITY AND OXIDATIVE PROFILE OF BOVINE SPERMATOZOA [BT]
Abstract: The paper presents the overall results and experimental details of the in vitro assessment of the elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract on the motility, viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of bovine spermatozoa in different time periods (0, 2, 6 and 24 hours). Sambucus nigra is often used for medicinal purposes throughout the world. Modern research reveals that Sambucus nigra extracts may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antioxidant properties, because of a high content of biologically active components. Spermatozoa motility was assessed using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Cell viability was examined using the metabolic activity MTT assay and ROS generation was quantified using luminometry. The CASA analysis revealed that the motility in the experimental groups supplemented with 100, 50 and 1 μg/mL elderberry extract was lower in comparison with other samples. The experiment showed that the elderberry extract had a considerable in vitro effect on the sperm motility, vitality and oxidative profile. The ROS production as well as the CASA assessment proved that the optimal concentration of both extracts was 10 μg/mL in every time with statistically significant results. The MTT test showed a statistically significant increase of mitochondrial at all time periods with 10 μg/mL elderberry extract when compared to the control group. When lower concentrations of the elderberry extract were used (5 and 1 μg/mL), the mitochondrial activity was higher than in the control group but lower than in the group supplemented with 10 μg/mL of the extract. In these groups this indicator increased maximally after 24 h. The findings of the present study indicate that Sambucus nigra extract possesses activity promoting properties on bovine spermatozoa at 10 and 5 μg/mL.
Keywords: Elderberry, Sambucus nigra, spermatozoa, bull, motility, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species
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Abeer Khairy Abdulall
(1)- EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF EACH OF L-AMINO OXIDASE- AND L-ASCORBIC ACID-INACTIVATED HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MICE AS POTENTIAL VACCINE CANDIDATES [BT]
Abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Formaldehyde is the currently used inactivating agent in HAV vaccine processing despite of its adverse effects. The current study aimed to evaluate both L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) as alternative inactivants for HAV and the immunogenicity of inactivated HAV in mice. Vero cell line was used for cultivation of HAV. The cytotoxicity of LAO and LAA on Vero cells was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The immunogenicity of each LAO- and LAA-inactivated HAV was examined in parallel with reference HAV vaccine in mice. Humoral (total IgG) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-5) were evaluated in mice sera using ELISA. Both LAO and LAA could efficiently inactivate HAV within 30 and 36 hrs post treatment, respectively, at concentrations of 0.4 µgm/ml of LAO and 1.5 mg/ml of LAA. Inactivated vaccines were immunogenic to mice on both the humoral and cellular levels. LAO prepared vaccines showed a more promising immune reactivity than LAA prepared ones and alum-adsorbed vaccines were more immunogenic than non-adjuvanted ones. In conclusion, data recorded suggest that both LAO and LAA can be used as inactivating agents for HAV grown in cell culture. LAA- and LAO-inactivated HAV can be potential vaccines as they provide effective humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to that of the reference vaccine. The stability of test vaccines is recommended to be traced at different thermal conditions, in addition to different stabilizers and different pharmaceutical formulations must be tested trying to produce a lyophilized formula for long-term stability.
Keywords: Hepatitis A, vaccine, virus inactivation, L-amino oxidase, L-ascorbic acid, alum
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K. Abdulall
(1)- Comparative evaluation of Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR and resazurin microtiter assay for detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [MB]
Abstract: Drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) is a persistent threat and presents the main challenge for TB control programs. Rapid diagnosis is essential for controlling drug-resistant cases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of multiplex real-time PCR assay using Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR (Anyplex) kit to detect DR-TB and its concordance with Resazurin microtiter assay (REMA). The susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ofloxacin (OFX), and kanamycin (KAN), was evaluated by using REMA and Anyplex kit with 32 drug-resistant TB and 18 susceptible strains. Proportion method was used as gold standard. All susceptible strains were susceptible to REMA and Anyplex methods. Anyplex and REMA identified 75% and 85% of the multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB isolates, respectively. The sensitivity of the REMA assay as compared to PM was 96.4 %, 90.9%, 85.7%, and 100%, respectively, for INH, RIF, OFX, and KAN, whereas the sensitivity of Anyplex was78.5 %, 77.2%, and 85.7% for INH, RIF, and OFX, respectively. The agreement between Anyplex and REMA was relative to INH, RIF, and OFX (kappa scores, k =0.8, 0.79 and 0.83 respectively). There was no isolate identified as KAN resistant by Anyplex. REMA, as a rapid phenotypic method, is suggested for detecting drug-resistant TB isolates that have not been detected by the Anyplex method.
Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Anyplex II MTB/MDR/XDR, Resazurin microtiter assay
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Waleed Mohamed Abdulkhair
(1)- IMPROVING THE CHITINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEORUBENS E44G BY MUTAGENESIS [MB]
Abstract: Genetic improvement trials of the chitinolytic activity of Streptomyces griseorubens E44G were made by using physical, chemical and site-directed mutagenesis. Although the UV radiation, as a physical mutagen, was shed on the tested bacteria for different durations (5, 10, and 15 min), no change in the chitinolytic activity was observed when compared with the wild type. To induce the chemical mutagenesis, S. griseorubens E44G was treated with ethylmethane sulfonate for varied durations (20, 40, and 60 min). The chitinolytic activity decreased with the increment in the exposure period. Four different sets of primers were designed based on the DNA sequence of the wild type of S. griseorubens E44G.Overexpressionof chitinase-encoding genes was observed as three of the amplified mutated genes comparing with the wild-type gene. The chitinolytic activity of the recombinant gene P2 increased by 1.39-fold comparing with the wild-type gene. The molecular weight of the chitinase protein produced by the mutated gene was determined by SDS-PAGE. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the recombinant gene of S. griseorubens E44G possess a higher level of chitinolytic activity than that of the wild-type. Genetic improvement of the chitinolytic activity of S. griseorubens E44G may enhance their biocontrol potential against phytopathogenic fungi.
Keywords: Antifungal agents; chemical mutagenesis; physical mutagenesis; site-directed mutagenesis
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Norhani Abdullah
(1)- IMPROVEMENT OF PHYTASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY NEW BACTERIAL ISOLATE, PediococcuspentosaceusC4/1A VIA CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION [MB]
Abstract: Phytase producer was selected from five different lactic acid bacteria isolates obtained from the animal faeces sources from laboratory culture collection. From the five isolates, C4/1A showed the highest phytase activity (21.25 U/mL) as compared to others and was identified as PediococcuspentosaceusC4/1A by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Optimization of medium formulation and culture conditions was conducted by a conventional method (one-factor-at-one-time) using response surface methodology(RSM). Effects of four parameters were studied on the bacterial growth, reducing sugar and phytase productions. The phytase biosynthesis increased from 21.2 U/mL to 42.3 U/mL using the optimized medium formulation and culture conditions. The RSM suggested that yeast extract, glucose, sodium phytate and inoculum size significantly improved by 99.2% production of phytase. Continuous cultivation was carried out at dilution rate ranging from 0.1 h-1 to 0.4 h-1 and the steady-state of P. pentosaceusC4/1A was achieved after five generations and three residence times. The cultivation was carried out for 48 h and the highest productivity of phytase and cell concentration was obtained at dilution rate 0.3 h-1 which resulted in 8.65 U/mL/h and 0.894 g/L/h, respectively. Throughout the cultivation process, production of phytase was improved by 89.3% from shake-flask experiment to 2L bioreactor.
Keywords: lactic acid bacteria, optimization, response surface methodology, bioreactor, high productivity
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Abdullah-Al-Mahin
(1)- BIOCONVERSION OF WATER-HYACINTH TO NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED ANIMAL FEED BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION USING Pleurotus sajor-caju [BT]
Abstract: This study was undertaken to improve nutritional values and digestibility of water-hyacinth by solid-state fermentation with a white rot fungi, Pleurotus sajor-caju. At the end of 56 days fermentation of CaCO3 treated water-hyacinth, significant (p<0.05) changes of crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were detected. Crude protein, ash, cellulose-lignin ratio and reducing sugar contents were increased by 685, 47, 106 and 680%, respectively. In contrary, crude fiber, lipid, carbohydrate, lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were decreased by 36.8, 72, 19, 72.33, 37.5 and 4.57%, respectively. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid were increased by 42.9 and 122.8%, respectively. At 49 days of fermentation, the crude water-hyacinth extract showed very high CMCase, avicelase and amylase, moderate cellobiase and very poor pectinase and xylanase activities. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was also increased by 76%. The study concluded with the finding that P. sajor-caju has the potential for efficient degradation of water-hyacinth to convert the lignocellulosic wastes into nutritionally improved animal feed.
Keywords: Bioconversion, water-hyacinth, solid-state fermentation, Pleurotus sajor-caju, animal feed
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Nodira G. Abdullajanova
(1)- INFLUENCE OF NEW POLYPHENOL COMPOUND FROM EUPHORBIA PLANT ON MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION [BT]
Abstract: In this article we investigate influence of new polyphenol compound 1-О-galloyl-6-О-bisgalloyl-2,4-valenoyl-β-D-glucose, extracted from Euphorbia Himufuza (Wild.) plant, on functional parameters of mitochondria. It was shown that above mentioned new polyphenol compound has a positive effect to some functional parameters of mitochondria. For example, this compound inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, activates ATP-dependant potassium channel and has high antioxidant/antiradical activity. Improving of functional characteristics of mitochondria by polyphenol compounds, served as the basis for the hypothesis of a possible antihypoxic effect of 1-О-galloyl-6-О-bisgalloyl-2,4-valenoyl-β-D-glucose due to its low toxicity.
Keywords: mitochondria, mPTP, mitoKATP, antioxidant activity, polyphenol compounds, hypoxia
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Amal Osman Abdullatif
(1)- EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF EACH OF L-AMINO OXIDASE- AND L-ASCORBIC ACID-INACTIVATED HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MICE AS POTENTIAL VACCINE CANDIDATES [BT]
Abstract: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Formaldehyde is the currently used inactivating agent in HAV vaccine processing despite of its adverse effects. The current study aimed to evaluate both L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) as alternative inactivants for HAV and the immunogenicity of inactivated HAV in mice. Vero cell line was used for cultivation of HAV. The cytotoxicity of LAO and LAA on Vero cells was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The immunogenicity of each LAO- and LAA-inactivated HAV was examined in parallel with reference HAV vaccine in mice. Humoral (total IgG) and cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-5) were evaluated in mice sera using ELISA. Both LAO and LAA could efficiently inactivate HAV within 30 and 36 hrs post treatment, respectively, at concentrations of 0.4 µgm/ml of LAO and 1.5 mg/ml of LAA. Inactivated vaccines were immunogenic to mice on both the humoral and cellular levels. LAO prepared vaccines showed a more promising immune reactivity than LAA prepared ones and alum-adsorbed vaccines were more immunogenic than non-adjuvanted ones. In conclusion, data recorded suggest that both LAO and LAA can be used as inactivating agents for HAV grown in cell culture. LAA- and LAO-inactivated HAV can be potential vaccines as they provide effective humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to that of the reference vaccine. The stability of test vaccines is recommended to be traced at different thermal conditions, in addition to different stabilizers and different pharmaceutical formulations must be tested trying to produce a lyophilized formula for long-term stability.
Keywords: Hepatitis A, vaccine, virus inactivation, L-amino oxidase, L-ascorbic acid, alum
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Gulbakhor T. Abdullayeva
(1)- THE EFFECTS OF ISOLATED FRACTIONS OF RED PEPPER CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. ON THE MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION [BT]
Abstract: Fruit proteins, seed proteins and capsaicinoids fractions were isolated from red pepper of Capsicum annum L. plants family and their effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and lipid peroxidation of rat liver were studied in vitro. Seed proteins did not influence to MPTP; however fruit proteins caused MPTP to open and led to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Opening of the MPTP causes massive swelling of mitochondria; capsaicinoids fractions inhibited the swelling process of mitochondria and caused the closed state of the MPTP. Fruits and seeds protein fractions from red pepper did not reduce the effect of Fe2+/ascorbate-induced mitochondrial swelling and had no effect on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the membranes of mitochondria. Capsaicinoid fraction had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the Fe2+/ascorbate-dependent swelling of mitochondria and of lipid peroxidation. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the swelling of mitochondria fraction was 2 µg/ml. Сapsaicinoids fraction prevented the effect of Fe2+/ascorbate on mitochondria and reduced the accumulation of MDA in membrane. Complete inhibition of lipid peroxidation was shown at a 50 µg/ml capsaicinoids concentration. Capsaicinoids, reducing the membrane destructive effects of Fe2+/ascorbate, had antioxidant properties and a protective effect on mitochondria. The obtained results showed the presence of different compounds in red pepper differently affecting MPTP and lipid peroxidation.
Keywords: Red pepper, proteins, capsaicinoid, mitochondria, MPTP, lipid peroxidation
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Suleiman Abdurashytov
(1)